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\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u9676\u77ed\u623f<\/p>\n
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\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u5404\u6d3e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u3001\u62a5\u9053\u4e2d\u8c08\u53ca\u4f20\u6559\u4e4b\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91c7\u7528\u8bf8\u5982\u514d\u8d39\u533b\u7597\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u7ed9\u4fe1\u6559\u8005\u5e76\u53c2\u52a0\u6559\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5de5\u8d44\u7b49\u529e\u6cd5\u62d3\u5c55\u4fe1\u4f17\uff0c\u5982\u540e\u6765\u505a\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9a7b\u534e\u9996\u5e2d\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4f2f\u9a7e\uff08Peter Parker\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u4f4f\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u201c\u533b\u7597\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f83\u6709\u80c6\u8bc6\u548c\u521b\u610f\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u53e6\u8f9f\u8e4a\u5f84\uff0c\u501f\u9274\u534e\u5357\u76db\u884c\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u793e\u56e2\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5411\u5185\u5730\u3001\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5982\u8457\u540d\u7684\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u90ed\u58eb\u7acb\uff08Karl Friedrich August G\u00fctzlaff\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u8377\u5170\u5e03\u9053\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u57281844\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u6c49\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u65e2\u6709\u6559\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5916\u3001\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5e03\u9053\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u5411\u5357\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u5185\u5730\u57ce\u4e61\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u6c49\u4f1a\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\uff0c1845\u5e74\u8be5\u4f1a\u6709\u4f1a\u4f17210\u4eba\uff0c1849\u5e74\u67091800\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u5e7f\u5730\u533a1846\u5e74\u8d77\u5c31\u670913\u4e2a\u201c\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e7f\u4e1c7\u4e2a\uff08\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u8087\u5e86\u3001\u6f6e\u5dde\u3001\u97f6\u5dde\u3001\u9ad8\u5dde\u3001\u5ec9\u5dde\u3001\u96f7\u5dde\uff09\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f6\u4e2a\uff08\u6842\u6797\u3001\u67f3\u5dde\u3001\u68a7\u5dde\u3001\u6d54\u6d32\u3001\u5357\u5b81\u3001\u592a\u5e73\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u6e90\u81ea\u201c\u6c49\u4f1a\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u5230\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u201c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8272\u5f69\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9646\u4e0a\u4e4b\u53cb\u300b\uff08The Overland Friend of China\uff091851\u5e743\u6708\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5404\u6d3e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\u30025\u670823\u65e5\u8be5\u62a5\u63f4\u5f15\u4f20\u95fb\uff0c\u79f0\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u662f\u660e\u671d\u540e\u88d4\uff0c\u4fe1\u5949\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u6240\u5230\u4e4b\u5904\u5927\u8086\u7834\u574f\u5076\u50cf\u548c\u5bfa\u5e99\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc4\u8ff0\u79f0\u201c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ef\u9760\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u6e05\u5ef7\u6784\u9677\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4fe1\u5949\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6c49\u5978\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u536b\u4e09\u754f\uff08S. W. Wiliams\uff09\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u6fb3\u95e8\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\uff08Chinese Repository\uff09\u5bf9\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8272\u5f69\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u8ddf\u8e2a\u548c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u5185\u5730\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u9053\u542c\u9014\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u201c\u9020\u53cd\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u2018\u6c49\u4f1a\u2019\u4fe1\u5f92\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u6c49\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u793e\u56e2\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5e7f\u897f\u3001\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u786e\u5207\uff1a\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u662f\u300a\u529d\u4e16\u826f\u8a00\u300b\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\uff08Issachar Jacox Roberts\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7cfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7c4d\u4fe1\u5f92\u6881\u53d1\u6240\u7f16\uff0c\u6881\u53d1\u53d7\u6d17\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\uff08Robert Morrison\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7cfb\u4f26\u6566\u4f20\u9053\u4f1a\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65b0\u6559\u516c\u7406\u5b97\uff0c\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u5219\u662f\u65b0\u6559\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u6881\u53d1\u7b49\u8054\u5408\u521b\u529e\u8fc7\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u5316\u6559\u4f1a\u201c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u65bd\u8638\u5723\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u522b\u51fa\u5fc3\u88c1\u7684\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u5982\u679c\u786c\u8981\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u201c\u6500\u4eb2\u201d\uff0c\u5219\u5e94\u7275\u626f\u5230\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u3001\u504f\u65b0\u6559\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u4e2d\u7684\u786e\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u6c49\u4f1a\u201d\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u5982\u672c\u5c5e\u5929\u5730\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u751f\u524d\u6700\u9ad8\u505a\u5230\u51ac\u5b98\u6b63\u4e1e\u76f8\u7684\u7f57\u5927\u7eb2\uff0c\u548c\u540e\u671f\u5c01\u4e3a\u987e\u738b\u3001\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u5e05\u7684\u5434\u5982\u5b5d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u968f\u7740\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u8179\u5730\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u9971\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\u3001\u5c01\u95ed\u4e4b\u82e6\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u9010\u6e10\u5bc4\u6258\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u201c\u798f\u97f3\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u201d\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u6e05\u5ef7\u671d\u91ce\u5bf9\u201c\u6d0b\u6559\u201d\u660e\u5f1b\u7981\u3001\u6697\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u684e\u688f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u201c\u5355\u76f8\u601d\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u8001\u5e08\u7f57\u5b5d\u51681852\u5e7410\u67086\u65e5\u66fe\u81f4\u4e66\u65b0\u6559\u534e\u4eba\u6559\u4f1aChinese Evangelization\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u8bc1\u5b9e\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u66fe\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff081846\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u524d\u8ff0\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u520a\u548c\u300a\u5317\u534e\u6377\u62a5\u300b\uff08North China Herald\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e0d\u662f\u90ed\u58eb\u7acb\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6c49\u4f1a\u201d\u5206\u652f\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u521d\u8fd9\u4f4d\u201c\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u8001\u5e08\u201d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u53d7\u5230\u540c\u884c\u8d28\u7591\uff08\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u813e\u6c14\u53e4\u602a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u548c\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7d27\u5f20\uff09\uff0c1854\u5e747\u6708\u968f\u82f1\u56fd\u4f7f\u56e2\u8bbf\u95ee\u5929\u4eac\u7684\u82f1\u653f\u5e9c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5bc6\u8fea\u4e50\uff08Thomas Taylor Meadows\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4eb2\u8033\u542c\u5230\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u90d1\u91cd\u5176\u4e8b\u5bfb\u627e\u201c\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u7f57\u5148\u751f\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5408\u4fe1\uff08Benjamin Hobson\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u8bb8\u591a\u6e05\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u628a\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff0c\u5c06\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u8bf4\u6210\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n
1853\u5e74\uff0c\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u65cf\u5f1f\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u9003\u5230\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bc6\u745e\u5178\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u97e9\u5c71\u6587\uff08Theodore Hamberg\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\uff08Joseph Edkins\uff09\u3001\u6768\u7b03\u4fe1\uff08Griffith John\uff09\u3001\u6155\u5a01\u5ec9\uff08William Muirhead\uff09\u3001\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\uff08Walter Henry Medhurst\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u53f7\u58a8\u6d77\u8001\u4eba\uff0c\u513f\u5b50\u662f\u540e\u6765\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u4e0a\u540d\u6c14\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u9886\u4e8b\u9ea6\u534e\u9640Sir Walter Henry Medhurst\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5411\u719f\u77e5\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u5185\u60c5\u7684\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7531\u97e9\u5c71\u6587\u6839\u636e\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u53e3\u8ff0\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8d77\u4e49\u8bb0\u300b\uff08The Vision of HUNG-Siu-tshuen and Kwang\u2013sio Insurrection\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u524d\u671f\u897f\u65b9\u4e86\u89e3\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u7684\u201c\u6572\u95e8\u7816\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b63\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\uff08W. A. P. Martin\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5f53\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u4e9b\u9020\u53cd\u8005\u7adf\u7136\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u201c\u5174\u594b\u4fbf\u65e0\u6cd5\u904f\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u514d\u8981\u61a7\u61ac\u201c\u9020\u53cd\u5bf9\u63a8\u5e7f\u798f\u97f3\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u4e4b\u5904\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5f97\u77e5\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u5c5e\u6027\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u5404\u6d3e\u7684\u5174\u594b\u4e4b\u60c5\u6ea2\u4e8e\u8a00\u8868\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u89c9\u58eb\uff08Josiah Cox\uff09\u5c06\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u6bd4\u4f5c\u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u66d9\u5149\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u5fd7\u300b\uff08Chinese Evangelization\u7684\u673a\u5173\u62a5The Chinese Missionary Gleaner\uff09\u9884\u8a00\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u201c\u5c06\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u4f7f\u5f92\u65f6\u4ee3\u540e\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u201d\uff1b\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u66f4\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u5c06\u201c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u9664\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4ee4\u57fa\u7763\u798f\u97f3\u4f20\u904d\u5168\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u6559\u9999\u6e2f\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u4e3b\u6559\u65af\u5bc6\u65af\uff08Rev. George Smith\uff091854\u5e74\u65b0\u5e74\u795d\u8f9e\u66fe\u4e3a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u7948\u798f\uff0c\u66f4\u5f53\u4f17\u79f0\u8d5e\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u5177\u6709\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u624d\u80fd\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u3001\u884c\u653f\u624d\u5e72\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u667a\u529b\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u6c14\u9b44\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8ba9\u9769\u547d\u6210\u4e3a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u66b4\u4e71\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5355\u76f8\u601d\u201d\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u662f1853\u5e746\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u201c\u53f6\u5e08\u5e05\u201d\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6298\u817e\u4e863\u6b21\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u5c01\u636e\u79f0\u7cfb\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u4eb2\u7b14\u4fe1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5343\u91cc\u8fe2\u8fe2\u9001\u7ed9\u4e86\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u3002\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u7684\u53d1\u51fa\u65e5\u671f\u662f\u7678\u597d\u4e09\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u5341\u516d\u65e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f1853\u5e743\u670821\u65e5\uff0c3\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u521a\u521a\u653b\u7834\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u51e0\u5929\u540e\u768429\u65e5\uff0c\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u624d\u8fdb\u9a7b\u5357\u4eac\u57ce\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eba\u8fd8\u6ca1\u8fdb\u57ce\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8feb\u4e0d\u53ca\u5f85\u5730\u9001\u51fa\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e2d\u79f0\u547c\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u201c\u5c0a\u5144\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u611a\u5f1f\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u5ba2\u6c14\u5230\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e2d\u8f97\u8f6c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u9f13\u821e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u6b22\u8fce\u3001\u9700\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u53bb\u201c\u4f20\u64ad\u798f\u97f3\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u5174\u594b\u8fc7\u5934\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u201d<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\u81ea1853\u5e744\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u6587\u7ff0\uff08Bonham S. G.\uff09\u8bbf\u95ee\u5929\u4eac\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u5e03\u5c14\u5e03\u9686\uff08M. de Bourboulon\uff09\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9a6c\u6c99\u5229\uff08H. Marshall\uff09\u76f8\u7ee7\u62b5\u8fbe\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6240\u6709\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5370\u4e66\u30021854\u5e74\u9ea6\u534e\u9640-\u5c0f\u5305\u4ee4\uff08Lowin Bowrin\uff0c\u65b0\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u8001\u5305\u4ee4John Bowrin\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff09\u4f7f\u56e2\u5728\u5929\u4eac\u5411\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e8630\u4e2a\u5305\u62ec\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u6218\u7565\u5728\u5185\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u201c\u95ed\u6237\u4e09\u65e5\u201d\u4f5c\u7b54\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u95ee\u4e8650\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u5219\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u95ee\u7b54\u4e2d\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u52fe\u52d2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5f62\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u2014\u8eab\u6750\u9ad8\u5927\uff0c\u957f\u7740\u7ea2\u80e1\u987b\uff0c\u7a7f\u7740\u9ed1\u9f99\u888d\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u683c\u800c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u957f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8fd8\u6709\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u7b49\u82e5\u5e72\u4eb2\u751f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u8036\u7a23\u8fd8\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u914d\u5076\u201c\u5929\u5988\u5929\u5ac2\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5723\u795e\u98ce\u201d\u5373\u5723\u7075\u4e0d\u662f\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u683c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6768\u79c0\u6e05\uff0c\u6768\u79c0\u6e05\u548c\u8427\u671d\u8d35\u4eab\u6709\u5929\u7236\u3001\u5929\u5144\u9644\u4f53\u4f20\u8a00\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u5929\u7236\u5929\u5144\u5723\u65e8\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u4eab\u6709\u548c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u795e\u5723\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n
1854\u5e746\u670814\u65e5\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9ea6\u83b2\uff08Robert M. Mclane\uff09\u300a\u8bbf\u95ee\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u4eb2\u5bc6\u63a5\u89e6\u540e\u5b98\u65b9\u4eba\u58eb\u5bf9\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
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1859\u5e74\uff0c\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u5728\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8d44\u52a9\u4e0b\u4ece\u9999\u6e2f\u542f\u7a0b\u524d\u5f80\u5929\u4eac\uff0c\u5e76\u5f88\u5feb\u4f20\u51fa\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u7cbe\u5fe0\u519b\u5e08\u5e72\u738b\u3001\u201c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u9996\u76f8\u201d\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6b23\u559c\u4e0d\u5df2\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u662f\u5408\u683c\u7684\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u671b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6253\u5f00\u8fdb\u5165\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e4b\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e8b\u8ff9\u65f6\u5e38\u5e38\u4efb\u610f\u526a\u88c1\u3001\u81c6\u9020\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u660e\u660e\u662f\u7ed9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5f53\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5374\u6210\u4e86\u7ed9\u6d0b\u5c0f\u5b69\u5f53\u5148\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u5230\u7406\u96c5\u5404\u3001\u8a79\u9a6c\u58eb\u4e24\u4f4d\u201c\u5937\u957f\u201d\u66fe\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u56de\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u5dee\uff0c\u66fe\u53ee\u5631\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8981\u53bb\u5929\u4eac\u5192\u9669\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u529d\u963b\u4e0d\u4f4f\u5c31\u7ed9\u4e88\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fd8\u628a\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u5bb6\u5c5e\u9001\u5230\u5929\u4eac\u3002\u4f46\u7406\u96c5\u5404\u548c\u8a79\u9a6c\u58eb\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u8457\u540d\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u65b0\u6559\u516c\u7406\u5b97\u4f26\u6566\u5e03\u9053\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u7406\u96c5\u5404\uff08James Legge\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u524d\u5f80\u5929\u4eac\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u652f\u6301\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u767e\u6298\u4e0d\u6320\uff0c\u4e00\u5fc3\u524d\u5f80\u5929\u4eac\u7684\u662f\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u7f57\u5b5d\u5168\u51e0\u6b21\u90fd\u534a\u9014\u800c\u8fd4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u9532\u800c\u4e0d\u820d\u5730\u7ee7\u7eed\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u4e0d\u62b1\u597d\u611f\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559<\/p>\n
\u548c\u65b0\u6559\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5bf9\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u548c\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u4e0d\u62b1\u597d\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6700\u65e9\u8c08\u5230\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u6c5f\u897f\u4e3b\u6559\u7530\u5609\u74a7\uff08L. G. Delaplace\uff09\uff0c1852\u5e7410\u67086\u65e5\u4ed6\u81f4\u4fe1\u91cc\u6602\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u5e03\u9053\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\uff0c\u8c08\u53ca\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u4ece\u6e56\u5357\u5411\u6e56\u5317\u3001\u6c5f\u5357\u8fdb\u519b\uff0c\u5e76\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u4f20\u95fb\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u5c1a\u672a\u62b5\u8fbe\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u6bd4\u540c\u671f\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u51b7\u9759\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n
1853\u5e741\u6708\u30016\u6708\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u6e56\u5e7f\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u91cc\u4f50\u62c9\u8482\uff08Rizzolati\uff09\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5357\u4eac\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u8d75\u65b9\u6d4e\uff08F. X. Maresca\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff09\u76f8\u7ee7\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8c34\u8d23\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff1b1854\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u5e03\u5c14\u5e03\u9686\u4f7f\u56e2\u8bbf\u95ee\u5929\u4eac\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u845b\u5fc5\u8fbe\uff08Staislas Clavelin\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u62b5\u8fbe\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u7ba1\u533a\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6c5f\u897f\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u4e3b\u6559\u5f53\u5c3c\u5e93\u5c14\uff08E. Danicourt\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u8c34\u8d23\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u6700\u529b\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u7531\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5174\u8da3\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6e05\u65b9\u52a0\u7d27\u5c01\u9501\uff0c\u81ea1854\u5e74\u81f31858\u5e74\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u540d\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4ecd\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u95f4\u63a5\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
1860\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u5360\u9886\u82cf\u5357\uff0c\u548c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u63a5\u58e4\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u201d\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u7684\u638c\u6743\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u518d\u5ea6\u9f13\u8d77\u5bf9\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u673a\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u89e6\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u30021860\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5357\u90e8\u6d78\u4f1a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u9ad8\u7b2c\u4e15\uff08T. P. Crawford\uff09\u3001\u82b1\u5170\u82b7\uff08J. L. Hoimes\uff09\u3001\u8d6b\u5a01\u5c14\uff08J. B. Hartwell\uff09\u7b49\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u671f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u62b5\u8fbe\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5883\u5185\uff08\u82cf\u5dde\uff09\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u674e\u79c0\u6210\u90e8\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u63a5\u5f85\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u201c\u826f\u597d\u5370\u8c61\u201d\uff1b\u51e0\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u548c\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u6709\u79c1\u4ea4\u7684\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u3001\u6768\u7b03\u4fe1\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u5b89\u7acb\u7518\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u5305\u5c14\u817e\uff08J. S. Burdon\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u4f0a\u8bfa\u68ee\uff08John Innocent\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u65b0\u6559\u5df4\u9ece\u798f\u97f3\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u52b3\uff08Oscar Rau\uff09\u62b5\u8fbe\u82cf\u5dde\uff0c\u4f1a\u6664\u4e86\u674e\u79c0\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5bf9\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u4f20\u6559\u5145\u6ee1\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5bf9\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u7684\u5947\u602a\u6559\u4e49\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5fae\u8bcd\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u51e0\u4f4d\u6559\u58eb\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f1a\u201c\u4e3b\u6d41\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u6559\u4e49\u4e0d\u6e05\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u5f15\u5bfc\u5373\u53ef\u5927\u529f\u544a\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u5c06\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
8\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u9080\u8bf7\u4e0b\uff0c\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u7b49\u4eba\u518d\u8bbf\u82cf\u5dde\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u201c\u63a8\u5fc3\u7f6e\u8179\u201d\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n
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