\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5168\u7403\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6b7b\u4ea1\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u67091040\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u30022010\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u4f30\u8ba1\u670913.9\u4ebf\u4eba\u60a3\u6709\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4f46\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u548c\u5bf9\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u6b63\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u5251\u6865\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u53f2\u300b(The Cambridge World History of Human Disease)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u4f30\u7b97\u8840\u538b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8bca\u8109\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u8109\u640f\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\u548c\u8282\u594f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8840\u538b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u7956\u5148\u9996\u6b21\u4ee5\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a2000\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u7684 \u300a\u9ec4\u5e1d\u5185\u7ecf\u300b \u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u8109\u640f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u76db\u800c\u575a\u66f0\u80c0\u3002\u201d\u77ed\u77ed\u8fd9\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u88ab\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u6709\u5173\u52a8\u8109\u538b\u529b\u5347\u9ad8\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7f57\u9a6c\u533b\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u8109\u640f\u7684\u9891\u7387\u548c\u538b\u529b\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6fc0\u52a8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u533b\u751f\u5230\u6765\u65f6\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5bf9\u201c\u767d\u5927\u8863\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u201d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5352\u4e2d\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u80a2\u4f53\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u8d77\u56e0\u4e8e\u8111\u4f9b\u8840\u8fc7\u591a\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5efa\u8bae\u5bf9\u5352\u4e2d\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u653e\u8840\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u61ff\u5728\u4ece\u66f9\u723d\u624b\u91cc\u593a\u56de\u5175\u6743\u540e\u975e\u5e38\u6fc0\u52a8\u548c\u9ad8\u5174\uff0c\u4f46\u4e50\u6781\u751f\u60b2\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u843d\u9a6c\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4ed6\u201c\u53e3\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u201c\u4ee5\u624b\u793a\u610f\u201d\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u662d\u5219\u662f\u9152\u7b75\u4e0a\u9152\u9163\u8033\u719f\u4e4b\u9645\u7a81\u7136\u75c5\u5012\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u201c\u53e3\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ee5\u624b\u6307\u4e8e\u53f8\u9a6c\u708e\u800c\u4ea1\u3002\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u5728\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u61ff\u548c\u53f8\u9a6c\u662d\u7236\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u6240\u81f4\u7684\u8111\u5352\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u54c8\u7ef4(William Harvey\uff0c1578~1657)\uff0c\u57281628\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u5fc3\u8840\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\u548c\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5f53\u4eba\u4f53\u52a8\u8109\u88ab\u5272\u7834\u65f6\uff0c\u8840\u6db2\u5728\u8840\u538b\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\u55b7\u6d8c\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u5728\u89e6\u6478\u8109\u640f\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u54c8\u7ef4\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u533b\u5b66\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u79d1\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u4e0d\u660e\u6216\u7591\u96be\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u5b8c\u6210\u5b83\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u2026\u2026\u3002\u54c8\u7ef4\u751f\u524d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u8840\u538b\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\u5b66\u8bf4\u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u540e\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u4e8b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8840\u538b\u8ba1\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n
1733\u5e7412 \u6708,\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u9ed1\u5c14\u65af(Stephen Hales\uff0c1677-1761)\u4e3a\u4e00\u5339\u5927\u7ea614 \u5c81\u7684\u6bcd\u9a6c\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\u672f,\u6b65\u9aa4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5c06\u9a6c\u6346\u7f1a\u4f7f\u5176\u5367\u5012\u5728\u5730, \u5207\u5f00\u5176\u8ddd\u79bb\u8179\u90e8\u7ea67.6cm(3 \u82f1\u5bf8)\u7684\u5de6\u5c0f\u817f\u52a8\u8109(\u4e8b\u5148\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u90e8\u7ed3\u624e)\u3002\u4ed6\u63d2\u5165\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u7684\u5c3e\u7aef\u63a5\u6709\u5c0f\u91d1\u5c5e\u7ba1\u7684\u957f9\u82f1\u5c3a(274\u5398\u7c73)\u76f4\u5f84\u516d\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u4e0e\u5730\u9762\u4fdd\u6301\u5782\u76f4\uff1b\u89e3\u5f00\u7ed3\u624e\u52a8\u8109\u7684\u7ef3\u5b50,\u6b64\u65f6\u8840\u6db2\u7acb\u5373\u6d8c\u5165\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u5185\uff0c\u9ad8\u8fbe8.3\u82f1\u5c3a(270\u5398\u7c73)\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u793a\u9a6c\u7684\u8840\u538b\u53ef\u7ef4\u6301270\u5398\u7c73\u7684\u67f1\u9ad8\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7267\u5e08\u4e5f\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u8840\u6db2\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u9a6c\u7684\u5fc3\u8df3\u7a0d\u5fae\u5347\u9ad8\u6216\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u6765\u5b9a\u7684\u6536\u7f29\u538b\u548c\u8212\u5f20\u538b\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u753b\u5bb6\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u4e861733\u5e74\u6d77\u8036\u65af\u7267\u5e08\u9996\u6b21\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n
1819\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u8d5b\u5229(Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille\uff0c 1797-1869)\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5bdf\u770b\u8840\u6db2\u5728\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u5185\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u5185\u88c5\u6c34\u94f6\u7684\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6c34\u94f6\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u662f\u6c34\u768413.6\u500d\uff0c\u6b64\u6cd5\u5927\u5927\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u6240\u7528\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u6bd4\u8d77\u9ed1\u5c14\u65af\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u524d\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n
\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u9ed1\u5c14\u65af\u548c\u666e\u8d5b\u5229\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u521b\u7684\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5341\u5206\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8840\u538b\u8ba1\u8bde\u751f\u57281896 \u5e74\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u533b\u751f\u7f57\u514b\u897f(Scipione Riva Rocci\uff0c1863-1937)\u9996\u521b\u4e86\u5c06\u8896\u5e26\u4e0e\u8840\u538b\u8ba1\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7f57\u514b\u897f\u9009\u62e9\u80b1\u52a8\u8109\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u4f38\u7f29\u6027\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5305\u7ed5\u4e00\u6761\u5bbd\u7ea65cm \u7684\u6a61\u80f6\u5e26\u540e\u7f20\u7ed5\u4e0a\u81c2\u4e00\u5468\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9644\u7740\u5728\u6a61\u80f6\u5e26\u4e0a\u7684\u6a61\u80f6\u7403\u5c06\u7a7a\u6c14\u6253\u5165\u8896\u5e26\u5185\u76f4\u5230\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e6\u53ca\u6861\u52a8\u8109\u640f\u52a8\u3002\u7136\u540e\u91ca\u653e\u888b\u5185\u7a7a\u6c14\u76f4\u81f3\u6861\u52a8\u8109\u640f\u52a8\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u6c34\u94f6\u4e0b\u964d\u6240\u81f3\u7684\u8bfb\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u6536\u7f29\u538b\u3002\u7f57\u514b\u897f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u6d4b\u91cf\u52a8\u8109\u7684\u6536\u7f29\u538b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6d4b\u91cf\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u503c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a8\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u7ea6\u6570\uff0c\u6b20\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
1905\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u519b\u533b\u79d1\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u67ef\u6d1b\u7279 (Nikolai Kortkoff\uff0c1874\uff5e1920)\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\u65f6\uff0c\u52a0\u7528\u4e0a\u4e86\u542c\u8bca\u5668\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7528\u81c2\u5e26\u7ed1\u624e\u4e0a\u81c2\u5e76\u52a0\u538b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u51cf\u538b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5916\u9762\u538b\u529b\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ece\u81c2\u5e26\u5185\u7684\u542c\u8bca\u5668\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u542c\u5230\u8840\u6d41\u518d\u6b21\u51b2\u51fb\u8840\u7ba1\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u4f7f\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\u98de\u8dc3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5982\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u67ef\u6d1b\u7279\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8840\u538b\u8ba1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u4f5c\u51fa\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8896\u5e26\u8840\u538b\u8ba1\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u8005\u4e3a\u7f57\u514b\u897f\u3002\u540e\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7f57\u514b\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u83b7\u5f97\u7a81\u51fa\u6210\u7ee9\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5b66\u4f1a\u6388\u4e88\u7f57\u514b\u897f\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n
1916\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5384\u5170\u683c\uff081944\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u53ca\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6d4b\u8840\u538b\u65f6\u8840\u6db2\u640f\u52a8\u58f0\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u5f97\u4f4e\u6c89\u65f6\uff0c\u8840\u538b\u8ba1\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u5fc3\u810f\u8212\u5f20\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u8212\u5f20\u538b\u6216\u4fd7\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u4f4e\u538b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n
\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5386\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3001\u52c7\u6c14\u548c\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u8fd8\u95f4\u6216\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7740\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u8d2a\u5a6a\u3002<\/p>\n
1914\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u5317\u4e92\u52a9\u4eba\u5bff\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u987e\u95ee\u8d39\u5e0c\u5c14(J. W. Fisher)\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u4e3a\u65f6\u6570\u5e74\u7684\u8840\u538b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0e\u8fc7\u65e9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6536\u7f29\u538b\u8d8a\u9ad8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u98ce\u9669\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u6536\u7f29\u538b\u9ad8\u4e8e 160mmHg \u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u53d1\u751f\u65e9\u6b7b\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662f\u6536\u7f29\u538b 140mmHg \u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684 2.5 \u500d\u3002\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u56e0\u6b64\u5efa\u8bae\u8840\u538b\u6c34\u5e73\u6301\u7eed\u9ad8\u4e8e\u540c\u9f84\u4eba 15 \u6beb\u7c73\u6c5e\u67f1\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u7533\u8bf7\u5e94\u8be5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u5c14\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5c06\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u5f15\u5165\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u505a\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6700\u521d\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5c11\u8d54\u70b9\u94b1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4e00\u76f4\u5bf9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u9ad8\u6d41\u884c\u6027\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u5174\u8da3\u6d53\u539a\u3002\u300a\u5251\u6865\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u53f2\u300b\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e09\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ea4\u611f\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u80be\u810f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u52a8\u8109\u538b\u529b\u5f71\u54cd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u51e0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ee7\u53d1\u6027\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u75c5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u75c5\u4f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u539f\u53d1\u6027\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u81f4\u75c5\u539f\u56e0\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u8c1c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u9632\u6cbb\u6307\u5357\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u5c06\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5206\u7c7b\u4e3a\u539f\u53d1\u6027\u548c\u7ee7\u53d1\u6027\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u4e24\u79cd\u3002\u800c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u786e\u5207\u75c5\u56e0\u7684\u539f\u53d1\u6027\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u4ecd\u5360\u5230\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u603b\u6570\u7684 90% \u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u8f83\u65e9\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5374\u59cb\u7ec8\u672a\u80fd\u660e\u786e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5371\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u533b\u5b66\u754c\uff09\u7684\u666e\u904d\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u52a8\u8109\u786c\u5316\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8840\u538b\u8ba9\u8840\u6db2\u901a\u8fc7\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u8840\u7ba1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee3\u507f\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u201d 20\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u964d\u538b\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u53ea\u98df\u7528\u8c37\u7c7b\u3001\u6c34\u679c\u548c\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20\u7247\u800c\u7981\u7528\u5305\u62ec\u76d0\u3001\u8089\u5728\u5185\u7684\u996e\u98df\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u91cd\u5ea6\u751a\u81f3\u6076\u6027\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u8840\u538b\u3002\u8981\u4e48\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u7684\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u5207\u65ad\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u80f8\u90e8\u3001\u8179\u90e8\u6216\u76c6\u8154\u7684\u4ea4\u611f\u795e\u7ecf\u3002\u5e7f\u5927\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u60a3\u8005\u6ca1\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u964d\u538b\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5e76\u53d1\u75c7\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u51fa\u73b0\u57281945\u5e74\u3002\u96c5\u5c14\u5854\u4f1a\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u4ec52\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u5929\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7a81\u611f\u6795\u90e8\u5267\u70c8\u75bc\u75db\uff0c\u5e76\u8dcc\u5012\u5728\u5730\u540e\u660f\u8ff7\u4e0d\u9192\u300215\u5206\u949f\u540e\uff0c\u5306\u5306\u8d76\u6765\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4e3a\u5176\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\uff0c\u7adf\u9ad8\u8fbe300\/190mmHg\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u5373\u5ba3\u5e03\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7463\u5c81\uff01<\/p>\n
\u636e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5fc3\u810f\u79d1\u533b\u751f\u7684\u75c5\u4f8b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb10\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7684\u8840\u538b\u4e00\u8def\u98d9\u5347\uff1a1935\u5e74\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e3a136\/78mmHg\uff0c2\u5e74\u540e\u4e3a162\/98mmHg\uff0c1944\u5e74\u5347\u5230\u4e86188\/105mmHg\uff0c\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u767b\u9646\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8840\u538b\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f226\/118mmHg\uff0c1944\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u56e0\u5fc3\u529b\u8870\u7aed\u800c\u4f4f\u9662\u3002\u4ece\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u201c\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u6027\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u201d\u6700\u540e\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u5fc3\u529b\u8870\u7aed\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u6162\u6027\u5e76\u53d1\u75c7\u8fdb\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u533b\u751f\u5374\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u30021944\u5e74\u7ade\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u5fc3\u810f\u80a5\u5927\uff0c\u5c3f\u86cb\u767d \uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u65f6\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bfc\u81f4\u5fc3\u810f\u3001\u80be\u810f\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u7b2c2\u5e74\uff0c\u53731946\u5e74\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\u79c9\u6301\u5982\u4e0b\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u4f53\u5faa\u73af\u8840\u538b\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5fc3\u3001\u8111\u3001\u80be\u66f4\u52a0\u6b63\u5e38\u5faa\u73af\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65af\u5927\u6797\u540c\u6837\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\uff0c1953\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u544a\u201d\u4e2d\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c3\u67081\u65e5\u591c\u95f4\u65af\u5927\u6797\u540c\u5fd7\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u4ed6\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u91cc\u60a3\u8111\u6ea2\u8840\uff0c\u6ea2\u8840\u4fb5\u8680\u4e86\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8111\u533a\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u540c\u5fd7\u5931\u53bb\u77e5\u89c9\u3002\u53f3\u81c2\u53f3\u817f\u762b\u75ea\u3002\u4e27\u5931\u8bf4\u8bdd\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5fc3\u810f\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u547c\u5438\u4e25\u91cd\u5931\u8c03\u3002\u201d1953\u5e743\u67085\u65e59\u65f650\u5206\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u4eba\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n
\u636e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9a6c\u897f\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u4e4c\u5c14\u627e\u5230\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u9a8c\u5c38\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u5173\u65af\u5927\u6797\u6b7b\u56e0\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u8eab\u4f53\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u9644\u8fd1\u522b\u5885\u4e2d\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u201d\u62a5\u544a\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u60a3\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\uff0c\u8111\u90e8\u548c\u5fc3\u810f\u52a8\u8109\u786c\u5316\uff0c\u8102\u80aa\u809d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5feb\u8981\u75c5\u53d8\u4e3a\u809d\u786c\u5316\u3002\u5176\u5de6\u4fa7\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u98ce\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u80c3\u51fa\u8840\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u6700\u7ec8\u7a92\u606f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u62bd\u7740\u96ea\u8304\u7684\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\uff0c\u65e9\u57281949\u5e74\u5c31\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8f7b\u5ea6\u4e2d\u98ce\uff08\u8111\u6897\u585e\uff09\uff0c\u8111\u8840\u7ba1\u52a8\u8109\u786c\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u30021953\u5e746\u6708\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4e2d\u98ce\uff08\u8111\u6897\u585e\uff09\uff0c1955\u5e74\u56e0\u5065\u5eb7\u539f\u56e0\u8f9e\u53bb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u9996\u76f8\u804c\u52a1\u300275 \u5c81\u5230\u901d\u4e16\u768416 \u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u4e94\u6b21\u4e2d\u98ce\u30021965\u5e74\u521d\u6700\u540e\u7684\u90a3\u6b21\u4e2d\u98ce\uff0c\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u660f\u8ff7\u4e86\u534a\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u610f\u5fd7\u575a\u5f3a\u3001\u9177\u7231\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5174\u8da3\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e5f\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6d3b\u5230\u4e8691\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u6b7b\u540e\u76841948\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc3\u810f\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u56fd\u5e93\u4e2d\u62e8\u51fa\u5de8\u6b3e\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5fc3\u8111\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u75c5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u3002<\/p>\n
20\u4e16\u7eaa50~60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fdFramingham\u5fc3\u810f\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u4eba\u7fa4\u8840\u538b\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u8840\u538b\u4e0e\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u75c5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u662f\u5f15\u8d77\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u75c5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u3002Framingham\u5fc3\u810f\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5bf95209\u540d\u6210\u4eba\u5c45\u6c11\u968f\u8bbf10\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e1961\u5e74\u5728\u300aAnnals of Internal Medicine\u300b\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u3001\u9ad8\u80c6\u56fa\u9187\u3001\u5de6\u5fc3\u5ba4\u80a5\u5927\u4e3a\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u7684\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5f00\u59cb\u89c9\u9192\u3002\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u9646\u7eed\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5438\u70df\u3001\u559d\u9152\u3001\u957f\u671f\u996e\u98df\u4e0d\u826f\u3001\u957f\u671f\u98df\u76d0\u8fc7\u91cf\uff0c\u80a5\u80d6\u3001\u7d27\u5f20\u3001\u4e0d\u7231\u8fd0\u52a8\u7b49\u4e3a\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u662f\u8111\u5352\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bf1\u53d1\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n
2017 \u56fd\u9645\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u521b\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u8bba\u575b\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u548c\u9632\u63a7\u73b0\u72b6\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u6211\u56fd62%\u7684\u8111\u5352\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7531\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\uff0c49% \u7684\u5fc3\u808c\u6897\u585e\u7531\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u3002\u800c\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u53ef\u4f7f\u51a0\u5fc3\u75c5\u60a3\u75c5\u98ce\u9669\u589e\u52a0 20%\uff0c\u7f3a\u8840\u6027\u548c\u51fa\u8840\u6027\u8111\u5352\u4e2d\u98ce\u9669\u5206\u522b\u589e\u52a0 39% \u548c 54%\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6cbb\u7597\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0d\u65ad\u66f4\u65b0<\/p>\n
\u6cbb\u7597\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u2014\u2014\u964d\u538b\u836f\u4e0d\u65ad\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u4ece\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u5229\u5c3f\u5242\uff0c\u52301964\u5e74\uff0c\u03b2-\u53d7\u4f53\u963b\u6ede\u5242\u9762\u4e16\uff0c\u518d\u523060\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b-70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u9499\u901a\u9053\u963b\u6ede\u5242\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c70\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u8840\u7ba1\u7d27\u5f20\u7d20\u8f6c\u6362\u9176\u6291\u5236\u5242\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u53c8\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u8840\u7ba1\u7d27\u5f20\u7d20\u7cfb\u7edf\u6291\u5236\u5242\u3002\u8fd110\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5355\u7247\u590d\u65b9\u5236\u5242\u7531\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u964d\u538b\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u4f9d\u4ece\u6027\u548c\u7597\u6548\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u548c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u3002<\/p>\n
2017\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5b66\u4f1a\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7b49\u56fd\u76f8\u7ee7\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u5b9e\u8df5\u6216\u9632\u6cbb\u6307\u5357\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u5357\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\u5305\u62ec\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8bca\u5ba4\u5916\u8840\u538b\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u8d77\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u7247\u590d\u65b9\u5236\u5242\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u8840\u538b\u76ee\u6807\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u75c5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u65e9\u53d1\u7684\u66f4\u5e74\u671f\u3001\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\u7b49\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u964d\u538b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u60a3\u8005\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u9776\u5668\u5b98\u635f\u5bb3\u548c\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u75be\u75c5\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u52a8\u8109\u7ca5\u6837\u786c\u5316\u3001\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u5e72\u9884\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u56fd\u57281999\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u8054\u76df\u9886\u5bfc\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u9632\u6cbb\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u522b\u57282005\u30012011\u30012018\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u5b9a\u671f\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u6307\u5357\u6709\u6548\u5730\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u7ba1\u7406\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u56fd\u6709\u5c06\u8fd13\u4ebf\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u77e5\u6653\u7387\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\u7387\u53ea\u670950%\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u7387\u7ea617%\uff0c\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u9632\u6cbb\u4efb\u91cd\u9053\u8fdc\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5168\u7403\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6b7b\u4ea1\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u67091040\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u30022010\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u4f30\u8ba1\u670913.9\u4ebf\u4eba\u60a3\u6709\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[8318,8319],"views":518,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24235"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=24235"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24235\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24237,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24235\/revisions\/24237"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=24235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=24235"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=24235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}