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1852\u5e74\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u65f6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u8f9e\u5b98\u56de\u4e61\u5b88\u5b5d\u4e09\u5e74\u30021853\u5e74\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u5728\u534e\u4e1c\u6240\u5411\u62ab\u9761\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u5e1d\u4e0b\u4ee4\u547d\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u5728\u6e56\u5357\u5c31\u5730\u529e\u7406\u56e2\u7ec3\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6ee1\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u628a\u5730\u65b9\u5175\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6c49\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u60c5\u52bf\u5371\u6025\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u771f\u7684\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u5175\u6253\u4ed7\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u591f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8981\u4ed6\u5411\u6e56\u5357\u5404\u5730\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ea\u7ba1\u81ea\u5df1\u6b7b\u6d3b\u7684\u4e61\u7ec5\u7b79\u6b3e\u7ec3\u5175\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u89c9\u5f97\u662f\u81ea\u8ba8\u82e6\u5403\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5b88\u5b5d\u672a\u7adf\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u628a\u5a49\u62d2\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u594f\u6298\u90fd\u5199\u597d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4f46\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u653b\u4e0b\u6b66\u660c\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u957f\u6c5f\u4e2d\u6e38\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u6765\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u548c\u5144\u5f1f\u90fd\u6073\u8bf7\u4ed6\u63a5\u4e0b\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u5bb6\u4e61\u6bc1\u4e8e\u6218\u706b\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u540c\u5b66\u88ab\u8bf4\u670d\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u6536\u56de\u4e86\u51c6\u5907\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u594f\u6298\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4e86\u56e2\u7ec3\u5927\u81e3\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5728\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u767b\u4e0a\u5386\u53f2\u821e\u53f0\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u5927\u620f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u540d\u7537\u4e3b\u89d2\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u4e5f\u767b\u53f0\u4eae\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u770b\u4e0d\u8d77\u8870\u673d\u7684\u6e05\u519b\u7eff\u8425\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u4ee5\u621a\u7ee7\u5149\u4e3a\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u53e6\u5efa\u65b0\u519b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u201c\u4f46\u6c42\u5176\u7cbe\uff0c\u4e0d\u6c42\u5176\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u6c42\u6709\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e0d\u6c42\u901f\u6548\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u4ee5\u540c\u4e61\u8fd1\u90bb\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u62db\u52df\u7edf\u5175\u5b98\u548c\u65b0\u5175\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u8986\u4ea1\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5927\u4e1a\u7684\u6e58\u519b\u3002\u6e58\u519b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u540d\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7edf\u5175\u5b98\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5bb6\u4e61\u4eb2\u81ea\u62db\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4f46\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u7528\u5931\u8d25\u6362\u6765\u7684\u30021855\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u88ab\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u540d\u5c06\u7ffc\u738b\u77f3\u8fbe\u5f00\u5728\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0a\u6253\u5f97\u5927\u8d25\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6e58\u519b\u6c34\u5e08\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u519b\u8986\u6ca1\u3002\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u6295\u6c34\u81ea\u6740\uff0c\u5e78\u800c\u88ab\u90e8\u4e0b\u6551\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1858\u5e74\uff0c\u6e58\u519b\u5728\u5b89\u5fbd\u4e09\u548c\u57ce\u906d\u9047\u5927\u8d25\uff0c\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\u66fe\u56fd\u534e\u6218\u6b7b\uff0c\u4e00\u540c\u6218\u6b7b\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u516d\u5343\u6e58\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f1856\u5e74\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5185\u8ba7\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e86\u6570\u4e07\u4ece\u4e24\u5e7f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u767e\u6218\u7cbe\u9510\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f1857\u5e74\u7ffc\u738b\u77f3\u8fbe\u5f00\u51fa\u8d70\u5e26\u8d70\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u5c06\u58eb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u81ea\u5df1\u53ea\u7ba1\u73a9\u5ad4\u5983\u4e0d\u52b1\u7cbe\u56fe\u6cbb\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u529b\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6253\u8d62\u8fd9\u573a\u4ed7\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4e09<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1859\u5e74\uff0c\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u7684\u65cf\u5f1f\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u62b5\u8fbe\u5929\u4eac\uff0c\u88ab\u5c01\u4e3a\u5e72\u738b\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u653f\u65b9\u9488\u300a\u8d44\u653f\u65b0\u7bc7\u300b\u3002\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u4e00\u5fc3\u60f3\u4e0e\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u53cb\u597d\u5411\u6d0b\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u65b9\u9488\u3002\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u7ad9\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u8fb9\uff1a\u90fd\u4fe1\u5949\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u975e\u5b54\u5b5f\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u8fdb\u653b\u4e0a\u6d77\u65f6\u88ab\u82f1\u6cd5\u8054\u519b\u51fb\u9000\uff0c\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u52a0\u4ee5\u62a5\u590d\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u671b\u6d0b\u4eba\u80fd\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u8d29\u5356\u6c7d\u8239\u7ed9\u592a\u5e73\u519b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u987a\u5229\u5730\u63a7\u5236\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0a\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u5bf9\u6d0b\u4eba\u5374\u5341\u5206\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6000\u6709\u79c1\u5fc3\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u4e3b\u52a8\u63d0\u51fa\u613f\u610f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u96be\u514d\u6ca1\u6709\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u52a8\u8d34\u4e0a\u524d\u6765\u9760\u62e2\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u542b\u8b66\u60d5\u6212\u5fc3\u8fdc\u79bb\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e2e\u8c01\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u662f\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e2e\u3002\u81ea\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u8d77\u4e8b\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u4e25\u5b88\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5224\u5211\u6216\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1860\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u6cd5\u8054\u519b\u70e7\u6bc1\u5706\u660e\u56ed\u3001\u903c\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u4e0b\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u6761\u7ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u5171\u8981\u4ed8\u7ed9\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd1600\u4e07\u4e24\u6218\u4e89\u8d54\u6b3e\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u65f6\u56fd\u5e93\u5b58\u94f6\u6240\u5269\u65e0\u51e0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u4ed8\u8d54\u6b3e\u7684\u6536\u5165\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u548c\u5e7f\u5dde\u4e24\u5730\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u5173\u7a0e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5982\u679c\u82f1\u56fd\u60f3\u62ff\u5230\u8d54\u6b3e\uff0c\u5c31\u9996\u5148\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6e05\u5ef7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u6e05\u5ef7\u88ab\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u6253\u57ae\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u5206\u94b1\u4e5f\u62ff\u4e0d\u5230\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u82f1\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e2e\u8c01\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u5224\u65ad\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1860\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u6d3e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\u66fe\u56fd\u8343\u56f4\u653b\u5b89\u5e86\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u62ff\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5c01\u9501\u5357\u4eac\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e4b\u7b56\u662f\u6d3e\u82f1\u738b\u9648\u7389\u6210\u548c\u5fe0\u738b\u674e\u79c0\u6e05\u4e24\u8def\u6740\u5954\u6b66\u660c\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u62ff\u4e0b\u6b66\u660c\u540e\u56de\u5e08\u89e3\u5b89\u5e86\u4e4b\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4f46\u6b66\u660c\u6c49\u53e3\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u82f1\u5f00\u653e\u53e3\u5cb8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u8230\u961f\u6b63\u5728\u6c49\u53e3\u30021861\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u5df4\u590f\u793c\u4e0e\u82f1\u738b\u9648\u7389\u6210\u5728\u9ec4\u5dde\u89c1\u9762\uff0c\u5df4\u590f\u793c\u4ee5\u7834\u574f\u8d38\u6613\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u53cd\u5bf9\u9648\u7389\u6210\u653b\u5360\u6c49\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5c31\u5728\u9648\u7389\u6210\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e0d\u51b3\u65f6\uff0c\u674e\u79c0\u6210\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u8d76\u5230\u9884\u5b9a\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u6218\u673a\u5df2\u7a0d\u7eb5\u5373\u901d\uff0c\u9648\u7389\u6210\u7387\u519b\u64a4\u79bb\uff0c\u653b\u4e0b\u6b66\u660c\u89e3\u5b89\u5e86\u4e4b\u56f4\u7684\u539f\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212\u5df2\u571f\u5d29\u74e6\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u88ab\u56f4\uff0c\u5b89\u5e86\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u516b\u8258\u8d70\u79c1\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u8239\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ece\u6c34\u4e0a\u83b7\u5f97\u5916\u754c\u7ed9\u517b\uff0c\u4f7f\u66fe\u56fd\u8343\u59cb\u7ec8\u65e0\u53ef\u5948\u4f55\u3002\u4e00\u8258\u8239\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u767e\u5428\u7c73\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u8ba9\u5b89\u5e86\u7ee7\u7eed\u575a\u5b88\u4e00\u661f\u671f\u3002\u800c\u66fe\u56fd\u8343\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6562\u5411\u5916\u56fd\u8239\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u60f9\u6012\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u4e0d\u507f\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4f46\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u5bf9\u6b64\u7684\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5317\u4eac\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u603b\u7406\u5404\u56fd\u4e8b\u52a1\u8859\u95e8\u4f20\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u3002\u7136\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u9886\u4e8b\u5411\u5916\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6e05\u5ef7\u653b\u51fb\u8bd5\u56fe\u5411\u5b89\u5e86\u8f93\u9001\u7269\u8d44\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b89\u5e86\u7ed9\u517b\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u575a\u5b88\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u4e4b\u540e\u5931\u5b88\u3002\u66fe\u56fd\u8343\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c60\u57ce\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u57ce\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e07\u516d\u5343\u4eba\u4e27\u547d\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u4e3a\u6e58\u519b\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u653b\u5411\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u4e1c\u5927\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\u56db<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u88f4\u58eb\u950b\uff08Stephen R. Platt\uff09\u8457\u300a\u5929\u56fd\u4e4b\u79cb\u300b \u9ec4\u4e2d\u5baa\/\u8bd1 \u8c2d\u4f2f\u725b\/\u6821<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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