\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e1d\u5236\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u58eb\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u6700\u4e3a\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u624d\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5b66\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u9009\u62d4\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u540e\u671f\uff08\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u4ee3\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u66f2\u6298\u7684\u5174\u8870\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u98ce\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7efc\u8ff0<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e1d\u5236\u65f6\u671f\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u6700\u4e3a\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e0e\u671d\u5ef7\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u5411\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5176\u68c0\u89c6\u548c\u8c03\u6574\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e50\u4e8e\u4e3a\u6539\u8fdb\u79d1\u4e3e\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u8003\u9009\u6587\u5b98\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u624d\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5b66\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u9009\u62d4\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002[1]<\/p>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u969c\u788d\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5e1d\u5236\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4ee5\u201c\u975e\u6280\u672f\u6027\u201d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u6b63\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9009\u62d4\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u9ad8\u5c42\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7ecf\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u8003\u8bd5\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u673a\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6709\u6548\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u9002\u5e94\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53c8\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u540e\u671f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u58eb\u7ec5\u4e0e\u5546\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u56e0\u79d1\u540d\u800c\u88ab\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002[2]<\/p>\n
\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u3001\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u8003\u8bd5\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u5708\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u8d44\u6599\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u6bcf\u4e24\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u9662\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5360\u4eba\u53e390%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5360\u4e8c\u4e09\u767e\u4e07\u7684\u843d\u699c\u751f\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u73b0\u8c61\u5219\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u58eb\u7ec5\u3001\u519b\u4eba\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7cbe\u82f1\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u843d\u7b2c\u8005\u8fd8\u662f\u6ede\u7559\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\uff0c\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u843d\u7b2c\u8005\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u8bc6\u5b57\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u8f85\u52a9\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5982\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u3001\u620f\u66f2\u5bb6\u3001\u8bbc\u5e08\u3001\u796d\u7940\u4e3b\u6301\u4e0e\u5b97\u65cf\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7b49\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff09[3]<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5173\u6ce8\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8d8a\u8fc7\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6563\u843d\u5230\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u843d\u7b2c\u8005\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b83\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u901a\u7ecf\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5973\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u624d\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u975e\u4ece\u653f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u4ece\u533b\u751f\u5230\u8bbc\u5e08\uff0c\u4ece\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u5230\u4e3e\u4e1a\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ece\u76f8\u592b\u5230\u6559\u5b50\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
\u84b2\u677e\u9f84(1640-1715)\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6b21\u843d\u7b2c\u8005\uff0c\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u58eb\u5b50\u88ab\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u6467\u6b8b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u63ed\u9732\u79d1\u573a\u4ed5\u9014\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u53c2\u52a0\u4e61\u8bd5\u7684\u201c\u79c0\u624d\u6709\u4e03\u4f3c\u201d\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u63cf\u5199\uff1a\u201c\u79c0\u624d\u5165\u95f1\uff0c\u6709\u4e03\u4f3c\u7109\uff1a\u521d\u5165\u65f6\uff0c\u767d\u8db3\u63d0\u7bee\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e10\u3002\u5531\u540d\u65f6\uff0c\u5b98\u5475\u96b6\u9a82\uff0c\u4f3c\u56da\u3002\u5176\u5f52\u53f7\u820d\u4e5f\uff0c\u5b54\u5b54\u4f38\u5934\uff0c\u623f\u623f\u9732\u811a\uff0c\u4f3c\u79cb\u672b\u4e4b\u51b7\u8702\u3002\u5176\u51fa\u573a\u4e5f\uff0c\u795e\u60c5\u60dd\u6033\uff0c\u5929\u5730\u5f02\u8272\uff0c\u4f3c\u51fa\u7b3c\u4e4b\u75c5\u9e1f\u3002\u8fe8\u671b\u62a5\u4e5f\uff0c\u8349\u6728\u7686\u60ca\uff0c\u68a6\u60f3\u4ea6\u5e7b\u3002\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e00\u5f97\u5fd7\u60f3\uff0c\u5219\u9877\u523b\u800c\u697c\u9601\u4ff1\u6210\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e00\u5931\u5fd7\u60f3\uff0c\u5219\u77ac\u606f\u800c\u9ab8\u9aa8\u5df2\u673d\u3002\u6b64\u9645\u884c\u5750\u96be\u5b89\uff0c\u5219\u4f3c\u88ab\u7d77\u4e4b\u7331\u3002\u5ffd\u7136\u98de\u9a91\u4f20\u4eba\uff0c\u62a5\u6761\u65e0\u6211\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u795e\u8272\u731d\u53d8\uff0c\u55d2\u7136\u82e5\u6b7b\uff0c\u5219\u4f3c\u9975\u6bd2\u4e4b\u8747\uff0c\u5f04\u4e4b\u4ea6\u4e0d\u89c9\u4e5f\u3002\u521d\u5931\u5fd7\uff0c\u5fc3\u7070\u610f\u8d25\uff0c\u5927\u9a82\u53f8\u8861\u65e0\u76ee\uff0c\u7b14\u58a8\u65e0\u7075\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u4e3e\u6848\u5934\u7269\u800c\u5c3d\u70ac\u4e4b\uff1b\u70ac\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u788e\u8e0f\u4e4b\uff1b\u8e0f\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u6295\u4e4b\u6d4a\u6d41\u3002\u4ee5\u6b64\u62ab\u53d1\u5165\u5c71\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u77f3\u58c1\uff1b\u518d\u6709\u2018\u4e14\u592b\u2019\u2018\u5c1d\u8c13\u2019\u4e4b\u6587\u8fdb\u6211\u8005\uff0c\u5b9a\u5f53\u64cd\u6208\u9010\u4e4b\u3002\u65e0\u4f55\uff0c\u65e5\u6e10\u8fdc\uff0c\u6c14\u6e10\u5e73\uff0c\u6280\u53c8\u6e10\u75d2\uff1b\u9042\u4f3c\u7834\u5375\u4e4b\u9e20\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u8854\u6728\u8425\u5de2\uff0c\u4ece\u65b0\u53e6\u62b1\u77e3\u3002\u201d[4](P21\uff0c62-63)\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u662f\u5c0f\u8bf4\u63cf\u5199\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6587\u5316\u5185\u5bb9\u5145\u5206\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e3e\u5b50\u5728\u79d1\u573a\u5185\u5916\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u3001\u548c\u5c1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u9053\u6559\u50e7\u4fa3\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8bd5\u8d44\u683c\u7684\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5019\u9009\u8005\u7fa4\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u6392\u65a5\u6027\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6240\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4ee5\u7ecf\u4e66\u4e3a\u4f9d\u6258\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u6587\u8a00\u6587\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u5784\u65ad\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u6280\u80fd\u9636\u5c42\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u6240\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e0e\u975e\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8003\u8bd5\u67aa\u624b\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u79d1\u4e3e\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
1904\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u73b0\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u8fc5\u901f\u5730\u5c06\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u6dd8\u6c70\u65f6\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u9010\u6e10\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7ec5\u58eb\u2014\u5546\u4eba\u7cbe\u82f1\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u957f\u671f\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5efa\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7687\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e8e1911\u5e74\u706d\u4ea1\u4e86\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u65e2\u7b26\u5408\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u706d\u4ea1\uff0c\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u53ca\u5176\u4f20\u7edf\u58eb\u7ec5\u4e5f\u90fd\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5d29\u6e83\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6e05\u671d\u672b\u671f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u53e4\u65e9\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d600\u2014\u524d250\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c31\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u9009\u624d\u4e0e\u7528\u4eba\u4e2d\u5e94\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u7684\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u624d\u662f\u5176\u8840\u7edf\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u51fa\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u5e1d\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65e9\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d200\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143200\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u4f55\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u5b97\u65cf\u5bb6\u65cf\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c3d\u5176\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8c03\u52a8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u8ba9\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u5b50\uff08\u5076\u5c14\u4e3a\u5973\u5b69\u5b50\uff09\u63a5\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u201c\u4efb\u4eba\u4e3a\u8d24\u201d\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08\u516c\u5143600-900\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u7684\u540d\u95e8\u5927\u6237\u548c\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u624d\u4eab\u6709\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u5510\u4ee3(618-906)\u548c\u5b8b\u4ee3(960-1280)\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u8d39\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u7b14\u8bd5\u6765\u9009\u62d4\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f5b\u6559\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u6148\u5584\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6148\u5584\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u904d\u5e03\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u53bf\u5e02\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8d2b\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u7537\u5973\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5bfa\u9662\u91cc\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u9053\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u7c7b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5e1d\u5236\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u671d\u5ef7\u5b98\u5458\u8fd8\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u58eb\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u53ca\u6587\u660e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[5][6][7]<\/p>\n
16\u4e16\u7eaa\u6765\u534e\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u5c31\u60ca\u53f9\u4e0d\u5df2\u3002\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5c31\u66fe\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u5b98\u8003\u9009\u5236\u5ea6\u5341\u5206\u8d5e\u8bb8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d5e\u626c\u5ef6\u7eed\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d5e\u7f8e\u201c\u4e2d\u592e\u738b\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5b9e\u884c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5f00\u660e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5230\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d5e\u8d4f\u6d88\u9000\u4e86\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u65e5\u76ca\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u758f\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u7ec5\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u8fd8\u662f\u6587\u76f2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fc7\u7740\u8d2b\u82e6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002[8][9]<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u4fee\u517b\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6587\u76f2\u7684\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u52a0\u5e03\u9053\u8bb2\u5b66\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5178\u793c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u738b\u9633\u660e(1472-1528)\u53ca\u5176\u660e\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u66f4\u5e7f\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u5730\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u5f00\u529e\u5b66\u5802\u548c\u4e66\u9662\u3002\u5c31\u50cf18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5de1\u629a\u9648\u5b8f\u8c0b(1696-1771)\u6240\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u5c40\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u4e61\u7ec5\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u5730\u8d8b\u5411\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u5f53\u7687\u5e1d\u62c5\u5fc3\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u53d7\u5230\u975e\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fbf\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u8bb2\u5b66\u4e0e\u6559\u5316\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002[10][11]<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u516c\u529e\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u8fd8\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u79c1\u587e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6148\u5584\u673a\u6784\u3001\u5bfa\u9662\u5b66\u6821\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u5bb6\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u6216\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u4ee5\u671f\u901a\u8fc7\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6587\u4e3e\u6216\u6b66\u4e3e\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5728\u53bf\u3001\u9547\u533a\u6216\u5e9c\u5dde\u505a\u751f\u610f\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u81f3\u5c11\u516d\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u53ca\u7384\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f1600-1900\u5e74\uff0c\u5b8b\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u9053\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u7406\u5b66\u201d\uff09\u4f20\u7edf\u6210\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002[12]<\/p>\n
\u867d\u7136\u90a3\u4e9b\u63a5\u53d7\u53e4\u5178\u5112\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u8272\u4e0e\u503e\u5411\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4f46\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u4ecd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u3002\u50cf\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u533b\u5b66\u5728\u8499\u53e4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u65f6\u4ee3\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684\u671d\u4ee3\u91cc\u90fd\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8fdb\u5165\u5b98\u50da\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5728\u79c1\u5b66\u91cc\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4ece15\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u8d77\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7b56\u95ee\u7ecf\u5e38\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e86\u671d\u5ef7\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u661f\u76f8\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u58f0\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u5f02\u8c61\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002[9]<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u5a01\u671b\u5bfc\u81f4\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u4eba\u7684\u613f\u671b\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u7684\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5b66\u95ee\u4f20\u7edf\u6240\u7f13\u548c\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u6821\u6210\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u4f5b\u6559\u4e0e\u9053\u6559\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u6216\u53e3\u8bed\u548c\u4fd7\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u50cf\u4f20\u5947\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u6587\u4f53\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ea4\u6613\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u5386\u6cd5\u7684\u6539\u9769\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u7684\u5e26\u52a8\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e0b\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u8003\u8bd5<\/p>\n
\u5728\u660e\u671d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6210\u4e3a\u8003\u8bd5\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e76\u9996\u6b21\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u53bf\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57281370\u5e74\u548c1371\u5e74\u7684\u4e61\u8bd5\u548c\u4f1a\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u8bd7\u8d4b\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e86\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8981\u6c42\u8003\u4ee5\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7ecf\u5b66\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4ece1370\u5e74\u52301756\u5e74\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8bd7\u8d4b\u7684\u5b58\u5e9f\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u53cd\u590d\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u653f\u7b56\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u963b\u788d\u8bd7\u6b4c\u548c\u6587\u827a\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5708\u5b50\u91cc\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\u7ecf\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
1644\u5e74\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u88ab\u706d\u4ea1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u6ee1\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc5\u901f\u91cd\u5efa\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u660e\u4ee3\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5728140\u4e2a\u5e9c\u548c1300\u4e2a\u53bf\u4e3e\u884c\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u8003\u8bd5\u53ea\u5728\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e3e\u529e\uff0c\u800c1000-1350\u4e2a\u5b9a\u671f\u8003\u8bd5\u5728\u7701\u4f1a\u6216\u4eac\u57ce\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u4e3a\u9632\u6b62\u91cd\u8e48\u8499\u53e4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u8986\u8f99\uff0c\u6ee1\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u91c7\u7528\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u548c\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7740\u975e\u51e1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u6b63\u7ecf\u53d7\u4eba\u53e3\u6fc0\u589e\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6cbf\u7528\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f4\u52301905\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u5236\u5ea6\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u7740\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[13]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u8003\u8bd5\u751f\u6daf\u201d\u5982\u540c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0e\u7a0e\u6536\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u7f3a\u5c11\u83b7\u5f97\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u58f0\u8a89\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u7269\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5165\u4ed5\u5f53\u5b98\u662f\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u53d6\u4ed5\u5236\u5ea6\u4e00\u65e6\u53d6\u5f97\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u4fbf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u4e3e\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u53e4\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u7a7a\u524d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u98ce\u6c14\u4e5f\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u4e86\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u4ee5\u53ca\u519b\u4e8b\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6bd4\u6b27\u6d32\u66f4\u65e9\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u5176\u8d22\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b98\u5b66\u88ab\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u540c\u5316\u548c\u8986\u76d6\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u540d\u65e0\u5b9e\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u6821\u5f88\u5c11\u4e3e\u529e\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5b98\u5b66\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u751f\u5458\u51c6\u5907\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u79c1\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u57f9\u8bad\u5b66\u751f\u53e4\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u8bad\u7ec3\u5176\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u8bc6\u7ecf\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b98\u5b66\u4ece\u672a\u8fbe\u5230\u5927\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u7ec5\u58eb\u9636\u5c42\u90fd\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u704c\u8f93\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u79c1\u7acb\u4e66\u9662\u7ecf\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u53d1\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u89c1\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u9662\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u4f5c\u4e3a\u559c\u7231\u8bb2\u5b66\u3001\u4f20\u6388\u7ecf\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6587\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u573a\u6240\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b8b\u4ee3500\u6240\u3001\u5143\u4ee3400\u6240\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u4e66\u9662\uff0c\u660e\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u5230\u672b\u671f\u4e66\u9662\u5c31\u4ece\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u76841000\u6240\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u4e862000\u6240\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5171\u6709\u8d85\u8fc74000\u6240\u7684\u4e66\u9662\u3002[14]<\/p>\n
\u653f\u6cbb\u66f4\u65b0<\/p>\n
\u57281300\u4e2a\u53bf\u3001140\u4e2a\u5e9c\u300117\u4e2a\u7701\u4ee5\u53ca\u90fd\u57ce\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u6c47\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6587\u5316\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u573a\u72b9\u5982\u201c\u6587\u5316\u76d1\u72f1\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u201c\u8b66\u5bdf\u201d\u5728\u76d1\u7763\u7740\u9009\u62d4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ade\u4e89\u8003\u8bd5\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u201c\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u201d\uff08\u5987\u5973\u9664\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002[13][15][16](P170-228)<\/p>\n
\u56fd\u5bb6\u652f\u6301\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u79d1\u4e3e\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u79d1\u4e3e\u80fd\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8f93\u900120000\u540d\u6709\u624d\u80fd\u4e14\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u57281300\u4e2a\u53bf\u548c140\u4e2a\u5e9c\u7684\u8859\u95e8\u91cc\u4f9b\u804c\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u672c\u5730\u80e5\u540f\uff0c\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5bb6\u65cf\u7235\u4f4d\u4f20\u7ed9\u513f\u5b50\u6216\u8fd1\u4eb2\u3002\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u548c\u529d\u5bfc\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u5f53\u671d\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\u4e0e\u4ee5\u6b63\u7edf\u4fee\u8f9e\u8d5e\u7f8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u795e\u5723\u548c\u4ee5\u6c11\u95f4\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e3a\u4f18\u5148\u662f\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e89\u8bba\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5bf9\u671d\u5ef7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5ef6\u8bf7\u4ee5\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u9009\u62d4\u51fa\u7684\u7279\u522b\u7684\u6587\u4eba\u5b66\u58eb\u4e3a\u592a\u5e08\u4f5c\u8f85\u5bfc\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u5230\u7528\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7edf\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5176\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u662f\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5112\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u5199\u968f\u7b14\u3001\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3001\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u533b\u4e66\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u4e5f\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u3002\u4ece\u660e\u672b\u5230\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u5178\u53e4\u7c4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u4fd7\u8bfb\u7269\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u96d5\u7248\u5370\u5237\u4e1a\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u4e5f\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002[17]<\/p>\n
\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u6587\u4eba\u5b66\u58eb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6807\u5fd7\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7ecf\u5b66\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u4e66\u6cd5\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f7f\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u6e17\u5165\u5230\u5343\u5bb6\u4e07\u6237\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u671d\u5ef7\u5f97\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u5b58\u6240\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5c06\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u6743\u5229\u4ece\u7ecf\u5546\u4e0e\u4e60\u6b66\u8005\u624b\u4e2d\u652b\u6765\u518d\u8f6c\u4ea4\u5230\u6587\u5b98\u624b\u91cc\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5408\u7406\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
\u793e\u4f1a\u518d\u751f\u4ea7<\/p>\n
\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5c42\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u58eb\u3001\u519c\u3001\u5de5\u3001\u5546\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u4f9d\u6b21\u9012\u964d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8d31\u6c11\u201d\u5230\u9053\u6559\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u50e7\u4fa3\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u672a\u7533\u660e\u7684\u53d7\u5230\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5973\u6027\u3002\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7279\u6743\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u7b49\u7ea7\u6765\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u5c42\u4ece1400\u5e74\u5ef6\u7eed\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u660e\u4ee3\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b98\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u90a3\u4e9b\u7cbe\u901a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5e94\u8bd5\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u5165\u4ed5\u6216\u4fdd\u6301\u5b98\u804c\u548c\u519b\u804c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u5728\u5b69\u5b50\u8fd8\u5c0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u8981\u5f00\u59cb\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u5728\u6709\u624d\u534e\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u901a\u5e38\u80dc\u8fc7\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u4f8d\u5949\u7236\u6bcd\u548c\u4eb2\u5c5e\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6fc0\u60c5\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u6289\u62e9\u3002\u4f46\u90a3\u4e9b\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u51ed\u501f\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4fee\u517b\u53ca\u80fd\u529b\u4ece\u4e8b\u6559\u4e66\u3001\u6cbb\u75c5\u7b49\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5546\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u91cc\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4e5f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6210\u5c31\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u5176\u5c06\u5546\u4e1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7ec5\u58eb\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u660e\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5bcc\u6709\u7530\u4ea7\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0e\u9ad8\u6559\u80b2\u5730\u4f4d\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\u3001\u519c\u592b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0f\u540f\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u5229\u7528\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u76ca\u5904\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5bcc\u88d5\u4eba\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b69\u4ece\u5e7c\u5e74\u5230\u9752\u5e74\u7684\u6210\u957f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u4ee5\u5176\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5e74\u9f84\u9636\u6bb5\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4e66\u7c4d\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u572816\u5c81\u523021\u5c81\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u7684\u675f\u51a0\u4eea\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u56db\u4e66\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u6731\u71b9(1130-1200)\u96c6\u6ce8\u4e94\u7ecf\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u51c6\u5907\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u6700\u4f4e\u8981\u6c42\u4e86\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7537\u5b50\u548c\u629a\u517b\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u533a\u5206\u76f8\u5f53\u660e\u663e\uff0c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7ec5\u58eb\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u5b50\u6559\u80b2\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u5f97\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u548c\u666e\u53ca\u3002[18][19](P141-172)<\/p>\n
\u6587\u5316\u518d\u751f\u4ea7<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u4e3e\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec5\u58eb\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u957f\u671f\u5438\u6536\u9886\u609f\u6b63\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u60c5\u8da3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u66f4\u65b0\u65e2\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u201d\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u53c8\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u201c\u6587\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u7ecf\u5b66\u6559\u517b\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u591f\u5199\u4f5c\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u8bd7\u6587\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5973\u6027\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u65e5\u663e\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ece\u5e7c\u513f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u8981\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u6700\u540e\u80fd\u591f\u719f\u7ec3\u5730\u5199\u4f5c\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6587\u4eba\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\uff0c\u518d\u957f\u5927\u4e00\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u8bad\u7ec3\u57f9\u517b\u5176\u7406\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u80fd\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u6587\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u548c\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u4eba\u7ec5\u58eb\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4ece\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u8ba4\u7ecf\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5199\u4f5c\u83b7\u53d6\u529f\u540d\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u7248\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u96c6\u3001\u8bd7\u96c6\u6216\u5c0f\u8bf4\u96c6\u3001\u533b\u7597\u624b\u518c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u9009\u62d4\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u4e3e\u9009\u62d4\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u5e94\u4e3e\u8005\u589e\u52a0\u5f97\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u4eba\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u51ed\u501f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u521b\u4f5c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u96c6\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u533b\u4e66\u6216\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u8272\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002[20](P187-231)<\/p>\n
\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e16\u65cf\u80fd\u591f\u5229\u7528\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u529b\u91cf\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u79d1\u4e3e\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u53d6\u5f97\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u4e16\u5bb6\u5927\u65cf\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u7cbe\u901a\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4f4d\u5c45\u9ad8\u5b98\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5468\u65cb\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u5708\u5b50\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e0e\u53bf\u3001\u7701\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u7b49\u5404\u7ea7\u5b98\u540f\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u4f7f\u5bb6\u5ead\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u4eab\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u62e5\u6709\u5bb6\u65cf\u6743\u5229\u529b\u6240\u4e0d\u53ca\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[21]<\/p>\n
\u65cf\u8c31\u7684\u7f16\u7e82\u3001\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u8349\u62df\u3001\u836f\u65b9\u7684\u5f00\u5177\u3001\u5408\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u548c\u62b5\u62bc\u7684\u7ed3\u7b97\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u638c\u63e1\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6237\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ea\u6709\u5177\u6709\u5bb6\u65cf\u4f20\u627f\u7684\u58eb\u7ec5\u624d\u505a\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u5728\u660e\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u8d44\u52a9\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6587\u4eba\u4e0e\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u8d5e\u52a9\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u5b66\u95ee\u5f97\u4ee5\u7e41\u8363\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u51fa\u7248\u4e0e\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e5f\u5927\u5927\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4ee5\u5f80\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u3002[22]<\/p>\n
\u6709\u6743\u52bf\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u66b4\u53d1\u6237\u901a\u8fc7\u65cf\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u7597\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e66\u9662\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7ec5\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u901a\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u95ee\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u533b\u7597\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u8a00\u6587\u548c\u4f5c\u8bd7\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u95ee\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u7684\u7cbe\u901a\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6587\u827a\u4fee\u517b\u5728\u5bf9\u79d1\u4e3e\u4f5c\u6587\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f97\u5230\u5de9\u56fa\u3002\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5c55\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u4e66\u5199\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u800c\u6587\u5316\u7528\u54c1\u957f\u671f\u4e0e\u6587\u4eba\u57f9\u517b\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7528\u54c1\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6bdb\u7b14\u3001\u58a8\u6761\u3001\u781a\u53f0\u3001\u5370\u7ae0\u3001\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u4e1d\u7ef8\u548c\u5ba3\u7eb8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516c\u7acb\u548c\u79c1\u7acb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u53ea\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4f7f\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5f97\u5230\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u5927\u5927\u5730\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\u662f\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u8868\u5f81\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u6807\u8bb0\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u5728\u5b98\u5b66\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u4e66\u9662\u91cc\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u6587\u4eba\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6587\u4f53\u4fee\u8f9e\u8d77\u7740\u5236\u7ea6\u548c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u540c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5185\u90e8\u4e89\u8bba\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c7\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
\u6743\u5229\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u79d1\u4e3e<\/p>\n
\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5b66\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5728\u5143\u4ee3(1280-1368)\u53d8\u6210\u677e\u6563\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6731\u71b9\u7684\u96c6\u6ce8\u57281314\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u5b98\u65b9\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6307\u5357\u3002\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u4ee3\u628a\u5b8b\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u5360\u4e3a\u5df1\u6709\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b63\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u5728\u5b8b\u671d\u672b\u671f\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u88ab\u9610\u91ca\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5728\u5b8b\u5143\u65f6\u671f(1200-1350)\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u4ece\u9996\u90fd\u5e02\u548c\u7701\u4f1a\u57ce\u5e02\u5411\u6240\u67091300\u4e2a\u53bf\u5ef6\u4f38\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8003\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\uff08\u660e\u4ee3\u4e00\u4e8c\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u6e05\u4ee3\u589e\u52a0\u5230\u4e8c\u4e09\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u7ff0\u6797\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u638c\u6743\u3002\u5b98\u573a\u53d8\u6210\u66f4\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5165\u4ed5\u4e4b\u95e8\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u8d4b\u4e88\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5bb6\u65cf\u83b7\u5f97\u6216\u7ef4\u6301\u4e61\u7ec5\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u573a\u4e2d\u6fc0\u70c8\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8868\u660e\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e25\u9177\u6027\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u6050\u60e7\u8feb\u4f7f\u6c49\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u975e\u6c49\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u600e\u6837\u901a\u8fc7\u793c\u90e8\u3001\u7ff0\u6797\u9662\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6765\u6743\u8861\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0a\u4f5c\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u4fc3\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u4e0e\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u662f\u79d1\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4ea7\u7269\u3002[23]<\/p>\n
\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u8bd5\u8005\u4e0e\u843d\u699c\u8005\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u786e\u5b9a\u5f55\u53d6\u9650\u989d\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bc1\u660e\u653f\u5e9c\u89c6\u5f00\u79d1\u53d6\u58eb\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u58eb\u7ec5\u6743\u529b\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u6587\u6b66\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u9009\u62d4\u540d\u989d\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u7684\u521d\u7ea7\u9636\u6bb5\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u6700\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5728\u53bf\u8bd5\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u6838\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u53bf\u8bd5\u5408\u683c\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u79d1\u4e3e\u9009\u62d4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u52301400\u5e74\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u5728\u5927\u7ea66500\u4e07\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7ea6\u67093\u4e07\u751f\u5458\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf2200\u4eba\u4e2d\u67091\u540d\u751f\u5458\u30021600\u5e74\uff0c\u572815000\u4e07\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7ea6\u670950\u4e07\u751f\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf300\u4eba\u4e2d\u5c31\u67091\u540d\u751f\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f18\u52bf\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u957f\u6c5f\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u798f\u5efa\u3001\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e24\u7701\uff09\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u8003\u751f\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u5317\u65b9\uff08\u534e\u5317\u5e73\u539f\uff09\u3001\u897f\u5317\uff08\u6e2d\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u5357\uff08\u4e91\u5357\u548c\u8d35\u5dde\uff09\u7b49\u6b20\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8003\u751f\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u66f4\u51fa\u8272\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u4f18\u52bf\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u660e\u4ee3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e1425\u5e74\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u8fdb\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a60\uff1a40\u3002\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e9b\u5fae\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u540d\u989d\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e8655\uff1a10\uff1a35\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6cbf\u7528\u5230\u6e05\u4ee3\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u573a\u6210\u4e3a\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u58eb\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u7ecf\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7406\u5ff5\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ade\u4e89\u6298\u8877\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u8d21\u9662\u90fd\u7531\u6587\u804c\u5b98\u5458\u76d1\u7ba1\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u8003\u751f\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u53c2\u52a0\u8003\u8bd5\u65f6\uff0c\u8003\u5b98\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u519b\u961f\u548c\u8b66\u52a1\u5668\u6750\u6765\u76d1\u8003\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e09\u5e74\u5c31\u4f1a\u670917000\u591a\u540d\u8003\u751f\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u8d21\u9662\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62b5\u5236\u8003\u5b98\u7279\u6743\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8003\u751f\u4e2d\u4e5f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0e\u821e\u5f0a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8d1f\u8d23\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u76d1\u8003\u5b98\u5458\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c8\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
\u8ba4\u7ecf\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5c42\u9762<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u94a6\u5b9a\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5c06\u8d35\u80c4\u3001\u519b\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5546\u4eba\u5bb6\u65cf\u8054\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u540d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7279\u5b9a\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\uff1a1)\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bed\u8a00\uff1b2)\u5171\u6709\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff1b3)\u201c\u516b\u80a1\u6587\u201d\u7684\u6587\u4f53\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u4e61\u7ec5\u548c\u6709\u6743\u6709\u52bf\u8005\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u5784\u65ad\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8bfb\u4e66\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u514d\u8d39\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u671d\u5ef7\u4e0e\u5b98\u50da\u9636\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u7ec5\u5546\u6587\u4eba\u6240\u638c\u63a7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e16\u88ad\u5bb6\u65cf\u548c\u5b97\u65cf\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5c42\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u7cbe\u901a\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u5316\u662f\u533a\u522b\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u9009\u62d4\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u624d\u6d41\u5931\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9ad8\u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u6765\u81ea\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\u6dd8\u6c70\u5728\u9009\u62d4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7537\u5c0a\u5973\u5351\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u4e5f\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5973\u6027\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002[21][24]<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u501f\u52a9\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u662f\u5360\u535c\u672f\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6843\u82b1\u8fd0\u201d\u548c\u6982\u7387\uff09\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d1\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u60c5\u7eea\u5408\u7406\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u7ade\u4e89\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8003\u8bd5\u68a6\u60f3\u548c\u6c11\u95f4\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u91cf\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u5e38\u8bb2\u5230\u8003\u751f\u53c2\u62dc\u8fc7\u7684\u5bfa\u5e99\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u5bb6\u4eba\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\u68a6\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\u5019\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6765\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5728\u7cbe\u82f1\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u4e92\u878d\u5408\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u89c9\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u4f1a\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u5e4c\u5b50\uff0c\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u79d1\u4e3e\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u7126\u8651\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u8003\u751f\u611f\u89e6\u6700\u6df1\u6700\u771f\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u59d0\u59b9\u548c\u4eb2\u621a\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u5b89\u6170\u548c\u9f13\u52b1\u8003\u751f\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u8003\u8bd5\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u52a0\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u8003\u751f\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u4e2d\u6210\u529f\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u66f4\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002[1](P299-326)<\/p>\n
\u6587\u58eb\u4eec\u4e00\u5fc3\u60f3\u8003\u53d6\u529f\u540d\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u613f\u671b\u5bf9\u5176\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5916\u5728\u548c\u5185\u5728\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u8d28\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5fb7\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u671d\u5ef7\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u90fd\u5728\u5f3a\u5316\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u9075\u4ece\u7ecf\u5178\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u5148\u5723\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5341\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u4e0e\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7ecf\u8d39\u6765\u96c7\u4f63\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u5177\u6709\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b98\u5458\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u6bcf\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u6700\u4e25\u683c\u6b7b\u677f\u7684\u516b\u80a1\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8003\u5b98\u5bf9\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u88c1\u5b9a\u4ecd\u5f88\u6709\u5076\u7136\u6027\u3002\u5728\u627f\u8ba4\u5f3a\u5236\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u987d\u56fa\u4e0d\u5316\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u60ef\u6027\u5df2\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6ce8\u89e3\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6b63\u7edf\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u652f\u914d\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u8003\u8bd5\u673a\u6784\uff08\u904d\u5e03\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u8003\u573a\uff09\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5bf9\u6587\u8a00\u6587\u8fde\u8d2f\u6027\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u91c7\u7528\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u5728\u7b56\u95ee\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7b56\u4e2d\u90fd\u8981\u6709\u660e\u6670\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6784\u5efa\u8bed\u4e49\u5f0f\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8003\u5b98\u4e0e\u8003\u751f\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u53d6\u5411\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7ea6\u675f\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u533a\u5206\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\u3002[25](P34-72)[26](P72-86)<\/p>\n
\u77e5\u8bc6\u9886\u57df<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\u79d1\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u53d7\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u4f1a\u62d3\u5bbd\u6216\u9650\u5236\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5728\u8003\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u7528\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9009\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e2\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u53c8\u80fd\u8ddf\u4e0a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6b65\u4f10\u7684\u8003\u5b98\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u6307\u5357\u88ab\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u79d1\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u5b8b\u4ee3\u79d1\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5df2\u6452\u5f03\u7684\u4e2d\u53e4\u8bd7\u8d4b\u53c8\u88ab\u6062\u590d\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c9-10\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
\u5230\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5f00\u59cb\u8fce\u5408\u5f53\u65f6\u6587\u4eba\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8003\u636e\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u8003\u8bc1\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u573a\u7b56\u95ee\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u6108\u52a0\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u65b0\u5b66\u8bf4\u5bf9\u8003\u5b98\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u5c42\u5b98\u5458\u9488\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u7ed9\u4f20\u7edf\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5143\u4ee3\u548c\u660e\u4ee3\u5c31\u6709\u3001\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u5e9f\u6b62\u7684\u8bd5\u5e16\u8bd7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8003\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u201c\u53e4\u4ee3\u5b66\u95ee\u201d\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u57281787\u5e74\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u8003\u751f\u638c\u63e1\u4e94\u7ecf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bd7\u9898\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u8303\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8003\u5b98\u5177\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u516b\u80a1\u6587\u7684\u201c\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8bc4\u5377\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6ca1\u80fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u683c\u5f0f\u7ea6\u675f\u624d\u4f7f\u9009\u624d\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6743\u5a01\u4e27\u5931\u4e0e\u53bb\u7ecf\u5178\u5316<\/p>\n
1860\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u884c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8(1850-1864)\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5c31\u8fde\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u4ee5\u516b\u80a1\u6587\u4e3a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u671d\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5176\u539f\u6709\u7684\u5149\u5f69\uff0c\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u5b98\u548c\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6279\u5224\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u5e9f\u9664\u3002\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u673a\u6784\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5bf9\u5e1d\u5236\u540e\u671f\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7687\u5e1d\u53ca\u5176\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u58eb\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u5f88\u5feb\u6210\u4e3a\u843d\u540e\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u95ee\u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u4e0d\u52a0\u6279\u5224\u5730\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u8ff7\u4fe1\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u5f88\u5feb\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5e76\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u542f\u8499\u3001\u53d6\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u6700\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f6c\u6298\u6216\u8bb8\u5c31\u662f\u96c6\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u529f\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u660e\u6e05\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6(1370-1905)\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u50cf\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u74e6\u89e3\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\u8005\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5df2\u7ecf\u65bd\u884c\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u671d\u4ee3\u5386\u65f6500\u5e74\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u6027\u548c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u4ece1890\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd120\u5e74\u800c\u5c06\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5e9f\u6b62\u65f6\uff0c\u6c49\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e00\u5e76\u5c06\u6ee1\u6e05\u671d\u5ef7\u53ca\u5176\u5e1d\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5e9f\u6b62\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u7cbe\u82f1\u6587\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e94\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5e1d\u5236\u6b63\u7edf\u8d70\u5411\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c11\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u9769\u547d<\/p>\n
1905\u5e74\u79d1\u4e3e\u88ab\u5e9f\u6b62\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u662f\u4e0e\u201c\u897f\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6bd4\u8d77\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u5de9\u56fa\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ee7\u5e45\u5458\u8fbd\u9614\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u6ee1\u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6c11\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u52a8\u8361\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u76f4\u52301949\u5e74\u624d\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u30021911\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5df2\u9010\u6e10\u901d\u53bb\u3002\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u5e9f\u6b62\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u540e\u679c\u662f\u5e1d\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u672b\u4ee3\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u4e0a\u5c42\u6539\u9769\u8005\u6240\u6599\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4e0a\u5c42\u6539\u9769\u8005\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u6ee1\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u74e6\u89e3\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u5f20\u4e4b\u6d1e\u7b49\u6e05\u5ef7\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u8bf4\u670d\u6ee1\u6d32\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1904\u5e74\u5e9f\u6b62\u6574\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u505c\u5e9f\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u6bd4\u8d77\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5e9f\u6b62\u6216\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u8003\u8bd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u5e1d\u5236\u6743\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u5c42\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u6587\u5316\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8054\u7ed3\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6ee1\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u5e9f\u6b62\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u5e7f\u5927\u6587\u4eba\u6548\u5fe0\u4e8e\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u63a7\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u4e5f\u5f88\u5feb\u906d\u5230\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u6821\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6587\u4eba\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u90a3\u4e9b\u57281898\u5e74\u540e\u8bd5\u56fe\u6539\u9769\u7ecf\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u5ba3\u79f0\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u6765\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e88\u4ee5\u8865\u507f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4f18\u8d8a\u611f\u6743\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u6027\u5956\u8d4f\u30021905\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u5b66\u5728\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f0f\u5fae\uff0c\u201c\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u5374\u5df2\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u65e0\u53ef\u633d\u56de\u5730\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u201c\u665a\u6e05\u6587\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u201c\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u4ecd\u6210\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u9053\u8def\u3002[27](P518-554)<\/p>\n
\u4e0e\u201c\u897f\u5b66\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u5b66\u201d\u8868\u660e\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u8f6c\u5316\u4e86\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u5b66\u4e60\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u201c\u4e2d\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u6839\u636e\u5176\u8bed\u4e49\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6c49\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u6807\u51c6\u672f\u8bed\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u897f\u5316\u6539\u9769\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u65e5\u76ca\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8212\u65b0\u57ce(1892-1960)\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u56de\u5fc6\u8d77\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6e05\u672b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u89c9\u81ea\u613f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u8feb\u4e8e\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\u7684\u538b\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5782\u6b7b\u6323\u624e\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u9664\u975e\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u201d[28](P6-7)<\/p>\n
1904-1905\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u6210\u4e86\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u6218\u573a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u95e8\u57281905\u5e74\u88ab\u8feb\u6253\u5f00\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u81ea\u7136\u906d\u5230\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u671d\u5ef7\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u8bf7\u613f\u4e66\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u8981\u6c42\u7acb\u5373\u5e9f\u6b62\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6210\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6700\u5927\u969c\u788d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u7b49\u7ea7\u89c2\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u5927\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/p>\n
1905\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5df2\u5bf9\u6587\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5411\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u770b\u6210\u662f\u5b66\u6821\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u30021905\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u90e8\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u5e76\u76d1\u7763\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u3001\u7701\u3001\u533a\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5b66\u90e8\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u8868\u660e\u6c49\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6269\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n
20\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d3e\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4e0a\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5b66\u90e8\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fce\u5408\u73b0\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d3e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8d77\u5148\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u660e\u5e1d\u56fd\u665a\u671f\u5e7c\u513f\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6587\u7ae0\u5199\u4f5c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9e\u73b0\u540e\uff0c\u6ca1\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u5b66\u6821\u8fd0\u884c\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4ecd\u7136\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u5373\u9700\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u5f3a\u8c03\u6307\u51fa\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0e\u672c\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u76f8\u6bd4\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7b14\u8bd5\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6539\u9020\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u62e5\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u62e5\u62a4\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u53d1\u51fa\u5f3a\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b66\u90e8\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u5bf9\u5404\u7ea7\u5404\u7c7b\u5b66\u6821\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bc4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8003\u8bd5\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u516c\u3001\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8003\u8bd5\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u56e2\u4f53\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u6ee1\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7edf\u6cbb\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c31\u9010\u6e10\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0a\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u30021905\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u8d77\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8fdb\u5165\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0a\u5c42\u7edf\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u9010\u6e10\u8870\u8d25\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u65b0\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u706d\u4ea1\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6e05\u671d\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u4e0a\u5c42\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u8870\u5fae\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f00\u59cb\u521b\u8bbe\u4f1a\u52a0\u901f\u738b\u671d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u62791911\u5e74\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u540e\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u9aa8\u5e72\u30021905\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u90e8\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u3002[1]\uff08\u7b2c11\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n
1911\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u662f\u6e05\u672b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71(1866-1925)\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u9662\u662f\u6c11\u56fd20\u5e74\u7684\u201c\u4e94\u5927\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u56de\u54cd\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u201c\u8003\u8bd5\u751f\u6daf\u201d\u5c31\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u76f8\u4f34\u3002\u53f0\u6e7e\u548c\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u4e5f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5e1d\u5236\u8003\u8bd5\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u3002[29](P211-238)<\/p>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u7740\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba9\u5b69\u5b50\u63a5\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0e\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7a81\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u7834\u706d\u4e86\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u9010\u6e10\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u56fd\u5916\u7559\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6587\u51ed\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u53e4\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u65b0\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u65b0\u673a\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u8bb8\u591a\u4fdd\u5b88\u4f20\u7edf\u5bb6\u5ead\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u5176\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021905\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u516c\u5171\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5173\u5f55\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002[30](P199-224)<\/p>\n
\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u5434\u8587<\/p>\n
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u3011<\/p>\n
[1]\u3000BENJAMIN ELMAN\uff0c A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China[M]. Berkeley\uff0c CA\uff0c 2000.<\/p>\n
[2]\u3000IONA MAN-CHEONG\uff0c The Class of 1761\uff1a Examinations\uff0c State and Elite in Eighteenth Century China[M]. Stanford\uff0c CA\uff0c 2004.<\/p>\n
[3]\u3000PING-TI HO. The Ladder of Success in Imperial China[M]. New York\uff0c 1962.<\/p>\n
[4]\u3000\u5f90\u73c2.\u6e05\u7a17\u7c7b\u949e[M].\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1920.<\/p>\n
[5]\u3000ROBERT DES ROTOURS. Le traite des examens traduit de la nouvelle histoire des T’ang[M]. Paris. 1932.<\/p>\n
[6]\u3000P. A. HERBERT. Examine the Honest\uff0c Appraise the Able\uff1a Contemporary Assessments of Civil Service Selection in Early T’ang China[M]. Canberra\uff0c 1988.<\/p>\n
[7]\u3000E. A. KRACKE. Civil Service in Early Sung China[M]. Cambridge\uff0c MA\uff0c 1968.<\/p>\n
[8]\u3000DONALD LACH. Asia in the Making of Europe. Volume 1\uff0c A Century of Discovery[M]. Book 2. Chicago\uff0c IL. 1965.<\/p>\n
[9]\u3000BENJAMIN ELMAN. On Their Own Terms\uff1a Science in China\uff0c 1550-1900[M]. Cambridge\uff0c MA\uff0c 2005.<\/p>\n
[10]\u3000PHILIP A. KUHN. Soulstealers\uff1a The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768[M]. Cambridge\uff0c MA\uff0c 1990.<\/p>\n
[11]\u3000WILLIAM ROWE. Saving the World\uff1a Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China[M]. Stanford\uff0c CA\uff0c 2001.<\/p>\n
[12]\u3000HOYT TILLMAN\uff0c CLEVELAND. Confucian Discourse and Chu Hsi’s Ascendancy[M]. Honolulu\uff0c HA\uff0c 1992.<\/p>\n
[13]\u3000ETIENNE ZI. Pratique des Examens Litteraires en Chine[M]. Shanghai\uff0c 1894.<\/p>\n
[14]\u3000\u767d\u65b0\u826f.\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e66\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2[M].\u5929\u6d25\uff1a\u5929\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1995.<\/p>\n
[15]\u3000ICHISADA MIYAZAKI. China’s Examination Hell[M]. translated by Conrad Schirokauer. New Haven\uff0c CT\uff0c 1981.<\/p>\n
[16]\u3000MICHEL FOUCAULT. Discipline and Punish\uff1a The Birth of the Prison[M]. translated by Alan Sheridan. New York\uff0c 1979.<\/p>\n
[17]\u3000CYNTHIA BROKAW\uff0c and KAIWING CHOW\uff0c eds. Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China[M]. Berkeley\uff0c CA\uff0c 2005.<\/p>\n
[18]\u3000DOROTHY KO\uff0c Teachers of the Inner Chambers\uff1a Women and Culture in Seventeenth Century China[M]. Stanford\uff0c CA. 1994.<\/p>\n
[19]\u3000DAVID GARDNER. Transmitting the Way\uff1a Chu Hsi and His Program of Learning[J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49.1\uff0c1989.<\/p>\n
[20]\u3000WEI SHANG. Jin Ping Mei Cihua and Late Ming Print Culture[A]. in Judith Zeitlin and Lydia Liu\uff0c eds.\uff0c Writing and Materiality in China\uff1a Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan. [C]. Cambridge\uff0c MA. 2003.<\/p>\n
[21]\u3000BENJAMIN ELMAN. Classicism\uff0c Politics\uff0c and Kinship\uff1a The Ch’ang-chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China[M]. Berkeley\uff0c CA. 1990.<\/p>\n
[22]\u3000BENJAMIN ELMAN. From Philosophy to Philology\uff1a Social and Intellectual Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China[M]. 2nd edition. Los Angeles\uff0c CA. 2001.<\/p>\n
[23]\u3000JOHN CHAFFEE. The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China[M]. New edition\uff0c Albany\uff0c NY. 1995.<\/p>\n
[24]\u3000PIERRE BOURDIEU\uff0c and JEAN- CLAUDE PASSERON. Reproduction in Education\uff0c Society and Culture [M].translated from the French by Richard Nice[M]. London. 1977.<\/p>\n
[25]\u3000DAVID JOHNSON. Communication\uff0c Class\uff0c and Consciousness in Late Imperial Chinal [A]. in DAVID JOHNSON\uff0cANDREW J. EVELYN RAWSKI\uff0c eds.\uff0c Popular Culture in Late Imperial China[C]. Berkeley\uff0c CA. 1985.<\/p>\n
[26]\u3000FRANK KERMODE. Institutional Control of Interpretation[J]. Salmagundi 43\uff1a1979.<\/p>\n
[27]\u3000BENJAMNIN ELMAN. Rethinking “Confucianism” and “Neo-Confucianism” in Modern Chinese History[A]\uff0c in Rethinking Confucianism\uff1a Past and Present in Chfina\uff0c Japan\uff0c Korea\uff0c and Vietnam[M]. Los Angeles\uff0c CA. 2002.<\/p>\n
[28]\u3000\u8212\u65b0\u57ce.\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u53f2[M].\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c1932.<\/p>\n
[29]\u3000JULIA STRAUSS. “Symbol and Reflection of the Reconstituting State\uff1a The Examination Yuan in the 1930s[J]\uff0c Modern China 20\uff0c 2\uff1a 1994.<\/p>\n
[30]\u3000ROLAND DEPIERRE. Maoism in Recent French Educational Thought and Practice[A]. in Ruth Hayhoe and Marianne Bastid\uff0c eds.\uff0c China’s Education and the Industrialized World\uff1a Studies in Cultural Transfer[C]. Armonk\uff0c NY. 1987.<\/p>\n
[\u7f8e]\u827e\u5c14\u66fc(Benjamin A.Elman)\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e1d\u5236\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u58eb\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u6700\u4e3a\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[5145,5146,5144],"views":391,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1957"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7093,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957\/revisions\/7093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1957"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1957"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}