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1<\/p>\n

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\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u751f\u5b58\u6bd4\u504f\u89c1\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u514d\u8d39\u65bd\u8bca\u9001\u836f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0b\uff0c\u80c6\u5b50\u5927\u7684\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u4eab\u53d7\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u897f\u65b9\u533b\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u7684\u6d3b\u5e7f\u544a\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5403\u74dc\u7fa4\u4f17\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u6162\u6162\u63a5\u53d7\u533b\u5b66\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u8bca\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u5b98\u5458\u58eb\u7ec5\u7b49\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u53d7\u60e0\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u58eb\u4eec\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u52a9\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4e8b\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f5c\u5bb6\u611f\u6168\u9053[2]\uff0c\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u70ae\u5c1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u62c9\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u95e8\u95e9\u65f6\uff0c\u624b\u672f\u5200\u5374\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u201d\u3002\u800c\u6709\u7740\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d+\u201c\u6148\u5584\u201d\u53cc\u91cd\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u897f\u533b\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5219\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u754c\u91cd\u70b9\u8d44\u52a9\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e7f\u6148\u533b\u9662\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u6536\u5230\u6cd5\u79df\u754c\u516c\u8463\u5c40\u51e0\u5341\u4e07\u94f6\u5143\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff1b\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u521a\u5efa\u9662\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5c31\u8bf7\u6765\u4e86\u80e1\u9002\u3001\u5f20\u67cf\u82d3\u7b49\u4eba\u51fa\u4efb\u987e\u95ee\uff1b1913\u5e74\u6bd5\u542f\uff08Joseph Beech\uff09\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u534e\u897f\u533b\u9662\u65f6\uff0c\u7b79\u96c6\u5230\u6765\u8fd1400\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6350\u6b3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u8058\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u9ad8\u7ea7\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fdc\u5343\u91cc\u5165\u5ddd\u6559\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1928\u5e74\u6768\u683c\u975e\u5728\u6269\u5efa\u6b66\u6c49\u534f\u548c\u65f6\uff0c\u770b\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e2d\u6b63\u5927\u9053\uff08\u73b0\u6b66\u6c49\u89e3\u653e\u5927\u9053\uff09\u4e00\u5757\u5168\u662f\u6e56\u5858\u7684\u6d3c\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u5757\u5730\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u6c49\u53e3\u5730\u76ae\u5927\u738b\u5218\u6b46\u751f\u51c6\u5907\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd8\u4ef7\u3002\u5218\u542c\u8bf4\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5efa\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba9\u6768\u683c\u975e\u4e58\u5750\u4e00\u6761\u8239\uff0c\u6491\u4e00\u6868\u540e\uff0c\u8239\u5212\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\uff0c\u54ea\u91cc\u5c31\u662f\u533b\u9662\u7684\u8fb9\u754c[3]\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u514d\u8d39\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f4e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u533b\u9662\u4eec\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u4e00\u6279\u6765\u81ea\u54c8\u4f5b\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u9ad8\u6821\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u9876\u5c16\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u5176\u8bca\u7597\u6280\u672f\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u79ef\u8d2b\u79ef\u5f31\u3001\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u532e\u4e4f\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533b\u9662\u672c\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u201c\u85c9\u533b\u4f20\u9053\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u64ad\u4e0b\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u95f4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u6dfb\u4e0a\u4e86\u6d53\u58a8\u91cd\u5f69\u7684\u4e00\u7b14\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u4e86\u8d22\u529b\u3001\u79d1\u7814\u3001\u4eba\u624d\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3e\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u6c11\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n

2<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u533b\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c11\u751f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u70ed\u95e8\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u5b66\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u9c81\u8fc5\u3001\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u3001\u4e25\u590d\u3001\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\u7b49\u8fdb\u6b65\u4eba\u58eb\u7eb7\u7eb7\u9ad8\u8c03\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u7ad9\u53f0\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u7528\u751f\u547d\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u540d\u58f0\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u662f\u7f51\u7ea2\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u3002<\/p>\n

1926\u5e74\uff0c\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5c3f\u8840\u75c7\u72b6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6000\u7591\u81ea\u5df1\u7f79\u60a3\u764c\u75c7\uff0c\u4fbf\u53bb\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u505a\u4e86X\u5149\u900f\u89c6\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u68c0\u6d4b\u8bbe\u5907\uff09\uff0c\u9662\u65b9\u7ed9\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u80be\u764c\uff0c\u9662\u957f\u5218\u745e\u6052\u4eb2\u81ea\u624b\u672f\u3002\u5207\u9664\u80bf\u7624\u540e\u6881\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u672a\u89c1\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u5176\u5f1f\u6881\u542f\u52cb\u5728\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u5927\u8086\u6307\u8d23\u534f\u548c\uff0c\u5f90\u5fd7\u6469\u7b49\u4eba\u6293\u4f4f\u673a\u4f1a\u75af\u72c2\u64b0\u6587\u6279\u5224\u897f\u533b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u4e8b\u540e\u7ecf\u68c0\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u60a3\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8840\u5c3f\u75c7\u800c\u975e\u80be\u75c5\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9662\u65b9\u7684\u8bef\u8bca\uff0c\u4f46\u75c5\u4eba\u6551\u6cbb\u7ec6\u8282\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9690\u79c1\u672a\u516c\u5f00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u88ab\u597d\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\u4f20\u6210\u4e86\uff1a\u534f\u548c\u533b\u751f\u4e0d\u5206\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5207\u6389\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u80be\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6881\u7684\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6865\u6bb5\u88ab\u59dc\u6587\u62cd\u8fdb\u4e86\u300a\u90aa\u4e0d\u538b\u6b63\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8bbd\u523a\u5f53\u65f6\u76f2\u76ee\u62b5\u5236\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u5374\u51e0\u6b21\u4e09\u756a\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u6211\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u6b63\u5728\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u505a\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u5c31\u6307\u8d23\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u201d\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u6587\u5316\u78b0\u649e\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e86\u897f\u533b\u7684\u540d\u58f0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5317\u4f10\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u5272\u9519\u8170\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u534f\u548c\u9662\u957f\u5218\u745e\u6052\u5f03\u533b\u4ece\u653f\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\u505a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\u660e\u786e\u53cd\u5bf9\u7ed9\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u751f\u9881\u53d1\u884c\u533b\u6267\u7167\uff0c\u6001\u5ea6\u5f3a\u786c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u592a\u8fc7\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5411\u5357\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u8bf7\u613f\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u57281935\u5e74\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u77e5\u8bc6\u6587\u5316\u754c\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u505c\u8fc7\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e2d\u897f\u533b\u7ed3\u5408\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u7f16\u8fdb\u4e86\u300a\u8bed\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u65b0\u65e7\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u4e89\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u5e73\u606f\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5f7c\u65f6\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u897f\u533b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u7684\u8bca\u7597\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u4e0a\u5c42\u4eba\u58eb\u751f\u75c5\u540e\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u848b\u7ecf\u56fd\u5728\u53d1\u73b0\u597d\u53cb\u7684\u80c3\u75c5\u4e45\u6cbb\u4e0d\u6108\u65f6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u65f6\u5728\u6e58\u96c5\u7684\u5f20\u5b5d\u9a9e\uff1b\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u533b\u9662\u201d\u7684\u5e7f\u6148\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u5927\u4f6c\u548c\u5357\u4eac\u653f\u8981\u6700\u5e38\u53bb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u5e7f\u6148\u6697\u6740\u8fc7\u9676\u6210\u7ae0\u7684\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u548c\u5b8b\u5b50\u6587\u4eb2\u624b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e2d\u5c71\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u624d\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u53bb\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5927\u624b\u7b14\u5e03\u4e0b\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5219\u66f4\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u540d\u6d41\u4eec\u6700\u7231\u7684\u7597\u517b\u9662\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ad9\u201d\uff0c\u5f20\u5b66\u826f\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5403\u8fc7\u4f4f\u9662\u9910\uff0c\u5b8b\u6c0f\u4e09\u59d0\u59b9\u90fd\u6709\u75c5\u4f8b\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u534f\u548c\u7684\u75c5\u6848\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u548c\u6b66\u6c49\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u5728\u6c34\u707e\u4e2d\u62ef\u6551\u7a77\u82e6\u60a3\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u9664\u4e86\u63a5\u5f85\u6743\u8d35\u4eec\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u533b\u7597\u8d44\u6e90\u8fd8\u662f\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u6302\u53f7\u5904\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u8bca\u53f0\uff0c\u5206ABCD\u56db\u6863\uff0cCD\u6863\u7ecf\u5e38\u51cf\u514d\u751a\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u6536\u60a3\u8005\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e13\u95e8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u90e8\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u8d2b\u56f0\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u6301[4]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u534f\u548c\u8fd8\u662f\u6e58\u96c5\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u201c\u533b\u751f\u4ea7\u80fd\u4e0d\u591f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u751f\u57f9\u517b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5927\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u9020\u5c31\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u8896\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u4e8c\u7b49\u533b\u5b66\u516c\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u6807\u51c6\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u6807\u7ea6\u7ff0\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u8fdb\u4e25\u51fa\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5f7c\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u51e0\u767e\u4e2a\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u534e\u590f\u5927\u5730\u7f3a\u7684\u662f\u51e0\u4e07\u540d\u51e0\u5341\u4e07\u540d\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u751f\u3002\u4e3b\u6d41\u8206\u8bba\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u5b66\u5b66\u5e9c\u80fd\u591f\u6269\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u906d\u5230\u4e0d\u5c11\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u4e8c\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u517c\u5f97\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u8bba\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6765\u5f97\u53ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u62c9\u5230\u4e861937\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u5168\u9762\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u56e0\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u5c1a\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u52301941\u5e74\u73cd\u73e0\u6e2f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5168\u9762\u6495\u7834\u8138\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u90fd\u6ca1\u80fd\u5e78\u514d\u3002\u5e7f\u6148\u533b\u9662\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u9662\u533a\u88ab\u5f81\u53bb\u5f53\u505a\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u91ce\u6218\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c71\u548c\u4ec1\u6d4e\u7684\u9662\u957f\u4e5f\u90fd\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5185\u5730\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u533b\u9662\u5c31\u66f4\u60e8\u4e86\u3002\u6218\u65f6\u7684\u957f\u6c99\u6e58\u96c5\u533b\u9662\u5168\u90e8\u88ab\u6bc1\uff0c\u9662\u957f\u5f20\u5b5d\u9a9e\u9886\u7740\u4f17\u4eba\u897f\u8fc1\u91cd\u5e86\uff1b\u5e7f\u4e1c\u65b0\u516c\u533b\u9662\uff08\u73b0\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e00\u9644\u9662\uff09\u57281939\u5e74\u5c31\u88ab\u88ab\u8feb\u8fc1\u5f80\u4e91\u5357\u6f82\u6c5f\uff1b\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u9662\u957f\u3001\u603b\u52a1\u957f\u6089\u6570\u88ab\u65e5\u65b9\u76d1\u7981\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u533b\u62a4\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8ddf\u968f\u5357\u4e0b\u961f\u4f0d\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u5c42\u5c42\u5c01\u9501\uff0c\u9003\u5f80\u4e86\u897f\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n

\u534f\u548c\u7684\u5185\u79d1\u4e13\u5bb6\u674e\u5b97\u6069\u6765\u5230\u8d35\u9633\u529e\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6797\u53ef\u80dc\u8f97\u8f6c\u51e0\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u540e\u8ddf\u968f\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u4eb2\u8d74\u7f05\u7538\u62c5\u4efb\u519b\u533b\u603b\u76d1\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u8fdc\u8d74\u897f\u5357\u7684\u201c\u8001\u534f\u548c\u201d\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u53eb\u949f\u4e16\u85e9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u8fc7\u5357\u4eac\u4e2d\u592e\u533b\u9662\u7684\u513f\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u533b\u9662\u8d35\u9633\u5206\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u53eb\u949f\u5357\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6218\u706b\u7eb7\u98de\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u9876\u7ea7\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4eec\u79bb\u5f00\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u5206\u6563\u5230\u504f\u8fdc\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u9662\u533a\u5728\u6218\u706b\u4e2d\u88ab\u6bc1\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u6765\u8bb2\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u8fd8\u662f\u533b\u751f\u30021945\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u6295\u964d\u540e\uff0c\u6563\u5e03\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u7684\u540d\u533b\u4eec\u7eb7\u7eb7\u56de\u5230\u539f\u5904\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u9662\u4eec\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5728\u88ab\u6467\u6bc1\u7684\u539f\u5740\u4e0a\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u8f89\u714c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u9762\u5bf9\u6539\u5929\u6362\u5730\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5305\u542b\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u9700\u8981\u4ea4\u51fa\u600e\u6837\u7684\u7b54\u5377\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

3<\/p>\n

70\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u5411\u4e0a\u6d77\u501f\u6765\u4e00\u6837\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a\u540c\u6d4e\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n

1950\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u56fd\u521d\u7684\u516d\u5927\u533a\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u4e2d\u5357\u516d\u7701\uff08\u6e58\u9102\u7ca4\u6842\u8c6b\u8d63\uff09\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u4ebf\u56db\u5343\u4e07\uff0c\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5927\u533a\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u534f\u548c\u3001\u6e58\u96c5\u7b49\u533b\u9662\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0d\u4e86\u4ebf\u4e07\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u536b\u751f\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u5357\u519b\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u957f\u5b59\u4eea\u4e4b\u63d0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u5e0c\u671b\u533b\u836f\u536b\u751f\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u80fd\u5411\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u63d0\u4f9b\u63f4\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u65f6\u4e2d\u5357\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u662f\u6797\u5f6a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u89c1\u5f88\u5feb\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8003\u8651\u518d\u4e09\u540e\u7684\u534e\u4e1c\u519b\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u540c\u6d4e\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u4e2d\u7f8e\u533b\u9662\u6253\u5305\u9001\u7ed9\u4e86\u6b66\u6c49\u3002\u533b\u9662\u540e\u6765\u6539\u540d\u6b66\u6c49\u540c\u6d4e\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u548c\u6b66\u6c49\u534f\u548c\u4e00\u8d77\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u534e\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e24\u5bb6\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4f4d\u5217\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u9662\u6392\u884c\u699c\u201d\u524d20\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u9662\u7ba1\u7406\u5b8c\u5168\u7167\u6284\u524d\u82cf\u8054\uff1a\u6559\u5b66\u8981\u548c\u8bca\u7597\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5e76\u5168\u90e8\u7531\u9ad8\u6821\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u82b1\u7684\u94b1\u5168\u90e8\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u533b\u9662\u5f52\u519b\u7ba1\u4f1a\u7edf\u4e00\u5b89\u6392[5]\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u6765\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n

\u519b\u7ba1\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4efb\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u201c\u89e3\u51b3\u533b\u7597\u5931\u8861\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u642c\u533b\u9662\u6bd5\u7adf\u592a\u8d39\u5468\u7ae0\uff0c\u6316\u4eba\u624d\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e94\u8981\u6c42\u7ec4\u5efa301\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u6316\u8d70\u4e86\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u7684\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u7535\u8bdd\u5458\u3001\u75c5\u6848\u5ba4\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u8fc7[4]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u70b9\u71c3\u4e86\u6d77\u5916\u7559\u5b66\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u62a5\u56fd\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u50cf\u94b1\u5b66\u68ee\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u9ad8\u77e5\u5206\u5b50\u6295\u8eab\u5230\u4e86\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4e4f\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u9ad8\u6750\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u6cbf\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u627f\u63a5\u4e86\u8fd9\u6279\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u7597\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u624d\u8d44\u6e90\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u65f6\u95f4\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u4e25\u5cfb\uff0c20\u5e74\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u63d0\u8d77\uff0c\u5f7c\u65f6\u56fd\u5185\u5c31\u7b97\u7b97\u4e0a\u8d64\u811a\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u536b\u751f\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc720\u4e07\uff0c\u800c\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e94\u4ebf\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u533b\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u82b1\u516b\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u540d\u533b\u751f\u5b9e\u5728\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6f2b\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b21\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6765\u5f97\u53ca\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4fbf\u6765\u5230\u4e861966\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u5bcc\u542b\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8272\u5f69\u201d\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u533b\u9662\u906d\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u51b2\u51fb\uff1a\u5e7f\u6148\u533b\u9662\u88ab\u6539\u540d\u6210\u4e86\u4e1c\u65b9\u7ea2\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u534e\u897f\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u519b\u8bad\uff0c\u540c\u6d4e\u533b\u9662\u7684\u75c5\u4f8b\u6559\u7814\u5ba4\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u6bc1\uff0c\u8fde\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u6e58\u96c5\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5176\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u505c\u529e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u6d69\u52ab\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5987\u4ea7\u79d1\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u6797\u5de7\u7a1a\u7684\u5bb6\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u9769\u547d\u9020\u53cd\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u636e\u70b9\uff0c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u5148\u9a71\u4f55\u89c2\u6e05\u56e0\u53cd\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u62c9\u4e0a\u53f0\u6279\u6597\uff1b\u534f\u548c\u526f\u9662\u957f\u80e1\u6b63\u7965\u5728\u88ab\u6284\u5bb6\u6bd2\u6253\u540e\u81ea\u6740\u8eab\u4ea1[6]\uff0c\u800c\u5c31\u8fde\u7ea2\u8272\u80cc\u666f\u9887\u6df1\u7684\u9ec4\u5bb6\u9a77\u4e5f\u88ab\u53d1\u914d\u53bb\u4e86\u6c5f\u897f\u4e94\u4e03\u5e72\u6821\u5582\u732a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u5927\u6279\u533b\u751f\u88ab\u4e0b\u653e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e26\u52a8\u4e86\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u533a\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u6c34\u5e73\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u505c\u529e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4eba\u624d\u8865\u5145\u505c\u6ede\u4e86\u6574\u6574\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u4f46\u597d\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u5386\u53f2\u5e95\u8574\u8db3\u591f\u96c4\u539a\uff0c\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\u624d\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u88ab\u64bc\u52a8\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f93\u9001\u4e00\u4ee3\u53c8\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u5b66\u4eba\u624d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c1978\u5e74\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5ba3\u5e03\u6062\u590d\u9ad8\u8003\u4ee5\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u6559\u80b2\u9879\u76ee\u540e\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u4e5f\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

4<\/p>\n

\u5317\u4eac\u53cd\u5e1d\u533b\u9662\u5728\u6539\u56de\u201c\u534f\u548c\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd8\u53eb\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u9996\u90fd\u533b\u9662\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u3002<\/p>\n

1972\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u786e\u8ba4\u5373\u5c06\u8bbf\u534e\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u53cd\u5e1d\u533b\u9662\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u63a5\u5f85\u5916\u5bbe\u5065\u5eb7\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5468\u6069\u6765\u4fbf\u8054\u7cfb\u519b\u7ba1\u4f1a\u4e00\u8d77\u5546\u8ba8\u6539\u6389\u8fd9\u201c\u4e0d\u53cb\u597d\u201d\u7684\u9662\u540d\uff0c\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u9996\u90fd\u533b\u9662\u3002\u56e0\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e4b\u9700\uff0c\u6539\u540d\u540c\u65f6\u533b\u9662\u4e5f\u53ec\u56de\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6b63\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u6539\u9020\u201d\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u548c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u63e1\u624b\u9884\u793a\u7740\u8fd9\u573a\u4ea4\u6d41\u987a\u5229\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u201c\u9996\u90fd\u533b\u9662\u201d\u5728\u5468\u6069\u6765\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4e0b\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ece\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\u56de\u5f52\u5e38\u6001\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6587\u9769\u7ed3\u675f\u548c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u533b\u9662\u57281980\u5e74\u91cd\u65b0\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u518d\u6b21\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5f80\u65e5\u7684\u751f\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5efa\u4ea4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u9662\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u63a5\u8f68\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u9053\u5951\u673a\uff0c\u72ec\u81ea\u9f83\u9f89\u524d\u884c\u4e86\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u533b\u5b66\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u6cbf\u540c\u6b65\u524d\u8fdb\u3002\u800c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u673a\u9047\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u767e\u5e74\u533b\u9662\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u7c7b\u533b\u9662\u6392\u884c\u699c\u4e0a\u96f7\u6253\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u5e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9876\u5c16\u533b\u7597\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n

1992\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5efa\u8bbe\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u76ee\u6807\u540e\uff0c\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\u4e5f\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u6539\u9769\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u9662\u5728\u88ab\u53eb\u4e86\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u201c\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u53c8\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff1a\u533b\u7597\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u548c70\u5e74\u524d\u6709\u7740\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79c1\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u533b\u7597\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u5927\u6c11\u751f\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u673a\u6784\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u5c06\u533b\u9662\u5b8c\u5168\u4f01\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u4f1a\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u6ecb\u957f\u5176\u8ffd\u5229\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u968f\u7740\u975e\u5178\u8fd9\u53ea\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u800c\u88ab\u53eb\u505c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u5d07\u5c1a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7a0e\u6536\u3001\u7f16\u5236\u3001\u79d1\u7814\u7b49\u4f53\u5236\u8d44\u6e90\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u5f00\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u533b\u6539\u4e4b\u8def\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u533b\u9662\u516c\u7acb\u5316\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ecd\u4e0d\u7edd\u4e8e\u8033\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u7528\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u89e3\u51b3\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u65b9\u9762\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c31\u533b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u516c\u5e73\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u540c\u6d4e\u3001\u4e2d\u5c71\u3001\u6e58\u96c5\u7b49\u6210\u4e3a\u533b\u6539\u5bb6\u6700\u4e50\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u201c\u8be5\u4e0d\u8be5\u5356\u6389\u534f\u548c\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6700\u70ed\u8877\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u536b\u5065\u59d4\u548c\u4eba\u793e\u90e8\u7b49\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u673a\u6784\u5219\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4e00\u9879\u9879\u653f\u7b56\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6536\u4e00\u677e\u7684\u62c9\u952f\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u5750\u62e5\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u7597\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u6293\u4f4f\u5168\u6c11\u533b\u4fdd\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u7684\u5de8\u91cf\u5c31\u533b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4f9d\u6258\u4f53\u5236\u4f18\u52bf\u4ece\u533b\u7597\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u79d1\u7814\uff09\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\uff08\u5e8a\u4f4d\uff09\u548c\u652f\u4ed8\u7aef\uff08\u5f02\u5730\u533b\u4fdd\uff09\u4e09\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3e\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u8d85\u7ea7\u533b\u9662<\/p>\n

\u534e\u897f\u548c\u90d1\u5927\u4e00\u9644\u9662\u4e24\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u63a8\u5411\u4e86\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u745e\u91d1\u3001\u534e\u5c71\u3001\u9f50\u9c81\u7b49\u540c\u6837\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5403\u5230\u4e0d\u5c11\u7ea2\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9650\u5236\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6c57\u725b\u5145\u680b\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u5927\u533b\u9662\u5728\u8865\u4f9b\u65b9\u548c\u8865\u9700\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d9f\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u5177\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n

2012\u5e74\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u5916\u754c\u5bf9\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u65e0\u9650\u6269\u5f20\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u8d28\u7591\u65f6\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u9648\u7afa\u6765\u90d1\u5927\u4e00\u9644\u9662\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u901b\u4e86\u4e00\u5708\uff0c\u53ea\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5[7]\uff1a\u201c\u75c5\u4eba\u6709\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u90d1\u5927\u4e00\u9644\u9662\u5168\u529b\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u9519\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u90fd\u6709\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5927\u533b\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5468\u8fb9\u533b\u7597\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7a7a\u5fc3\u5316\uff0c\u516c\u76ca\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u533b\u751f\u9ad8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u5173\u6000\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516b\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u533b\u751f\u57f9\u517b\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u65e5\u76ca\u52a0\u91cd\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u901f\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u6ca1\u5c1d\u8bd5\u56de\u7b54\u8fc7\uff1a\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u6709\u9650\u533b\u7597\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u53bb\u4e70\u65e0\u9650\u533b\u7597\u9700\u6c42\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u534f\u548c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u534f\u548c\uff1a\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u56fd\u5185\u6700\u9876\u7ea7\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u6279\u53c8\u4e00\u6279\u7684\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u5e74\u8f7b\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u62d2\u7edd\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u800c\u745e\u91d1\u3001\u540c\u6d4e\u3001\u9f50\u9c81\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5176\u5b83\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u201c\u534f\u548c\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u8131\u80ce\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u65b0\u65e7\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5927\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u8d70\u8fc7\u6218\u4e89\u5c81\u6708\u7684\u574e\u5777\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u6587\u5316\u5927\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u5e76\u6295\u8eab\u5230\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u957f\u5370\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u70d9\u5370\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u65e0\u6570\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u533b\u7597\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u4eec\u662f\u5b88\u62a4\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9053\u95e8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u963b\u6321\u6b7b\u795e\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9053\u5899\u3002<\/p>\n

5<\/p>\n

2020\u5e741\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u75ab\u60c5\u7275\u52a8\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5fc3\u7eea\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u6d3e\u51fa\u4e00\u652f\u753121\u540d\u533b\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u9a70\u63f4\u6b66\u6c49\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u9646\u7eed\u589e\u5175\uff0c\u6d3e\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u533b\u7597\u961f\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u897f\u3001\u745e\u91d1\u3001\u9f50\u9c81\u3001\u6e58\u96c5\u7eb7\u7eb7\u8fce\u5934\u8d76\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u4e8e2\u67087\u65e5\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u5230\u8fbe\u6b66\u6c49\uff0c\u88ab\u5a92\u4f53\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u56db\u5927\u5929\u56e2\u4f1a\u5e08\u6b66\u6c49\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u7acb\u548c\u6c11\u8425\u533b\u9662\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u53c8\u70ed\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u9a70\u63f4\u6e56\u5317\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bdd\u9898\u5f15\u6765\u4e86150\u4e07\u7528\u6237\u9a7b\u8db3\u6d4f\u89c8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u79c1\u7acb\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u4e0d\u907f\u5acc\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a5\u6536\u80ba\u708e\u7591\u4f3c\u60a3\u8005\u201d\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u8db3\u8db3\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u8fd11.8\u4e07\u4eba\u70b9\u8d5e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u9648\u7afa\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u65f6\u66fe\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u662f\u4f53\u73b0\u516c\u76ca\u6027\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u57fa\u672c\u533b\u7597\uff0c\u7f13\u89e3\u4eba\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f17\u770b\u75c5\u5c31\u533b\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u90a3\u573a\u4e89\u8bba\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u9662\u5230\u5e95\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u534f\u548c\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u591a\u8003\u8651\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u52e4\u52b3\u7684\u6c57\u6c34\uff0c\u65e2\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u505a\u5230\u4e86\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u533b\u7597\u6c34\u5e73\u9f50\u5934\u5e76\u8fdb\uff0c\u53c8\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u5730\u4fdd\u969c\u4e8613\u4ebf\u4eba\u7684\u5c31\u8bca\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2020\u5e744\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u533b\u7597\u961f15\u65e5\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u5949\u547d\u8fd4\u56de\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u8fd9\u53ea\u533b\u7597\u961f\u5728\u6b66\u6c49\u540c\u6d4e\u533b\u9662\u4e2d\u6cd5\u65b0\u57ce\u9662\u533a\u6574\u5efa\u5236\u7684\u63a5\u7ba1\u91cd\u75c7ICU\u75c5\u623f\uff0c\u625b\u8fc7\u4e86\u538b\u529b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6574\u657480\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u652f\u64a4\u79bb\u6b66\u6c49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u533b\u7597\u652f\u63f4\u961f\u4f0d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u9662\u4eec\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u53e3\u7f69\u4e0b\u7684\u68c0\u9605\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u75ab\u60c5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u91cc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9876\u7ea7\u533b\u9662\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u6c11\u4f17\u6700\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u540e\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n

[1].Dealing with the Deluge\uff0cPBS.<\/p>\n

[2].The Chinese Recorder.<\/p>\n

[3].\u6b66\u6c49\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u897f\u533b\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u4f18\u897f\u6bd4\u4e4c\u6559\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2<\/p>\n

[4]. \u6cb9\u738b\uff1a\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5e03\u6d1b\u514b<\/p>\n

[5].\u6211\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u6539\u9769\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u66f9\u99a8\u4e88\uff0c\u5409\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587<\/p>\n

[6].\u534f\u548c\u5927\u9662\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\uff08\u540d\u533b\u7bc7\uff09\uff0c\u97e9\u5c0f\u8559<\/p>\n

[7]. \u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6269\u5f20\u6682\u505c\uff0c\u738b\u6668\u3001\u8c2d\u5353\u66cc\uff0c\u516b\u70b9\u89c1\u95fb<\/p>\n

[8]. \u6b66\u6c49\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u9662\u957f\u80e1\u8c6b\uff1a\u6253\u597d\u5e73\u6218\u7ed3\u5408\u201c\u7ec4\u5408\u62f3\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6765\u6e90: \u4ebf\u6b27 1931\u5e74\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u906d\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u707e\u3002 \u534e\u4e2d\u5730\u533a\u4ece1930\u5e74\u51ac\u5b63\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u5927\u96ea\u4e0d\u6b62\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\uff0c\u878d\u96ea\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u6ca1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11,8],"tags":[3014,3013],"views":502,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20436"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20436"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20438,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20436\/revisions\/20438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}