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\u4ece\u4e00\u4e5d\u25cb\u25cb\u5e74\u521d\u8d77\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e00\u518d\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u9ad8\u5bc6\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u900f\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c71\u4e1c\u94c1\u8def\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u529e\u9521\u4e50\u5df4(Heinrich Hildebrandt)\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u53cc\u65b9\u5c3d\u5feb\u5728\u6d4e\u5357\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e3b\u52a8\u5411\u5fb7\u4eba\u793a\u597d\uff0c\u5e76\u9080\u8bf7\u5fb7\u4eba\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u60f3\u53ca\u65e9\u7ed3\u675f\u9ad8\u5bc6\u7684\u52a8\u4e71\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e00\u52a8\u4e71\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u52a9\u65bc\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u5ea6\u5f15\u53d1\u5fb7\u519b\u5165\u4fb5\u5c71\u4e1c\u5185\u5730\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u5c71\u4e1c\u94c1\u8def\u516c\u53f8\u8bf7\u6c42\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u6d3e\u5175\u63f4\u52a9\u65f6\uff0c\u8881\u6c0f\u5373\u523b\u6d3e\u9063\u4e00\u5343\u540d\u58eb\u5175\u524d\u5f80\u9ad8\u5bc6\u4fdd\u62a4\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u4f46\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u603b\u7763\u53f6\u4e16\u514b(Paul Jaeschke)\u8981\u6c42\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u540c\u610f\u5fb7\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u7acb\u533a\u65f6\uff0c\u8881\u6c0f\u5373\u4ee5\u4e2d\u5fb7\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u533a\u800c\u52a0\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fb7\u53cc\u65b9\u5bf9\u65bc\u6b64\u4e00\u7ae0\u7a0b\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u900f\u8fc7\u6b64\u4e00\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u5f03\u592a\u591a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u9002\u5ea6\u53d6\u5f97\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u5c31\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u80f6\u6d4e\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u611f\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u79df\u501f\u5730\u5916\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4e0e\u77ff\u533a\uff0c\u7686\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u6301\u5e73\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u82e5\u6bd4\u8f83\u300c\u4e2d\u5fb7\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u754c\u6761\u7ea6\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4e2d\u5fb7\u80f6\u6fb3\u4ea4\u6d89\u7ae0\u7a0b\u66a8\u5fb7\u534e\u77ff\u52a1\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u6743\u76ca\u4e0e\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u65bc\u9521\u4e50\u5df4\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u53f6\u4e16\u514b\u539f\u672c\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u7531\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u7ef4\u6301\u6cbb\u5b89\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u9521\u4e50\u5df4\u7684\u51fa\u5175\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ece\u516d\u6708\u5e95\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53f6\u4e16\u514b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u7a81\u7136\u8f6c\u8d8b\u5f3a\u786c\u3002\u5f52\u7eb3\u53f6\u4e16\u514b\u6001\u5ea6\u8f6c\u53d8\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4e09:\u4e00\uff0c\u516d\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u514b\u6797\u5fb7(Ketteler)\u9047\u5bb3\uff1b\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ece\u516d\u6708\u5e95\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u5c40\u52bf\u8f6c\u8d8b\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u53f6\u4e16\u514b\u5bf9\u65bc\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u52a8\u519b\u961f\u653b\u51fb\u5fb7\u519b\u4e0e\u5fb7\u4fa8\u7684\u7591\u8651\uff1b\u4e09\uff0c\u53f6\u4e16\u514b\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u5c71\u4e1c\u6709\u6240\u5efa\u6811\uff0c\u5982\u4fdd\u62a4\u8def\u6743\uff0c\u5360\u9886\u9ad8\u5bc6\uff0c\u80f6\u5dde\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u901f\u60e9\u7f5a\u4e71\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6210\u679c\u643a\u5f80\u5929\u6d25\u4f1a\u89c1\u5fb7\u519b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u74e6\u5fb7\u897f(Waldersee)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6545\u4ed6\u65bc\u5929\u6d25\u4f1a\u89c1\u5fb7\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u74e6\u5fb7\u897f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u5341\u6708\u4e03\u65e5\u5411\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9ad8\u5bc6\u94c1\u8def\u8981\u7acb\u5373\u7531\u5fb7\u519b\u63a5\u7ba1\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8981\u6c42\u8881\u519b\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5341\u6708\u5341\u4e8c\u65e5\u524d\uff0c\u4ece\u79df\u501f\u5730\u64a4\u9000\u3002\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u63a5\u53d7\u53f6\u4e16\u514b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5341\u6708\u5341\u65e5\u64a4\u51fa\u9ad8\u5bc6\u3002\u5341\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u9ad8\u5bc6\u3002\u5341\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u5f00\u59cb\u9547\u538b\u53bf\u6c11\uff0c\u7ea6\u8ba1\u6709\u4e8c\u767e\u81f3\u56db\u767e\u540d\u534e\u4eba\u9047\u5bb3\u3002\u4e71\u4e8b\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u4ecd\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u80f6\u5dde\uff0c\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u9644\u8fd1\u767e\u91cc\u754c\u5740\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u5728\u5c71\u4e1c\u7684\u6d89\u5916\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e89\u56de\u4e86\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u963b\u6321\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5c71\u4e1c\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e86\u5c71\u4e1c\u5883\u5185\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8d54\u6b3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u6b3e\u989d\u4ea6\u8fdc\u4f4e\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u7701\u3002\u4ed8\u4e88\u5fb7\u5546\u94c1\u8def\u4e0e\u77ff\u52a1\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5341\u4e8c\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u8d54\u7ed9\u6559\u4f1a\u5219\u56db\u4e07\u591a\u4e24\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e8c\uff0c\u63a5\u6536\u5929\u6d25\u4e0e\u4eac\u5949\u94c1\u8def<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u5728\u53d6\u56de\u5929\u6d25\u4e0e\u4eac\u5949\u94c1\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u82f1\u56fd\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u62a5\u7279\u6d3e\u5458\u83ab\u7406\u68ee(G\u3002 E\u3002 Morrison)\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u82f1\u8fc7\u53bb\u591a\u5e74\u4e92\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u800c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\uff0c\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5e72\u9884\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u4e00\u4e5d\u25cb\u4e09\u5e74\u56db\u6708\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5925\u4f19\u8363\u7984\u8fc7\u901d\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u8428\u9053\u4e49(Ernest Satow)\u5bfb\u6c42\u5965\u63f4\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u8428\u9053\u4e49\u5411\u5e86\u4eb2\u738b\u5955\u52bb\u53ca\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\uff0c\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u5916\u4ea4\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5bf9\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u524d\u9014\u8868\u8fbe\u5173\u5207\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u751a\u81f3\u8003\u8651\u5982\u679c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763\u4e0d\u4fdd\uff0c\u5c06\u91cd\u65b0\u5360\u9886\u5929\u6d25\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u4e3b\u5ba2\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5e9a\u5b50\u4e8b\u53d8\u540e\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u5728\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5185\u653f\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\uff0c\u5360\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u5bf9\u65bc\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u6148\u79a7\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u626e\u6f14\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6148\u79a7\u66f4\u52a0\u4ef0\u8d56\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u6d89\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\u662f\u5955\u52bb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u663e\u7136\u662f\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e00\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u7b56\u7565<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4f0d\uff0c\u7ed3 \u8bed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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