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philosophy\uff09\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u89c6\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u91cd\u8eab\u4f53\u529b\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u91cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff1b\u4e0d\u6ce8\u91cd\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u559c\u7231\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u60c5\uff0c\u91cd\u76f4\u611f\uff0c\u91cd\u5b89\u8eab\u7acb\u547d\uff0c\u6c42\u53ef\u884c\u4e4b\u9053\u3002\u4e2d\u897f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4f53\u609f\u4e0e\u63a8\u7406\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5510\u541b\u6bc5\u5148\u751f\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff1b\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u7406\u667a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u5148\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff0c\u518d\u53ca\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5b66\u672f\u4e4b\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9002\u53cd\u5176\u9053\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u4e43\u7531\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u751f\u4e4b\u9053\u3002\u800c\u7531\u4eba\u751f\u4e4b\u9053\u4ee5\u77e5\u5929\u9053\u4e0e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u540d\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e4b\u8a0e\u8bba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\u5148\u751f\u5728\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff1a1\uff09\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u54f2\u5b66\uff08substance philosophy\uff09\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u539f\u5219\u54f2\u5b66\uff08causal philosophy\uff09,\u800c\u662f\u201c\u51fd\u6570\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff08function philosophy\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u6574\u4f53\u201d\uff08integral whole\uff09,\u6ce8\u91cd\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u5982\u540c\u8033\u76ee\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u5404\u5c3d\u4e00\u79cd\u804c\u53f8\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u5168\u4f53\u201d,\u541b\u81e3\u7236\u5b50\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u53f8\u804c\u4e0e\u4e7e\u5764\u574e\u5151\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u53f8\u804c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u30022\uff09\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u54f2\u5b66\uff08form philosophy\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u5206\u5c5e\u548c\u79cd\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5c5e\u6982\u5ff5\u52a0\u79cd\u5dee\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u30023\uff09\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u6700\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u201d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u672c\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\uff08reality\uff09\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\uff08appearance\uff09\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002\u201c\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ea\u6709&#8217;\u5b9e\u8df5\u54f2\u5b66\u2019\u800c\u65e0\u7eaf\u7cb9\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u5f20\u5cb1\u5e74\u5148\u751f\u5217\u51fa\u516d\u6761\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a1)\u5408\u77e5\u884c\u30022\uff09\u4e00\u5929\u4eba\u30023\uff09\u540c\u771f\u5584\u30024\uff09\u91cd\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u4e0d\u91cd\u77e5\u8bba\u30025\uff09\u91cd\u4e86\u609f\u800c\u4e0d\u91cd\u8bba\u8bc1\u30026\uff09\u65e2\u975e\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u8fd9\u516d\u6761\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u5f20\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u516d\u6761\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u524d\u8f88\u718a\u5341\u529b\u5148\u751f\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u4e09\u6761\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e09\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u8d24\u4eec\u4ece\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e2d\u897f\u601d\u7ef4\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u5728\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u89c6\u5f62\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u672c\u539f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u5929\u4eba\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4f9d\u9760\u601d\u8fa8\u53bb\u638c\u63e1\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f9d\u9760\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u609f\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5219\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u4eba\u4f26\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6839\u636e\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u5bb6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u662f\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u51e0\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u5374\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u897f\u7684\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u4e2d\u897f\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u6784<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u6307\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u5404\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u7406\u6027\uff08reason\uff09\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\uff1f\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\uff08pure reason\uff09\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\uff08practical reason\uff09\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7406\u6027\uff08aesthetic reason\uff09\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u7406\u6027\uff08natural reason\uff09\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u7406\u6027\uff08historical reason\uff09\u3002\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u7840\u5c31\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u903b\u8f91\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5230\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u6f14\u7ece\uff0c\u5c31\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8d85\u51fa\u5386\u53f2\u7406\u6027\u8303\u56f4\u4e86\u3002\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8bb2\u5f97\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\uff08moral reason\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff08ethics\uff09\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff08Ethics\uff09\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u8bcd\u6839\u662f\uff08ethos\uff09, \u6709\u98ce\u4fd7\uff08custom\uff09\u6216\u7279\u70b9\uff08character\uff09\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff1b\u9053\u5fb7\uff08morality\uff09\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u8bcd\u6839\u662fmos\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u4e5f\u662fcustom\uff08\u98ce\u4fd7\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6240\u4ee5\u7136\u548c\u4e00\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u548c\u63a2\u5bfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u5e38\u4e0e\u53d8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff1a\u4ece\u53d8\u4e2d\u628a\u63e1\u5e38\uff0c\u4ece\u5e38\u4e2d\u628a\u63e1\u53d8\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7406\u6027\uff08aesthetic 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differences of species\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u9664\u5916\u6cd5\uff1a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5c31\u5426\u5b9a\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u7ba1\u7406\u65e0\u89d2\u52a8\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u201c\u7ba1\u7406\u6709\u89d2\u52a8\u7269\u201d\u9664\u5916\u4e86\u3002\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u7684\u201c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5373\u5426\u5b9a\u201d\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1b\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u5148\u751f\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u820d\u8c61\u3002\u201d\u6bcf\u62bd\u8c61\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u62bd\u51fa\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u820d\u53bb\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6240\u6709\u201cA\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u201cA\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u662f\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4f60\u662f\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u4f60\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u4f60\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u4eba\u6392\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u628a\u201c\u4f60\u201d\u8bb2\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u4f60\u662f\u4eba\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u201d\u4e0e\u522b\u4eba\u5206\u6709\u4e86\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u53e5\u8bdd\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4f60\u201d\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u201c\u4f60\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u5f8b\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u903b\u8f91\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5bf9\u5076\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879A\u88ab\u5426\u5b9a\u540e\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u9879-A\uff0c-A\u88ab\u5426\u5b9a\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u9879A\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u6709\u7406\u6570\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u5c31\u662f\u65e0\u7406\u6570\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\uff1b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u662f\u975e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u597d\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u4e0d\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5a01\u529b\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u7eaf\u7406\u6027\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u5076\u6027\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u5f8b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0e\u4e09\u6761\u601d\u60f3\u5f8b\uff08\u540c\u4e00\u5f8b\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u3001\u6392\u4e2d\u5f8b\uff09\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u88ab\u4e24\u5206\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u81ea\u8eab\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u516c\u5f0f\u662fA = A\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u662fA\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5f8b\u3002\u4e24\u5206\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u975e\u5f7c\u5373\u6b64\u3002\u7528\u5224\u65ad\u53e5\u8868\u793a\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u51e1S\u4e0d\u662fP\uff0c\u51e1P\u4e0d\u662fS\uff1b\u516c\u5f0f\uff1aA X \uff08-A \uff09= 0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684S\u662fP\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u7684P\u662fS\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\u540e\uff0c\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7a77\u5c3d\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8fd8\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u9057\u6f0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7528\u5224\u65ad\u53e5\u8868\u793a\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u51e1\u975eS\u662fP\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u51e1\u975eP\u662fS\uff1b\u516c\u5f0f\u662fA \uff08-A\uff09 = 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