{"id":19237,"date":"2026-09-20T10:15:02","date_gmt":"2026-09-20T02:15:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=19237"},"modified":"2026-09-20T10:15:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-20T02:15:02","slug":"%e4%b8%ad%e4%b8%96%e7%ba%aa%e7%9a%84%e7%98%9f%e7%96%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=19237","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u761f\u75ab"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u672c\u6587\u9009\u81ea\uff08\u7f8e\uff09\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7P.\u4f2f\u6069\uff1a\u300a\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u300b\uff0c\u738b\u6668\u8bd1<\/p>\n

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\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\uff08bubonic plague\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4f461347\uff0d1352\u5e74\u90a3\u6b21\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u53ea\u662f\u6301\u7eed\u4e86350\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u75ab\u60c5\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u201d\u7684\u761f\u75ab\u4ee5\u540e\u53c8\u591a\u6b21\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u76f4\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ecd\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5317\u7f8e\u548c\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5219\u66f4\u665a\u3002\u533b\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u822c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u79f0\u4f5c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6d41\u884c\u3002\u6d41\u884c\uff08epidemic\uff09\u6307\u8f83\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u5355\u6b21\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u6d41\u884c\uff08pandemic\uff09\u5219\u5177\u6709\u8303\u56f4\u5e7f\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53cd\u590d\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5927\u91cf\u6b7b\u4ea1\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5927\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u63ed\u5f00\u4e86\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u5e76\u627e\u5230\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u75ab\u60c5\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u761f\u75ab\uff08\u516c\u5143541\u5e74\u5230\u7ea6760\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6d41\u884c\u6307\u516c\u5143541\u5e74\u5230\u7ea6760\u5e74\u95f4\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u761f\u75ab\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u7687\u5e1d\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\u4e00\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3b\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e38\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u75ab\u60c5\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u57c3\u53ca\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u5357\u9762\u7684\u963f\u6bd4\u897f\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff08Abyssinia\uff0c\u4eca\u79f0\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff09\u6216\u8005\u82cf\u4e39\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u8239\u53ea\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u3001\u8fd1\u4e1c\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u30027\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5927\u68ee\u6797\u4ee5\u897f\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u761f\u75ab\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5730\u9707\u6d2a\u6c34\u3001\u5927\u706b\u3001\u5f57\u661f\u548c\u65e5\u98df\u3002\u4e16\u4fd7\u4eba\u58eb\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u548c\u76d6\u4f26\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u4e4b\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u5f57\u661f\u3001\u5927\u706b\u548c\u5730\u9707\u9020\u6210\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u3002\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\u535a\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u4f0a\u897f\u591a\uff08SaintIsidoreofSeville\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u662f\u7531\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u5e72\u71e5\u3001\u708e\u70ed\u548c\u964d\u6c34\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u7f6a\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u50cf\u8bfa\u4e9a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6012\u706b\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u50e7\u4fa3\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6bd4\u5fb7\uff08Bede\uff09\u91c7\u53d6\u6298\u4e2d\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u201c\u521b\u4e16\u8005\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6765\u81ea\u5929\u4e0a\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9075\u7167\u795e\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\u770b\u6210\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u800c\u63d0\u5230\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u761f\u75ab\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u4eba\u80cc\u6559\u6216\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bca\u65ad\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u53cd\u590d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6b7b\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u80bf\u5757\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u201c\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ed3\u80bf\u5927\u201d\u30026\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u7f57\u67ef\u6bd4\uff08Procopius\uff09\u63d0\u5230\u80bf\u5757\u3001\u53d1\u72c2\u548c\u660f\u8ff7\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u30026\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b89\u6761\u514b\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u827e\u74e6\u683c\u91cc\u4e4c\u65af\uff08Evagrius\uff09\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ed3\u80bf\u5927\u3001\u53d1\u70e7\u3001\u8179\u6cfb\u3001\u75c8\u4ee5\u53ca\u773c\u775b\u80bf\u80c0\u548c\u5145\u8840\u7b49\u75c7\u72b6\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fe\u5c14\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u683c\u96f7\u6208\u91cc\uff08Gregory of Tours\uff09\u57286\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c1\u95fb\uff1a\u201c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5f88\u7a81\u7136\u3002\u8179\u80a1\u6c9f\u6216\u8005\u814b\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u86c7\u72b6\u4f24\u53e3\uff0c\u6bd2\u6027\u53d1\u4f5c\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u75c5\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\u5c31\u4f1a\u65ad\u6c14\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6bd2\u6027\u8fd8\u4f1a\u593a\u53bb\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u7406\u667a\u3002\u201d\u8179\u80a1\u6c9f\u3001\u814b\u4e0b\u6216\u8005\u9888\u90e8\u7684\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ed3\u80bf\u5927\u662f\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u75c7\u72b6\u30028\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6267\u4e8b\u4fdd\u7f57\uff08Paulthe Deacon\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u201c\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u8179\u80a1\u6c9f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u67d4\u8f6f\u7684\u90e8\u4f4d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u50cf\u6838\u6843\u6216\u8005\u67a3\u5b50\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u7684\u817a\u4f53\u80bf\u5757\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u5fcd\u53d7\u7684\u53d1\u70e7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u71ac\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u761f\u75ab<\/p>\n

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\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5f97\u9760\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c\u800c\u7b97\u51fa\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5219\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u8bb0\u5f55\u8981\u4e48\u7f3a\u5931\u548c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u548c\u6d41\u52a8\u60c5\u51b5\uff09\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u50cf\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u8c28\u614e\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u53ea\u662f\u8c61\u5f81\u548c\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u201c\u5927\u5f97\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6709\u5931\u504f\u9887\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4e9b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u90fd\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u9f20\u75ab\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6d41\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u9ad8\u53d1\u5e74\u4efd\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u761f\u75ab\u88ad\u51fb\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u5341\u5206\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u50cf\u7ea6\u7ff0\u3001\u4fdd\u7f57\u3001\u683c\u96f7\u6208\u91cc\u548c\u666e\u7f57\u67ef\u6bd4\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u6027\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u5c06\u7cfb\u5217\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u75ab\u60c5\u8bb0\u5f55\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u5d14\u745e\u5fb7\uff08Dennis Twichett\uff09\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\u90fd\u7206\u53d1\u8fc7\u9f20\u75ab\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\uff0c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u522b\u4e3a639\u2014640\u5e74\u548c641\uff0d648\u5e74\uff0c684\uff0d685\u5e74\u548c682\u5e74\uff0c706\u5e74\u6216707\u5e74\uff0c763\u5e74\u6216762\u5e74\uff0c836\u5e74\u6216840\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca872\u5e74\u6216869\u5e74\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u53d9\u8ff0\u6027\u8bb0\u5f55\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7ed3\u8bba\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u75be\u75c5\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8d38\u6613\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u63a5\u89e6\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u95f4\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u4f20\u5165\u548c\u6269\u6563<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u81f3\u4eca\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e9a\u6d32\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u897f\u65b9\u5173\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4e5f\u6b20\u7f3a\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u592a\u4e86\u89e3\u4e9a\u6d32\u5730\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u8c08\u5230\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u5219\u5ba3\u79f0\u662f\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5426\u8ba4\u9ed1\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u901a\u5f80\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u95e8\u6237\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5927\u591a\u540c\u610f\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08WilliamMcNell\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u75c5\u6e90\u5730\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u548c\u7f05\u7538\u4e00\u5e26\u6216\u8005\u6ee1\u6d32\u91cc\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u5143\u671d\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u75c5\u6e90\u5730\u662f\u6208\u58c1\u6c99\u6f20\u6216\u8005\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u811a\u7684\u52a0\u74e6\u5c14\uff08Garwhal\uff09\u548c\u5e93\u739b\u7fc1\uff08Kumaon\uff09\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8bfa\u91cc\u65af\uff08JohnNorris\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9f20\u75ab\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6216\u8005\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d41\u884c\u8fc7\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5e76\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u592a\u665a\u3002\u4ed6\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u817a\u9f20\u75ab\u53ef\u80fd\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e9a\u6b27\u5927\u9646\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u75c5\u6e90\u5730\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u5411\u4e1c\u897f\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4f20\u63d2\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u761f\u75ab\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u8d8a\u8fc7\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5965\u5730\u5229\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u6b27\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f17\u83b1\u8428\u8d6b\uff08Preisach\uff09\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u7684\u65e0\u540d\u50e7\u4fa3\u4e3a\u6b64\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u5e74\uff081348\uff09\u7684\u761f\u75ab\u6765\u52bf\u51f6\u731b\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u6d77\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u90a3\u6d77\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u6751\u9547\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u4eba\u70df\u7edd\u8ff9\u3002\u201d\u6cbf\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6c34\u9053\u5982\u7f57\u7eb3\u6cb3\uff08Rhone\uff09\u3001\u5362\u74e6\u6cb3\uff08Loire\uff09\u3001\u83dc\u8335\u6cb3\uff08Rhine\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ce2\u6cb3\uff08Po\uff09\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u5f97\u4ee5\u5411\u5185\u9646\u5feb\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9646\u4e0a\u901a\u9053\u5bf9\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u75ab\u60c5\u7684\u4f20\u63d2\u540c\u6837\u6709\u6548\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9\u8bfa\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u6bd4\u62c9\u90a6\uff08Jean\uff0dNoelBiraben\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u761f\u75ab\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf41348\u5e74\u52301349\u5e74\u95ee\u75be\u75c5\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5929\u524d\u8fdb1\uff0d4\u516c\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u761f\u75ab\u8fdb\u5165\u5185\u9646\u540e\u4e8e1348\u5e74\u521d\u5230\u8fbe\u6559\u7687\u6240\u5728\u7684\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u5230\u8fbe\u5df4\u9ece\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4e00\u4fa7\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6240\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u7ecf\u7531\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f20\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e8e8\u6708\u9996\u5148\u5230\u8fbe\u5357\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u6885\u5c14\u5eb7\u59c6\u96f7\u5409\u65af\uff08Melcombe\uff0dregis\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51\u7edc\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u75be\u75c5\u6bcf\u5929\u4f20\u64ad\u7ea6\u4e00\u82f1\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u4f26\u6566\u76f4\u52301349\u5e74\u521d\u624d\u7206\u53d1\u75ab\u60c5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53d7\u5230\u88ad\u51fb\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6bd4\u8428\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u90a3\u6837\u8b66\u89c9\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u75be\u75c5\u4e8e1348\u5e741\u6708\u62162\u6708\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u4fb5\u5165\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u3002\u5728\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u548c\u9521\u8036\u7eb3\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u761f\u75ab\u4ece\u6625\u5929\u8086\u8650\u5230\u79cb\u5929\u3002\u75be\u75c5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7ecf\u9646\u8def\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u4fb5\u5165\u963f\u62c9\u8d21\uff0c\u8fd8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5df4\u5229\u963f\u91cc\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff08Balearic Islands\uff09\u6709\u6d77\u4e0a\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u4fb5\u5165\u5b83\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u540c\u6837\u635f\u5931\u60e8\u91cd\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u7591\u60d1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7a76\u7adf\u7ad9\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fd8\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002<\/p>\n

1349\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u83b1\u8335\u5170\u7206\u53d1\u761f\u75ab\uff0c\u5e76\u6cbf\u7740\u5317\u6d77\u6d77\u5cb8\u6269\u6563\u3002\u8fd9\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u3001\u745e\u5178\u3001\u632a\u5a01\u548c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u75ab\u60c5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u6625\u5929\uff0c\u75ab\u60c5\u6269\u6563\u5230\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u548c\u6cb3\u6d41\u30021350\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u6240\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u5965\u514b\u5c3c\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff08Orkney\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5fb7\u5170\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff08Shetland\uff09\u548c\u6cd5\u7f57\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff08Faeroes\uff09\u4eba\u53e3\u9510\u51cf\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u548c\u632a\u5a01\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u683c\u9675\u5170\u5c9b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u57281349\u5e74\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u90fd\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u761f\u75ab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6cbf\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e26\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\u5411\u5317\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\u5411\u4e1c\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u6ce2\u6d1b\u8328\u514b\uff08Polotsk\uff09\uff0c\u666e\u65af\u79d1\u592b\uff08Pskov\uff09\u3001\u8bfa\u592b\u54e5\u7f57\u5fb7\u3001\u65af\u6469\u6821\u65af\u514b\u5148\u540e\u53d7\u5230\u88ad\u51fb\u30021353\u5e74\uff0c\u761f\u75ab\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5230\u8fbe\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3002\u300a\u5c3c\u79d1\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\u300b\uff08Nikonion Chronicle\uff09\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u60ef\u6012\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u8bb0\u8f7d\u8bf4\u5728\u666e\u65af\u79d1\u592b\uff0c\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u90aa\u6076\u4e4b\u75ab\u201d\uff08morzol\uff09\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u9003\u8fdb\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u7948\u6c42\u5bbd\u6055\uff0c\u542c\u5929\u7531\u547d\uff1b\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u628a\u5168\u90e8\u8d22\u4ea7\u6350\u7ed9\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u540c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u5927\u516c\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u548c\u5144\u5f1f\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u90fd\u6b7b\u4e8e\u761f\u75ab\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u683c\u9675\u5170\u5230\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u4ece\u632a\u5a01\u5ce1\u6e7e\u5230\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7a81\u7136\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u75db\u82e6\u548c\u6050\u6016\u4e2d\uff0c\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u603b\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5723\u4eba\u548c\u7f6a\u4eba\u3001\u5a74\u513f\u548c\u8001\u4eba\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3001\u5bcc\u4eba\u548c\u7a77\u4eba\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u90fd\u5012\u5728\u4e86\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u9762\u524d\u3002\u57c3\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u5c14\u9a6c\u514b\u91cc\u9f50\uff08al\uff0dMagrizi\uff09\u60ca\u60e7\u4e0d\u5df2\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u761f\u75ab\u53f2\u65e0\u524d\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e1c\u5230\u897f\uff0c\u7531\u5357\u53ca\u5317\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u611f\u67d3\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u653e\u8fc7\u6d77\u91cc\u7684\u9c7c\u3001\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u9e1f\u548c\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u517d\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u7ebf\u8def\u548c\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u6b7b\u795e\u53ea\u662f\u521a\u521a\u767b\u4e0a\u5b9d\u5ea7\u3002\u50cf\u5f17\u6717\u5207\u65af\u79d1\u00b7\u8fbe\u8482\u5c3c\uff08Francesco Datini\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u751f\u4e8e14\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6258\u65af\u5361\u7eb3\u7537\u5b69\u4e00\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u89c1\u8bc15\u6b21\u751a\u81f36\u6b21\u7206\u53d1\u30021367\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u8bd7\u4eba\u5f17\u6717\u5207\u65af\u79d1\u00b7\u5f7c\u7279\u62c9\u514b\uff08Francesco Petrarch\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u7ed9\u53cb\u4eba\uff0c\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u591a\u00b7\u8fbe\u00b7\u8d5b\u5f85\uff08Guidoda Sette\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n

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