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‘\u7334\u5b50\u5ba1\u5224’\u57281925\u5e74\u708e\u70ed\u7684\u590f\u5929\u5f00\u5ba1\u3002\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5224\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5e03\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u6d1b\u65af\u6566\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08 John T. Raulston\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\u8be5\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u56e0\u4fb5\u72af\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u800c\u8fdd\u53cd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u88ab\u544a\u8fdd\u6cd5\u4e86\u30027\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u5f8b\u5e08\u6234\u6d1b\u4f5c\u4e86\u7cbe\u5f69\u53d1\u8a00\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5224\u5b9a\u5e03\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u8fdd\u5baa\u30027\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u88ab\u6d1b\u65af\u6566\u6cd5\u5b98\u5426\u51b3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5ba1\u5224\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5224\u5b9a\u88ab\u544a\u65af\u5bc7\u666e\u662f\u5426\u72af\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4eca\u5929\u7ad9\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u548c\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u548c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684’\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49’\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u800c\u6709\u610f\u6df7\u6dc6\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4ece\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ece\u751f\u7269\u6559\u5e08\u5230\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5b66\u79d1\u4f5c\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u3002\u76f4\u52301944\u5e74Richard Hofstadter\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u624d\u88ab\u6e05\u695a\u5212\u5206\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u6240\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u5b8c\u5168\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u3002\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u65871871\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8870\u843d\u300b\uff08The Descent of Man\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n

‘\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u91cc\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u5f31\u8005\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u706d\u7edd\u4e86\uff1b\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6587\u660e\u4eba\uff0c\u5374\u5c3d\u5176\u6240\u80fd\u5730\u62b5\u6321\u8fd9\u79cd\u6dd8\u6c70\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f4e\u80fd\u513f\u3001\u6b8b\u5e9f\u4eba\u548c\u75c5\u4eba\u8bbe\u7acb\u5e87\u62a4\u6240\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u7acb\u8d2b\u7a77\u6551\u6d4e\u6cd5\u6848\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u533b\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u7aed\u5c3d\u5176\u6280\u80fd\u6551\u52a9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u76f4\u81f3\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u523b\u3002\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u725b\u75d8\u75ab\u82d7\u6551\u4e0b\u4e86\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u4ee5\u524d\u4f1a\u6b7b\u4e8e\u5929\u82b1\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8f83\u5f31\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e5f\u5728\u7e41\u884d\u4ed6\u4eec\u90a3\u79cd\u4eba\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u66fe\u7ecf\u9972\u517b\u8fc7\u5bb6\u755c\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4f1a\u6781\u5927\u5730\u4f24\u5bb3\u4eba\u7c7b\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5934\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bb6\u755c\u54c1\u79cd\u7684\u9000\u5316\uff1b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u7c97\u758f\u5927\u610f\u800c\u4efb\u51ed\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u7272\u755c\u7e41\u6b96\u540e\u4ee3\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u54c1\u79cd\u5374\u5f00\u4e86\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5bf9\u65e0\u671b\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u4e00\u79cd\u5076\u7136\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u672c\u80fd\u539f\u6765\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u672c\u80fd\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u540e\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5fc3\u8f6f\uff0c\u6563\u5e03\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e7f\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u6709\u65e0\u60c5\u7406\u7531\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u538b\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4f24\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u8d28\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u62c5\u4efb\u51ed\u5f31\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u7e41\u884d\u5f31\u8005\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u826f\u540e\u679c\u3002’<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u628a\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5982\u6b64\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5bf9’\u4eba’\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u662f\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u7684\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u4f1a\u4ece\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5916\u5ef6\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u884d\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\u7684\u4e1b\u6797\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba8\u8bba\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u6b63\u5e38\u800c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u6db5\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fd8\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u6700\u4e3a\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d70\u5411\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684’\u8d85\u4eba’\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d70\u5411\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u3001\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7eaf\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u5728100\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u6db5\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65e0\u6cd5\u5206\u5272\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8bfe\u672c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u5305\u3002\u6234\u5c6f\u7684\u4e2d\u5b66\u6240\u7528\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8bfe\u672c\uff0c\u662f1914\u5e74\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4ea8\u6c0f\u666e\u901a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u300b\uff08\u300aCivic Biology\u300bHunter, George William\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u6821\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u6559\u6750\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u672c\u6559\u6750\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86’\u81ea\u7136\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9’\u3001’\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58’\u3001’\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u4f53\u8d28\u548c\u5934\u8111\u5f3a\u5065\u8005\u53d6\u80dc’\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u5b83\u5f15\u5411\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587’\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u8bc1\u660e’\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u666e\u904d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u5931\u63a7\u800c\u8d70\u5411\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6709\u6240\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u300a\u4ea8\u6c0f\u666e\u901a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u300b\u5728’\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u79cd\u65cf’\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e94\u79cd’\u5728\u672c\u6027\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e60\u60ef\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u6210\u90fd\u5404\u81ea\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c’\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n

‘\u2026\u2026\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u7c7b\u578b\uff1b\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5c9b\u7684\u68d5\u8272\u79cd\u65cf\uff1b\u7f8e\u6d32\u5370\u5730\u5b89\u4eba\uff1b\u8499\u53e4\u53ca\u9ec4\u79cd\u4eba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u4eba\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u53ca\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u6587\u660e\u767d\u4eba\u5c45\u6c11\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002’<\/p>\n

\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\u7684’\u4f18\u751f\u5b66’\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u672c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728’\u4eba\u7684\u6539\u8fdb’\u7684\u6807\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316’\u9009\u62e9’\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c’\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u8fdb’\u3002\u8bfe\u672c\u4e2d\u7684’\u4f18\u751f’\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8ba8\u8bba\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u4f4e\u80fd\u7684\u9057\u4f20\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u6076\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\u9053\u683c\u4ee3\u5c14\uff08Dugdale\uff09\u548c\u54e5\u8fbe\u5fb7\uff08Goddard\uff09 \u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8c03\u67e5’\u53d1\u73b0’\uff1a\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u9157\u9152\u3001\u8d2b\u7a77\u548c\u5a3c\u5993\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5728’\u5bc4\u751f\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4ef7’\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u8bfe\u672c\u8fd9\u6837\u6559\u80b2\u5b69\u5b50\uff1a’\u5927\u91cf\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u5b58\u5728\u7740\uff0c\u5411\u5168\u56fd\u6563\u5e03\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u50cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u5bc4\u751f\u5728\u522b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5bc4\u751f\u8005\u3002’\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5728’\u6551\u6cbb’\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u8bfe\u672c\u4f5c\u8005\u6551\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684’\u4f18\u751f’\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a’\u5047\u5982\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u4f4e\u7b49\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u6982\u5c31\u6740\u6b7b\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u6269\u6563\u3002\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8bb8\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5e87\u62a4\u6240\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u533a\u8fd9\u6837\u79cd\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u9632\u6b62\u751f\u6b96\u4ea4\u53c9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4e\u7b49\u5815\u843d\u9000\u5316\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6d3b\u7740\u3002’<\/p>\n

\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u5f3a\u70c8\u8c34\u8d23\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49’\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7’\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u8fd9\u6837\u7684’\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba’\uff0c\u628a’\u4e1b\u6797\u6cd5\u5219’\u5f15\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ea\u8c08\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\u800c\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u8c08\u4eba\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u5b83\u628a\u5e26\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u8d2b\u7a77\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u5bf9\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6240\u8c13’\u4f18\u751f’\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u9002\u5e94\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u652f\u6301\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6559\u6d3e\u9886\u8896\uff08\u5982William Riley \u548c Billy Sunday\uff09 \uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\uff0c\u6df1\u77e5’\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531’\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5d07\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u8ba9\u4eba\u60ca\u5fc3\u52a8\u9b44\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a’\u601d\u60f3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3002’\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u6869\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0d\uff0d\u91cc\u6b27\u6ce2\u5fb7\u548c\u7f57\u4f0a\u4f2f\u6848\uff08The Leopold and Loeb Trial\uff09 \u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u6234\u6d1b\u7ecf\u624b\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86’\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531’\u7684\u5927\u539f\u5219\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u5728\u4ed6\u672a\u80fd\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7ed3\u8fa9\u6f14\u8bf4\u4e2d\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b64\u6848\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u5e08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e0d\u4fe1\u795e\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u4e0e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u8bae\u9898\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4efb\u4f55\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u96c7\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ea6\u675f\u5462\uff1f\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u57281925\u5e746\u67081\u65e5\u7684\u4fc4\u52d2\u5c97\u5224\u4f8b\uff08Pierce et als. vs. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u6307\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u6388’\u660e\u663e\u4fb5\u72af\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca’\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u52a1\u7531\u5730\u65b9\u6c11\u4f17\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9009\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bfe\u672c\u3001\u8058\u8bf7\u4ec0\u4e48\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u6743\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u65e0\u6743\u5e72\u6d89\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5b88\u7684\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u63a5\u79cd\u725b\u75d8\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u67d0\u6848\u4f8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u8fdd\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u5206\u652f\u6709\u6743\u7981\u6b62\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5b69\u5b50\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u5077\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u7684’\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531’\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f’\u660e\u663e\u4fb5\u72af\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca’\u7684\u3002\u800c\u6234\u6d1b\u5f8b\u5e08\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5411\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u63a8\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a’\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u79d1\u5b66’\u7167\u5355\u5168\u6536\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e3a\u8c0b\u6740\u8005\u7f57\u4f0a\u4f2f\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u7f6a\u72af\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u9057\u4f20\uff0c’\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u7684\u591a\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7956\u5148\u4f20\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u5815\u843d\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u6211\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002’\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u6279\u8bc4\u8bf4\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c’\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff08free mind\uff09\u5c06\u88ab\u5426\u5b9a’\uff0c’\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u5173\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u548c\u6467\u6bc1\u3002’<\/p>\n

\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9664\u5374\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86’\u4e0d\u5f97\u660e\u663e\u4fb5\u72af\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca’\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5224\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd8\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5224\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5bb6\u957f\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6d1b\u65af\u6566\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5224\u5b9a\u5e03\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5230\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6559\u80b2’\u660e\u663e\u4fb5\u72af\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca’\uff0c\u662f\u68c0\u65b9\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u7406\u7531\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u5b50\u91cc\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u601d\u8003’\u79d1\u5b66’\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u30021967\u5e74\uff0c\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u5e03\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\uff1b1968\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u53cd\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e3a\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u770b\u5230\uff0c30\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6559\u80b2\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u6539\u89c2\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u5b50\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u5927\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u90fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5047\u5982\u5b8c\u5168\u820d\u53bb\u6b64\u6848\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u4eba\u5bf9\u5f85\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u5316\u6240\u53d6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5c31\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u575a\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u53e5’\u79d1\u5b66\u53cd\u611a\u6627’\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u4e00\u8a00\u800c\u6982\u4e4b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6234\u6d1b\u5f8b\u5e08\u662f\u7ecf\u5df4\u5c14\u8482\u6469\u592a\u9633\u62a5\u7684\u540d\u8bb0\u8005\u66fc\u80af\u4ecb\u7ecd\u800c\u4ecb\u5165\u6b64\u6848\u7684\u3002\u66fc\u80af\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7ed9\u6234\u6d1b\u5b9a\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u5e03\u83b1\u6069’\u505a\u6210\u4e2a\u50bb\u74dc’\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u7740\u5317\u65b9\u4eba\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u611f\uff0c\u60f3\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u611a\u6627\u843d\u540e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u60f3\u628a\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\uff0c\u4e5f\u60f3\u628a\u5357\u65b9\u3001\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u90fd’\u505a\u6210\u50bb\u74dc’\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u5b50\u975e\u5e38\u5178\u578b\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u548c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6253\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u522b\u540e\u6765\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e89\u6267\u4e2d\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u59ff\u6001\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6Kevin Tierney \u6307\u51fa\uff0c’\u66fc\u80af\u548c\u6234\u6d1b\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u00ea?\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u60f3\u518d\u6253\u4e00\u573a\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5317\u65b9\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u5317\u65b9\u4e0b\u6765\u8981\u544a\u8bc9\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u611a\u8822\u3002’<\/p>\n

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