{"id":21496,"date":"2023-03-04T13:58:21","date_gmt":"2023-03-04T05:58:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=21496"},"modified":"2023-03-04T13:58:45","modified_gmt":"2023-03-04T05:58:45","slug":"%e6%99%9a%e6%b8%85%e5%a4%96%e4%ba%a4%e7%8b%ac%e7%89%b9%e9%a3%8e%e6%99%af%ef%bc%9a%e8%b5%ab%e5%be%b7%e4%b8%8e%e8%8b%b1%e5%9b%bd%e9%a9%bb%e5%8d%8e%e4%bd%bf%e9%a2%86%e9%a6%86%e7%9a%84%e8%be%83%e9%87%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=21496","title":{"rendered":"\u665a\u6e05\u5916\u4ea4\u72ec\u7279\u98ce\u666f\uff1a\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u4f7f\u9886\u9986\u7684\u8f83\u91cf"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u64b0\u6587\uff1a\u5f20\u5fd7\u52c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u53f7\uff1aohistory<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u5fb7\uff08Robert Hart\uff0c1835-1911\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5317\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\uff0c1854\u5e74\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u6d3e\u9063\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u5b81\u6ce2\u4e0e\u5e7f\u5dde\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c1859\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\uff0c\u4efb\u5e7f\u5dde\u6d77\u5173\u526f\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\uff0c1861\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee3\u884c\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u804c\u6743\uff0c1863\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\uff0c\u76f4\u52301911\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u4f7f\u9886\u9986\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u82f1\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u9053\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u7ebf\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u5546\u52a1\u53f8\u6cd5\u6848\u4ef6\u4ea4\u6d89\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ece\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ece\u884c\u52a8\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u5728\u9547\u6c5f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u3001\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u3001\u829c\u6e56\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\u548c\u4f69\u5947\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u4f7f\u9886\u9986\u8fdb\u884c\u6297\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u8d6b\u5fb7<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u4f7f\u9886\u9986\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7814\u7a76\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u6ec7\u6848\u4ea4\u6d89\u4e2d\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\uff08Thomas Francis Wade\uff09\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u30021875\u5e742\u670821\u65e5\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9a6c\u5609\u7406\uff08Augstus Raymond Margary\uff09\u5728\u4e91\u7f05\u8fb9\u5883\u86ee\u5141\u5730\u65b9\u88ab\u6740\uff0c2\u670822\u65e5\u67cf\u90ce(Horace Albert Browne)\u63a2\u9669\u961f\u4e5f\u5728\u6b64\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0\u6ec7\u6848\u3002\u81ea1875\u5e74\u52301876\u5e74\u4e2d\u82f1\u53cc\u65b9\u5c31\u6ec7\u6848\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5148\u540e\u53d7\u82f1\u65b9\u548c\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\u5145\u5f53\u8c03\u505c\u4eba\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8c03\u505c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3e\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u8d74\u70df\u53f0\u540c\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u8c08\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n

\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\uff08Thomas Francis Wade\uff09<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u6ec7\u6848\u4ea4\u6d89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e0e\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u82f1\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5374\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u53d1\u751f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u8981\u72ec\u7acb\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u82f1\u6ec7\u6848\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5176\u4ee5\u540e\u5728\u4e2d\u82f1\u5916\u4ea4\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u629b\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5e76\u52aa\u529b\u4f7f\u4e2d\u82f1\u4ea4\u6d89\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u5e8f\u66f2\u3002<\/p>\n

2<\/p>\n

\u81ea1874\u5e742\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u82f1\u5546\u592a\u53e4\u6d0b\u884c\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u201c\u52a0\u8fea\u65af\uff08Cadiz\uff09\u201d\u53f7\u8db8\u8239\u505c\u6cca\u5728\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0b\u6e38\u7684\u9547\u6c5f\u6c5f\u9762\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u5ea7\u6d6e\u6865\u548c\u82f1\u79df\u754c\u76f8\u63a5\u3002\u662f\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u6c34\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\u65cb\u6da1\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cb3\u5e8a\u51b2\u9677\uff0c\u5824\u5cb8\u4e25\u91cd\u584c\u65b9\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d77\u5173\u8d23\u4ee4\u8be5\u8db8\u8239\u8f6c\u79fb\u6cca\u4f4d\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u62d2\u7edd\u30021876\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5411\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u6c47\u62a5\u4e86\u9547\u6c5f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\uff0c\u5e76\u544a\u4e4b\u6d77\u5173\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u8db8\u8239\u79fb\u5f00\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8fd8\u5c31\u6b64\u6848\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u8db8\u8239\u62d6\u8d70\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6001\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u86ee\u6a2a\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u751a\u800c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u53e3\u5cb8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u6c34\u57df\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u8d6b\u5fb7\u975e\u5e38\u6c14\u6124\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u89c1\u6b64\u6848\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u5c31\u5efa\u8bae\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u5c06\u6b64\u6848\u8f6c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u82f1\u5927\u81e3\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u3002\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8d6b\u5fb7\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u6b64\u6848\u4ea4\u7531\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u5df2\u7ecf\u8f6c\u5230\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u624b\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u80cc\u540e\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u8be5\u6848\u7684\u4ea4\u6d89\u8fdb\u7a0b\u30021877\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5c31\u9547\u6c5f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u5199\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u53d1\u7ed9\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8fd8\u6307\u793a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u9a7b\u4f26\u6566\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff08James Duncan Campbell\uff09\u5e2e\u52a9\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u5904\u7406\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u3002\u4ed6\u57284\u670811\u65e5\u7ed9\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u6b64\u4e8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u9996\u8111\u90e8\u95e8\u6446\u5728\uff08\u5916\u4ea4\uff09\u56fd\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5c31\u8981\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e88\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5176\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u679d\u8282\u95ee\u9898\u5e94\u4e00\u6982\u907f\u5f00\u3002\u90ed\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u5b9a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u4f46\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5c3d\u529b\u719f\u6089\u6848\u60c5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u62df\u8ba2\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4ee5\u524d\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u4e0d\u8981\u8868\u793a\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u90ed\u5d69\u7118<\/p>\n

\u8db8\u8239\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u79fb\u8d70\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6b64\u6848\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u575a\u51b3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u6e05\u695a\u5373\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u80dc\u8bc9\uff0c\u6d77\u5173\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u4ed6\u57284\u670811\u65e5\u7ed9\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u8258\u8239\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u8fd9\u95ee\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5c0f\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u81ea\u5c01\u7684\u6743\u52bf\u4e5f\u592a\u5927\u4e86\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5371\u53ca\u4e00\u9879\u539f\u5219\u548c\u4e00\u9879\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5168\u529b\u4ee5\u8d74\u5730\u4e89\u4e2a\u6c34\u843d\u77f3\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u2018\u4e89\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6587\u94b1\u2019\u3002\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u548c\u5931\u7b56\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5df2\u7ecf\u6b32\u7f62\u4e0d\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4e89\u5230\u5e95\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u80fd\u591f\u987a\u5229\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e8e7\u670824\u65e5\u81f4\u7535\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff0c\u8981\u5176\u8bb0\u4f4f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u70b9\u201c\u51e1\u5c5e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u672a\u7ecf\u653e\u5f03\u7684\u539f\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f9d\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u201d8\u670815\u65e5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u7535\u544a\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u9192\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u907f\u514d\u679d\u8282\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5e94\u62d2\u7edd\u4e0e\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u8ba8\u8bba\u6b64\u4e8b\u30028\u670831\u65e5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u518d\u6b21\u7535\u544a\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff1a\u201c\u8bf7\u518d\u5fe0\u544a\u90ed\u8981\u907f\u514d\u679d\u8282\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u7262\u8bb0\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u63d0\u51fa\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8db8\u8239\u5fc5\u987b\u632a\u8d70\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u6bd4\u8fd9\u5c11\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u80dc\u8bc9\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8fd8\u8ba9\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u5c31\u9547\u6c5f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u8bf7\u6559\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5c06\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u6848\u60c5\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u5199\u5b8c\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5bc4\u7ed9\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff0c\u7531\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u8f6c\u7ed9\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u30021877\u5e748\u670810\u65e5\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u7535\u544a\u8d6b\u5fb7\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u56e2\u8d5e\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u56e2\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5bc4\u9001\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5927\u81e3\u5fb7\u6bd4(Derby)\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u9664\u4e86\u54a8\u8be2\u82f1\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u754c\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f81\u8be2\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c1877\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u7535\u544a\u8d6b\u5fb7\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4e66\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e3a\uff0c\u8db8\u8239\u662f\u9020\u6210\u5824\u5cb8\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u79fb\u5f00\u3002\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u76f8\u5e94\u5c06\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u610f\u89c1\u4e66\u5bc4\u7ed9\u5fb7\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5c06\u6b64\u6848\u79fb\u4ea4\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba1\u7406\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u4e2d\u82f1\u9547\u6c5f\u8db8\u8239\u6848\u4ee5\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u800c\u7ed3\u675f\u30021878\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\u5fb7\u6bd4\u81f4\u51fd\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u632a\u8d70\u8db8\u8239\u3002<\/p>\n

3<\/p>\n

1878\u5e742\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u798f\u5dde\u6d77\u5173\u67e5\u83b7\u6765\u81ea\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u4e00\u8258\u82f1\u56fd\u8239\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u8f7d\u6709\u4e09\u62c5\u9e26\u7247\uff08\u6298\u5408360\u78c5\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5448\u4ea4\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u6e05\u5355\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5217\u5165\u3002\u798f\u5dde\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u6c49\u5357(CharlesHannen)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8239\u957f\u51fa\u5177\u4e86\u5047\u8d27\u7269\u6e05\u5355\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8bf7\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u5904\u7f5a\u8239\u957f\u767d\u94f6\u4e94\u767e\u4e24\u3002\u4f46\u8239\u957f\u628a\u8d23\u4efb\u63a8\u5230\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff08\u53a8\u5e08\u548c\u4e58\u52a1\u5458\uff09\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fa9\u79f0\uff1a\u6b64\u9879\u9e26\u7247\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80cc\u7740\u4ed6\u5e26\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8d27\u7269\u6e05\u5355\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4e3a\u5047\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ea4\u7eb3\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u5e76\u58f0\u8a00\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4ec6\u5f79\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u4ea4\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u7ecf\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u5ba1\u8baf\u540e\uff0c\u88c1\u51b3\u4e8c\u4eba\u201c\u65e0\u7f6a\u201d\uff0c\u8239\u957f\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u7f34\u7eb3\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u7f72\u7406\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u5085\u78ca\u65af(Hugh Fraser)\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u4e3a\u7ef4\u62a4\u6d77\u5173\u5236\u5ea6\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u8ba9\u8d6b\u5fb7\u901a\u8fc7\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u5ef6\u8bf7\u82f1\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f53\u5c40\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002<\/p>\n

1878\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u8d6b\u5fb7\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\u5ea6\u5047\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u63a5\u5230\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u7684\u6765\u7535\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u81f4\u51fd\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff0c\u8ba9\u5176\u5e2e\u7740\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u54a8\u8be2\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u201d\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5e76\u544a\u8bc9\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8981\u542c\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u51e1\u5c5e\u5e94\u8be5\u5217\u5165\u8d27\u5355\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5217\u5165\uff0c\u8d27\u5355\u5c31\u662f\u5047\u8d27\u5355\uff08\u5373\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5047\u7684\u800c\u5e76\u975e\u6709\u610f\u4f5c\u5047\uff09\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u6240\u5f81\u8be2\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u610f\u89c1\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5bf9\u201c\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u201d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8ba9\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u81f4\u7535\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u8239\u8236\u88c5\u8fd0\u8d27\u7269\u6e05\u5355\u5fc5\u987b\u8bf4\u660e\u5168\u90e8\u8239\u8d27\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u8239\u8d27\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u8239\u4e0a\u8f7d\u8fd0\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5546\u54c1\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5e94\u5b8c\u7a0e\u7684\uff0c\u514d\u7a0e\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u7981\u8fd0\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bba\u6709\u65e0\u63d0\u8d27\u5355\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u82f1\u6761\u7ea6\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u6b3e\uff0c\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u5730\u652f\u6301\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u800c\u6307\u6458\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6d77\u5173\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6f0f\u62a5\u60c5\u4e8b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9664\u7eaf\u5c5e\u6284\u5199\u9519\u8bef\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u8239\u957f\u518d\u6539\u6b63\u8239\u8236\u88c5\u8fd0\u8d27\u7269\u6e05\u5355\u4e0a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5982\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53ef\u4fc3\u8bf7\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u5c06\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u7684\u6848\u60c5\u901a\u62a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u4f26\u6566\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u5e74\u6708\u65e5\u987a\u5e8f\u5bf9\u6848\u60c5\u52a0\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u800c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u53d7\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u5c06\u6b64\u6848\u6309\u7167\u8d6b\u5fb7\u610f\u89c1\u79fb\u4ea4\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u82f1\u4f7f\u9986\u5904\u7406\u3002\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u82f1\u4f7f\u81e3\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u81f4\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u6c99\u91cc\u58eb\u4f2f\u52cb\u7235\uff08Lord Salisbury\uff09\u7684\u516c\u51fd\u3002\u6c99\u91cc\u58eb\u4f2f\u52cb\u7235\u63a5\u5230\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd\u7684\u516c\u51fd\u540e\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u7acb\u5373\u5bf9\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u8003\u8651\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u800c\u652f\u6301\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u798f\u5dde\u9886\u4e8b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd\u5e94\u81f4\u51fd\u6c99\u91cc\u58eb\u4f2f\u52cb\u7235\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u4ea6\u6301\u540c\u6837\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8d6b\u5fb7\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u81f4\u51fd\u6c99\u91cc\u58eb\u4f2f\u52cb\u7235\uff0c\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u76f8\u5f02\u8868\u793a\u9057\u61be\u3002\u6307\u51fa\u5bf9\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u8239\u957f\u662f\u5426\u5904\u4ee5\u7f5a\u6b3e\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u8231\u5355\u662f\u5426\u6309\u6d77\u5173\u8981\u6c42\u5df2\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u8fd0\u8f7d\u51c6\u5907\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u5217\u5165\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ec5\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ecf\u8239\u957f\u7b7e\u53d1\u63d0\u8d27\u5355\u7684\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u66fe\u7eaa\u6cfd\u4e0e\u6c99\u91cc\u58eb\u4f2f\u52cb\u7235\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u7684\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u7535\u544a\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff1a\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4fee\u7ea6\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u4f7f\u5df2\u540c\u610f\u6761\u6b3e\u4e2d\u6709\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u6d77\u5173\u51c6\u5355\u65b9\u80fd\u88c5\u8239\u6216\u5378\u8239\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u5fc5\u987b\u5217\u5165\u8231\u5355\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u9057\u6f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u6301\u6709\u63d0\u8d27\u5355\u636e\uff0c\u5373\u6784\u6210\u5047\u8231\u5355\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u6b64\u6761\u5ba1\u614e\u5730\u901a\u77e5\u6c99\u91cc\u58eb\u4f2f\uff0c\u5e94\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u66fe\u4faf\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u540c\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u8fdb\u884c\u5546\u8ba8\uff0c\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u4e0e\u8d6b\u5fb7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u970d\u91d1\u53f8(Hutchins)\u5f8b\u5e08\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u957f\u7bc7\u6848\u60c5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u76f4\u52301879\u5e74\u5e95\u8fd9\u4efd\u6848\u60c5\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u6709\u70b9\u7740\u6025\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u8fdb\u884c\u5230\u5e95\u30021880\u5e743\u670812\u65e5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u81f4\u51fd\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u4f60\u548c\u970d\u91d1\u53f8\u5728\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u7684\u78cb\u5546\u5c06\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u8fd8\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u597d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u83b7\u5f97\u53e6\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u8868\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6597\u4e89\u5230\u5e95\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u6216\u662f\u575a\u51b3\u575a\u6301\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5047\u5982\u5b83\u9009\u62e9\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u597d\uff1b\u5982\u5b83\u51b3\u5b9a\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u884c\uff01\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u6211\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b81\u613f\u53d1\u73b0\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u575a\u6301\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8981\u628a\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u8bba\u636e\u5145\u5206\u9610\u660e\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u4f60\u73b0\u5728\u505a\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e76\u4e14\u505a\u7684\u5f88\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u5b9e\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u51c6\u5907\u7740\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u9886\u8896\u683c\u83b1\u65af\u987f(Gladstone)\u5c31\u804c\u9996\u76f8\u524d\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u82f1\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u66fe\u7ecf\u54a8\u8be2\u8fc7\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08Henry James\uff09\u4e0e\u8d6b\u8c22\u5c14(Farrar Herschell)\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u5347\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u7684\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u548c\u526f\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u5174\u594b\u5730\u51fd\u544a\u8d6b\u5fb7\uff1a\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u4efb\u4f55\u60ac\u800c\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u8d6b\u5fb7\u6bd4\u8f83\u51b7\u9759\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u548c\u8d6b\u8c22\u5c14\u62ff\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u916c\u91d1\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u53d1\u8868\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u53ee\u5631\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff1a\u201c\u8bf7\u4f60\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u60f3\u7f5a\u2018\u53f0\u6e7e\u2019\u53f7\u51e0\u4e24\u94f6\u5b50\u4ee5\u8868\u660e\u5176\u8fdd\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5e0c\u671b\u4eca\u540e\u5bf9\u8239\u8d27\u548c\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u8349\u6848\u867d\u5c1a\u672a\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u88c5\u8239\u6216\u5378\u8239\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff08\u6709\u63d0\u5355\u6216\u65e0\u63d0\u5355\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8239\u8d27\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u51fa\u793a\u4e86\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u683c\u83b1\u65af\u987f(Gladstone)<\/p>\n

\u6700\u7ec8\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u610f\u4e86\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5bf9\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7f5a\u6b3e\u30021882\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u51fd\u544a\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u521a\u624d\u6765\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5df2\u4f5c\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u4e3a\u2018\u53f0\u6e7e\u2019\u53f7\u4e8b\u60c5\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u201d8\u670814\u65e5\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u518d\u6b21\u5411\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8868\u793a\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u5bf9\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u7f5a\u6b3e\u989d\u4e3a100\u6d77\u5173\u4e24\u30028\u670824\u65e5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u7535\u544a\u91d1\u767b\u5e72\uff1a\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u53f7\u6848\u4ef6\u5df2\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u7f5a\u6b3e\u4e00\u767e\u6d77\u5173\u4e24\u3002\u201d\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6301\u7eed4\u5e74\u591a\u7684\u201d\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u7ec8\u4e8e\u843d\u4e0b\u5e37\u5e55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0e\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201d\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u5047\u8d27\u5355\u6848\u6700\u7ec8\u4ee5\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u5174\u3002\u4ed6\u57288\u670818\u65e5\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u4ee5\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u53f0\u6e7e\u201d\u53f7\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f85\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u662f\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d62\u4e86\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4ee5\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u8d62\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8d62\u7684\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6211\u4eec\uff01\u201d<\/p>\n

4<\/p>\n

\u829c\u6e56\u81ea\u5f00\u57e0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u65b0\u5173\u3001\u5e38\u5173\uff0c\u4e24\u5904\u76f8\u8ddd\u9887\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n

1877\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u9ec4\u5982\u96e8\u4ee5\u6c11\u7528\u62e8\u8239\u88c5\u8fd0\u9752\u9ebb\uff0c\u95ef\u5173\u8d70\u79c1\uff0c\u9003\u907f\u5398\u91d1\uff0c\u88ab\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u67e5\u83b7\u3002\u7167\u6d77\u5173\u7ae0\u7a0b\u672c\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u8fc7\u5e38\u5173\u4e0d\u7eb3\u5398\u91d1\uff0c\u8239\u8d27\u5e94\u5206\u522b\u5145\u516c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u829c\u6e56\u9886\u4e8b\u502d\u59a5\u739b(Thomas Watters)\u5374\u5728\u7167\u4f1a\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e\u9ec4\u5982\u96e8\u6240\u8fd0\u9752\u9ebb\u7cfb\u6d0b\u5546\u4e4b\u8d27\uff0c\u5e94\u6309\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u8fdb\u884c\u4f1a\u5ba1\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4e24\u5173\u76f8\u8ddd\u8fc7\u8fd1\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u5546\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5904\u5173\u5361\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4ea4\u7eb3\u5398\u91d1\u4e3a\u9041\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e3a\u6d0b\u5546\u9003\u907f\u5398\u91d1\u5f00\u8131\u3002\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u7f72\u7406\u516c\u4f7f\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u5219\u652f\u6301\u502d\u59a5\u739b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e2d\u82f1\u829c\u6e56\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\u7684\u4ea4\u6d89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u5904\u7406\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u30021877\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u5c06\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u6848\u6240\u5199\u516c\u51fd\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8d6b\u5fb7\u9605\u770b\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u975e\u5e38\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u6709\u5173\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u8349\u62df\u4e86\u7b54\u590d\u30021878\u5e741\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u62dc\u8bbf\u8d6b\u5fb7\uff0c\u5546\u8ba8\u829c\u6e56\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8d6b\u5fb7\u7684\u4ea4\u6d89\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u627f\u8ba4\u9ec4\u5982\u96e8\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u58f0\u79f0\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u8349\u62df\u4e86\u5bf9\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u6709\u5173\u829c\u6e56\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\u7684\u7b54\u590d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e2\u7136\u5085\u78ca\u65af\u60f3\u8981\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9\u4ed6\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u62d2\u7edd\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u63a5\u7740\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e0e\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u5c31\u4e0d\u65ad\u5546\u8ba8\u5bf9\u829c\u6e56\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5f88\u5feb\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\u5ea6\u5047\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u67e5\u4e8b\u5b9c\u5c31\u803d\u6401\u4e0b\u6765\u30021878\u5e747\u670820\u65e5\u5df2\u7ecf\u56de\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8d6b\u5fb7\u6307\u793a\u88f4\u5f0f\u6977\uff1a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u829c\u6e56\u9752\u9ebb\u6848\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e0\u8bba\u8054\u5408\u8fdb\u884c\u6291\u6216\u5355\u72ec\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5e94\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u5e76\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5411\u4f7f\u9986\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u53d1\u51fa\u516c\u51fd\u6216\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u8c03\u67e5\u610f\u5411\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u5bf9\u81f4\u5434\u5f97\u7984\uff08\u829c\u6e56\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\uff0cF. E. Woodruff\uff09\u7684\u516c\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u5404\u70b9\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u548c\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u6211\u6240\u6392\u5217\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fd9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6b64\u6848\u6ca1\u518d\u8fc7\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n

5<\/p>\n

1880\u5e7410\u670826\u65e5\u591c\uff0c\u5e7f\u5dde\u6d77\u5173\u5de1\u5f79\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4f69\u5947(Edward Page)\u5f00\u67aa\u6253\u6b7b\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d70\u79c1\u72af\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f69\u5947\u6267\u884c\u516c\u52a1\uff0c\u505a\u7684\u5bf9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u9886\u4e8b\u6709\u96c5\u829d\uff08Arthur Rotch Hewlett\uff09\u5374\u902e\u6355\u4e86\u4ed6\uff0c\u6253\u7b97\u9001\u5f80\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ee5\u51f6\u6740\u6216\u8bef\u6740\u7f6a\u4ea4\u4ed8\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f20\u5524\u5e7f\u5dde\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u5409\u5fb7\uff08Edward McKean\uff09\u548c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5173\u5176\u4ed6\u804c\u5458\u53bb\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f5c\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u540e\u6765\u6539\u6d3e\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f5b\u4f26\u5947\uff08Franch\uff09\u8d74\u5e7f\u5dde\u5ba1\u7406\u6b64\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u6848\u540c\u6837\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0e\u6d77\u5173\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6b64\u6848\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u8058\u8bf7\u4e86\u738b\u5ba4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u6d77\u62c9\u5c14\u4e0e\u9999\u6e2f\u68c0\u5bdf\u603b\u957f\u5965\u9a6c\u5229\u548c\u9ea6\u57fa\u6069\u53bb\u5e7f\u5dde\u4e3a\u4f69\u5947\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u8fd8\u8ba9\u6d77\u62c9\u5c14\u4e0e\u9ea6\u57fa\u6069\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u6cd5\u5ead\u5bf9\u6709\u96c5\u829d\u63d0\u51fa\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4f69\u5947\u4e3a\u906d\u975e\u6cd5\u902e\u6355\u548c\u76d1\u7981\u800c\u63a7\u6709\u96c5\u829d\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u8d54\u507f\u635f\u593120000\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u544a\u77e5\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\uff08Thomas Francis Wade\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u6709\u96c5\u829d\u6309\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8d6b\u5fb7\u901a\u77e5\u5409\u5fb7\u8981\u4ece\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e0a\u731b\u653b\uff0c\u7528\u5c3d\u4e00\u5207\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4f69\u5947\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u6216\u5c3d\u529b\u4f7f\u6709\u96c5\u829d\u9650\u4e8e\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n

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6<\/p>\n

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