{"id":26779,"date":"2023-06-08T07:08:16","date_gmt":"2023-06-07T23:08:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=26779"},"modified":"2023-06-08T14:29:06","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T06:29:06","slug":"%e8%b4%ab%e6%b0%91%e7%aa%9f%e7%9a%84%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%a6%e5%ae%b6%ef%bc%9a%e5%88%b6%e8%8d%af%e9%9c%b8%e4%b8%bb%e9%bb%98%e6%b2%99%e4%b8%9c%e7%9a%84%e5%b4%9b%e8%b5%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=26779","title":{"rendered":"\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1a\u5236\u836f\u9738\u4e3b\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77"},"content":{"rendered":"<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94514\">\n<section data-width=\"100%\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-autoskip=\"1\">\u798f\u6cf0\u5236\u836f\u662f\u8c6a\u95e8\u6797\u7acb\u7684\u5236\u836f\u754c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7ea7\u9ed1\u9a6c\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u836f\u7269\u201d\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u6210\u7acb\u81f3\u4eca\u4ec5\u670930\u5e74\uff0c\u5df2\u6253\u9020\u8fc7\u5e74\u9500\u552e\u989d\u8d85\u8fc710\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5e02\u503c\u57282018\u5e745\u6708\u5df2\u8fbe450\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4f4d\u5217\u4e16\u754c\u836f\u4f01\u524d30\u5f3a\u3002<img src=\"http:\/\/i3.hexun.com\/2023-03-14\/207953779.jpg\" \/><\/section>\n<section data-autoskip=\"1\">\u7136\u800c\u56de\u523030\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u798f\u6cf0\u57281989\u5e74\u521a\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u4ec5\u67091000\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u98ce\u6295\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u6bcf\u5468\u5374\u8981\u70e7\u6389\u8fd110\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5341\u4f59\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5bf9\u624b\u5374\u662f\u809d\u79fb\u690d\u4e4b\u7236\u65af\u5854\u6cfd\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5148\u9a71\u65bd\u745e\u4f2f\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u7814\u5b9e\u529b\u6700\u5f3a\u3001\u6700\u53d7\u656c\u4ef0\u7684\u836f\u4f01\u2014\u2014\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\u3002\u798f\u6cf0\u6240\u80fd\u4f9d\u4ed7\u7684\u552f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u54c8\u4f5b\u7684\u5929\u624d\u3001\u5236\u836f\u754c\u7684\u738b\u5b50\u3001\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\u7684\u9006\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u4e54\u8212\u4e9a\u00b7\u535a\u683c\u3002\u300a\u5341\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u5206\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u8ffd\u5bfb\u5b8c\u7f8e\u836f\u7269\u300b\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u535a\u683c\u5728\u4e0d\u60d1\u4e4b\u5e74\u51fa\u8d70\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\uff0c\u5e26\u9886\u798f\u6cf0\u5236\u836f\u5728\u4e09\u5e74\u5185\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5df4\u91cc\u00b7\u6c83\u601d\u4e0e\u798f\u6cf0\u7684\u6210\u5458\u540c\u5403\u540c\u4f4f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4eb2\u773c\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63ed\u5f00\u4e86\u521b\u4e1a\u836f\u4f01\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u9762\u7eb1\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u4e3b\u7ebf\u662f\u798f\u6cf0\u5236\u836f\u7684\u58ee\u5927\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6a2a\u8de8\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u60c5\u8282\u73af\u73af\u76f8\u6263\uff0c\u4eba\u7269\u5173\u7cfb\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5341\u51e0\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u559c\u6216\u60b2\u7684\u7fa4\u50cf\u6709\u8840\u6709\u8089\uff0c\u6563\u53d1\u51fa\u4ee4\u4eba\u52a8\u5bb9\u7684\u5149\u5f69\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/nimg.ws.126.net\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2FSjYDDJ791fF4RFZs3bTmmhapbHoD55fsIf9hBMwB8m9A61564274932024.jpg&amp;thumbnail=660x2147483647&amp;quality=80&amp;type=jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587 | \u5df4\u91cc\u00b7\u6c83\u601d\uff08Barry Werth\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8bd1\u8005 | \u94b1\u9e4f\u5c55<\/strong><\/p>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94724\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"80\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"20\"><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u533b\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u5176\u95f4\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u761f\u75ab\uff0c\u4e5f\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u573a\u761f\u75ab\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u6d41\u611f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6050\u6016\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u6d41\u611f\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u5927\u6d41\u611f\u4e8e1918\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u4fbf\u4f20\u904d\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f42200\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1<strong><sup>[<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>1]<\/sup><\/strong>\uff0c\u6bd4\u56e0\u6218\u4e89\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u8fd8\u591a\u4e00\u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u90a3\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u672c\u8d28\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u77e5\u6653\u4e8640\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc6\u522b\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u76f8\u6bd414\u4e16\u7eaa\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u8086\u8650\u65f6\u6ca1\u5f3a\u5230\u54ea\u53bb\u3002\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u66fe\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u7684\u9971\u5b66\u4e4b\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u4e0e\u661f\u7403\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u9e7f\u89d2\u7c89\u4e0e\u9ec4\u91d1\u6765\u6cbb\u75c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7b2c\u4e8c\u573a\u761f\u75ab\u4e8e1980\u5e74\u6084\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6240\u5e78\u6b64\u6b21\u761f\u75ab\u4f20\u64ad\u5f97\u5f88\u6162\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7f55\u89c1\u5730\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u96c6\u7ed3\u5927\u91cf\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u5185\u5c31\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u75c5\u56e0\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5168\u7f8e\u75c5\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u52303300\u4eba\uff0c\u65b0\u589e\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e0d\u52304500\u4eba\u3002\u52301988\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u836f\u7269\u9776\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u761f\u75ab\u5c31\u662f\u827e\u6ecb\u75c5\uff0c\u8fce\u6218\u5b83\u7684\u65b0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u836f\u7406\u5b66\uff0c<strong>\u535a\u683c<\/strong>\uff08Joshua Boger\uff09\u662f\u5b83\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u95e8\u5f92\u3002\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u571f\u6837\u7b5b\u9009\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u65e7\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a1918\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u573a\u761f\u75ab\u624d\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1918\u5e74\u5927\u6d41\u611f\u4e2d\u7f8e\u56fd\u53d7\u707e\u6700\u665a\uff0c\u5927\u6218\u505c\u6218\u524d\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u624d\u88ab\u611f\u67d3<strong><sup>[2<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>]<\/sup><\/strong>\u3002\u761f\u75ab\u4e8e9\u67081\u65e5\u6084\u7136\u767b\u9646\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\uff0c\u56db\u5929\u540e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u75c5\u4eba\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u57ce\u90ca\u4e00\u5ea7\u9a7b\u624e\u4e8645000\u4eba\u7684\u62e5\u6324\u519b\u8425\u4e2d\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u4e09\u5468\u5185\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u90fd\u8fbe90\u4eba\uff0c\u5f85\u57cb\u846c\u7684\u9752\u7070\u8272\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u201c\u50cf\u67f4\u5806\u4e00\u6837\u201d\u3002\u6d41\u611f\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u81f4\u547d\uff0c\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u662f\u7ee7\u53d1\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u611f\u67d3\u4e0e\u80ba\u708e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6cbb\u7597\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u54b3\u55fd\u540e\uff0c48\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\u5c31\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8113\u6db2\u7a92\u606f\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u672c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u6218\u80dc\u4e00\u5207\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u533b\u7597\u7cfb\u7edf\u675f\u624b\u65e0\u7b56\u3002\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u793e\u8bba\uff1a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u6ca1\u80fd\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\uff0c11\u5c81\u7684<strong>\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2<\/strong>\uff08Max Tishler\uff09\u5728\u88ab\u75be\u75c5\u4fb5\u88ad\u7684\u7816\u74e6\u623f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5954\u8d70\uff0c\u5e2e\u7740\u5411\u5944\u5944\u4e00\u606f\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u53d1\u653e\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u524d\u4ed6\u66fe\u4e3a\u836f\u5242\u5e08\u6d17\u74f6\u5b50\u3001\u586b\u836f\u7c89\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u90fd\u6709\u4e86\u957f\u8db3\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u836f\u5178\u4e2d\u6cbb\u7597\u6025\u6027\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u5904\u65b9\u4f9d\u7136\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u690d\u7269\u63d0\u53d6\u7269\uff0c\u795e\u5947\u7684\u6b62\u75db\u9000\u70e7\u836f\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u836f\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u63d0\u53d6\u81ea\u7164\u7126\u6cb9<strong><sup>[3<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>]<\/sup><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u7164\u7126\u6cb9\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6bd2\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u4e0d\u80fd\u6cbb\u75c5\u6551\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7f13\u89e3\u75c5\u75db\uff0c\u5c0f\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5fd9\u788c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u505a\u65e0\u7528\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7167\u987e\u75c5\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u201c\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u9700\u8981\u505a\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u51fa\u8eab\u592a\u7cdf\u4e86\u3002\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2b\u56f0\u72b9\u592a\u79fb\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u88d4\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u4ed64\u5c81\u65f6\u629b\u4e0b\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c30\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u624d\u56de\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5e26\u7740\u54e5\u54e5\u59d0\u59d0\u4eec\u4ece\u5c0f\u6253\u5de5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4ed6\u548c\u5c0f\u59b9\u59b9\u8bfb\u5b8c\u4e86\u9ad8\u4e2d\u3002\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u4f53\u5f62\u7626\u5f31\uff0c\u94c1\u9508\u8272\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u53c8\u786c\u53c8\u76f4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5bf9\u5927\u8033\u6735\uff0c\u7b11\u58f0\u6709\u4e9b\u523a\u8033\u3002\u4ed6\u601d\u7ef4\u654f\u6377\uff0c\u4e0d\u754f\u8270\u9669\u3002\u4ed6\u6293\u4f4f\u4e00\u5207\u673a\u4f1a\u6253\u5de5\uff1a\u5728\u8f66\u7ad9\u5356\u62a5\u3001\u5e2e\u4eba\u7167\u987e\u5c0f\u5b69\u3001\u63a5\u542c\u7535\u8bdd\u2026\u2026\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u591a\u5bb6\u836f\u5e97\u5e38\u89c4\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u96f6\u5de5\u3002\u4ece\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u82f1\u8bed\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u4ed6\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5854\u592b\u8328\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e3b\u4fee\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4f18\u5f02\u6210\u7ee9\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u4ed6\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u836f\u5242\u5e08\u6267\u7167\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u4e0d\u60f3\u53bb\u533b\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6df1\u9020\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u6388\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff1a\u201c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u73b0\u5728\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u96be\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u575a\u97e7\u4e0d\u62d4\uff0c\u4e8e1929\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u53cd\u72b9\u8fd0\u52a8\u9ad8\u6f6e\u65f6\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u54c8\u4f5b\u7ee7\u7eed\u6df1\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u88ab\u6709\u673a\u5408\u6210\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u60f3\u5408\u6210\u6709\u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5206\u5b50\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4f5c\u836f\u7269\u8fd8\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u3002<strong>\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c<\/strong>\uff08Paul Ehrlich\uff09\u7684\u201c\u9b54\u5f39\u201d\uff08magic bullet\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u7b49\u8bb8\u591a\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u60f3\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ea\u653b\u51fb\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u653b\u51fb\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\u66f4\u5173\u5fc3\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5408\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u52e4\u52c9\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u5404\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u628a\u5316\u5408\u7269\u62c6\u5f00\u540e\u53c8\u62fc\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u82f1\u52c7\u65e0\u754f\u3001\u6295\u8eab\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u4e00\u95f4\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5931\u624b\u6253\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e00\u74f6\u82ef\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u706b\u707e\u3002\u6d53\u70df\u5c01\u4f4f\u4e86\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u722c\u51fa\u7a97\u6237\uff0c\u5728\u4e09\u697c\u5916\u5899\u7a97\u53f0\u4e0a\u5f85\u7740\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u51e0\u4e2a\u540c\u5b66\u6551\u4e86\u4ed6\u3002\u201c\u540e\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5b8c\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u706d\u706b\u5668\u624d\u6b62\u4f4f\u706b\uff0c\u201d\u4ed6\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4f46\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u540e\u6094\u6211\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u706b\u707e\u3001\u6bc1\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u6210\u7ee9\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u7559\u6821\u4efb\u8bb2\u5e08\uff0c\u4f46\u54c8\u4f5b\u975e\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u522b\u5904\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ec8\u8eab\u6559\u804c\u30021936\u5e74\uff0c\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u4e86\uff0c\u59bb\u5b50\u540d\u53eb\u8d1d\u8482\u3002\u5728\u5927\u8427\u6761\u7684\u9634\u4e91\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u56db\u5904\u5bfb\u627e\u6559\u804c\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u59d0\u59d0\u6b7b\u4e8e\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\uff0c\u5728\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u671f\u95f4\u4e00\u76f4\u7ee7\u7eed\u7740\u836f\u5242\u5e08\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e8b\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u6108\u53d1\u575a\u5b9a\u3002\u6e10\u6e10\u5730\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u5bf9\u4e00\u4f4d\u9887\u6709\u524d\u9014\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u9051\u8bba\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u54c8\u4f5b\u6559\u6388\u2014\u2014\u2014\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\u53bb\u836f\u4f01\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u201c\u79bb\u7ecf\u53db\u9053\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u836f\u4f01\u8fd8\u5341\u5206\u7b80\u964b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u751f\u4ea7\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u7956\u4f20\u79d8\u65b9\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5305\u6cbb\u767e\u75c5\u201d\u7684\u6c5f\u6e56\u818f\u836f\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u51e0\u5bb6\u836f\u4f01\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6beb\u65e0\u5efa\u6811\uff0c\u4f461918\u5e74\u7684\u8d25\u4ed7\u8fdc\u672a\u96ea\u803b\u3002\u5404\u5bb6\u836f\u4f01\u90fd\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u64c5\u957f\u63a8\u9500\u8001\u836f\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u836f\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u8f9b\u514b\u83b1\u00b7\u5218\u6613\u65af\uff08Sinclair Lewis\uff09\u57281925\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u963f\u7f57\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u300b\uff08<em>Arrowsmith<\/em>\uff09\u4e2d\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8fdb\u5165\u836f\u4f01\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6700\u7ec8\u201c\u8bef\u5165\u6b67\u9014\u201d\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u6bc1\u706d\u201d\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5236\u836f\u754c\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u540d\u8a89\u626b\u5730\u3001\u4f17\u53db\u4eb2\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u867d\u6709\u987e\u8651\uff0c\u5374\u522b\u65e0\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u6ca1\u6709\u524d\u9014\uff0c\u5728\u522b\u5904\u53c8\u5bfb\u4e0d\u5230\u5b66\u672f\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u5c3d\u91cf\u5411\u5927\u836f\u4f01\u7533\u8bf7\u3002\u4f46\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u88ab\u675c\u90a6\uff08Du Pont\uff09\u7b49\u516c\u53f8\u62d2\u4e4b\u95e8\u5916\u3002\u5e78\u597d\u4e00\u5bb6\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u7684\u5c0f\u836f\u4f01\u8981\u4e86\u4ed6\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u5bb6\u836f\u4f01\u79d1\u7814\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u5728\u505a\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u65b9\u9762\u9887\u6709\u53e3\u7891\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5bb6\u836f\u4f01\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3010\u6ce8\uff1a\u836f\u4f01\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\uff08Merck Sharp&amp;Dohme\uff09\u4e8e1953\u5e74\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed8\u514b\u5236\u836f\u548c\u6c99\u4e1c\u5236\u836f\uff08Sharp Dohme\uff09\u5408\u5e76\u800c\u6210\u3002\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u9ed8\u514b\u516c\u53f8\u201d\u4e13\u6307\u9ed8\u6c99\u4e1c\u6210\u7acb\u524d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed8\u514b\u5236\u836f\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94724\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"80\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u78fa\u80fa\u7c7b\u836f\u7269<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"20\"><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>1925\u5e74\uff0c32\u5c81\u7684<strong>\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b<\/strong>\uff08George Wilhelm Merck\uff09\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u5de5\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4ed6\u7acb\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u62d3\u5c55\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u50cf\u7956\u8f88\u4e00\u6837\u8d5e\u52a9\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e26\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u9ed8\u514b\u516c\u53f8<strong><sup>[4<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>]<\/sup><\/strong>\u5728\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u5dde\u7f57\u4f1f\u5e02\u9644\u8fd1\u670960\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u5382\u533a\uff0c\u6bd7\u90bb\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def\u4e3b\u5e72\u7ebf\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e0d\u7b97\u4e00\u5bb6\u836f\u4f01\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u53f8\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u836f\u4f01\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u836f\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u4ee3\u836f\u4f01\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u5ff5\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd8\u662f\u65b0\u9c9c\u4e8b\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4e0d\u4f46\u5931\u8d25\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\uff0c\u533b\u751f\u548c\u60a3\u8005\u4e5f\u90fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u9010\u5229\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f46\u4eba\u9ad8\u9a6c\u5927\u7684\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u6beb\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ee1\u662f\u6218\u540e\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u7adf\u7136\u8fd8\u5141\u8bb8\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u8868\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u9ed8\u514b\u572830\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5174\u5174\u5730\u6765\u4e0a\u73ed\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20B2\u3002\u9ed8\u514b\u6b64\u65f6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5f53\u65f6\u5c1a\u672a\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb620\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u4e24\u6beb\u514b\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20B2\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u75be\u75c5\uff1a\u5634\u5507\u5e72\u88c2\u3001\u820c\u5934\u80bf\u5927\u3001\u89c6\u529b\u53d7\u635f\u3001\u76ae\u80a4\u53d1\u708e\u3002\u5728\u5357\u65b9\uff0c\u5403\u8c37\u7269\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u4f43\u519c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20B2\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd\uff1a\u76ae\u80a4\u76b2\u88c2\u3001\u83ab\u540d\u8179\u6cc4\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u4f4e\u843d\u3001\u795e\u5fd7\u6de1\u6f20\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u75c7\u72b6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7cd9\u76ae\u75c5\u3002\u4e24\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20B2\u7684\u5408\u6210\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u7533\u8bf7\u4e86\u4e13\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4e0d\u80af\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u6388\u6743\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e20\u5e74\u524d\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u5927\u6d41\u611f\uff0c\u7cd9\u76ae\u75c5\u660e\u660e\u6709\u836f\u53ef\u533b\u5374\u6ca1\u4eba\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u4eba\u4f53\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u7ed5\u8fc7\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u4e13\u5229\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5408\u6210\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u5174\u5efa\u4ef7\u503c500\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u65b0\u5de5\u5382\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u4eb2\u81ea\u7814\u7a76\u653e\u5927\u5de5\u827a\u3002\u4ed6\u70df\u4e0d\u79bb\u624b\uff0c\u8d8a\u7761\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u5929\u4eae\u524d\u5c31\u6765\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u665a\u4e0a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d70\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u540e\u53c8\u56de\u6765\u8fde\u54c4\u5e26\u9a97\u5730\u7763\u4fc3\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7ecf\u4ed6\u7cbe\u7ec6\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u5408\u6210\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u73a9\u5177\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u53ef\u8a00\u3002\u5165\u804c\u4e00\u5e74\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c31\u5c81\u7684\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u5c31\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u9ed8\u514b\u7684\u5316\u5de5\u6c34\u51c6\u80fd\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e00\u4e89\u9ad8\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1935\u5e74\uff0c\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u8fd8\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u67d3\u6599\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6<strong>\u683c\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u591a\u9a6c\u514b<\/strong>\uff08Gerhard Domagk\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u9707\u60ca\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u4ee5\u7164\u7126\u6cb9\u4e3a\u539f\u6599\u5408\u6210\u7684\u767d\u8272\u7c89\u672b\u80fd\u6cbb\u6108\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u5c0f\u9f20\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u78fa\u80fa\uff0c\u662f\u7ee7\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u6cbb\u7597\u6885\u6bd2\u7684\u80c2\u51e1\u94a0\u660e30\u5e74\u540e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u582a\u79f0\u201c\u9b54\u5f39\u201d\u7684\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u6297\u83cc\u836f<strong><sup>[5<\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup>]<\/sup><\/strong>\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7164\u7126\u6cb9\u7684\u884d\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u78fa\u80fa\u539f\u672c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d3\u6599\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5b83\u80fd\u7262\u7262\u5730\u9644\u7740\u5728\u7f8a\u6bdb\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6c34\u6d17\u6389\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf91918\u5e74\u7ec6\u83cc\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u4f24\u75db\u8bb0\u5fc6\u72b9\u65b0\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u78fa\u80fa\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u75c5\u4eba\u4eec\u7eb7\u7eb7\u4ece\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7ebf\u4e0a\u88ab\u6551\u56de\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u810a\u9ad3\u8111\u819c\u708e\u6216\u8005\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u6cbb\u6108\uff0c\u6bd4\u6885\u6bd2\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6dcb\u75c5\u4e0d\u6d88\u51e0\u5929\u9760\u4e00\u4e24\u9488\u78fa\u80fa\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cbb\u6108\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u80ba\u708e\u7206\u53d120\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u533b\u751f\u5f00\u59cb\u4f30\u8ba1\u201c\u4e0d\u4e45\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u4eba\u4f1a\u56e0\u80ba\u708e\u800c\u6b7b\u4e86\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u9a6c\u514b\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\u7684\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u5236\u836f\u754c\u5927\u4e3a\u9707\u52a8\u3002\u6210\u7fa4\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u91cf\u5408\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u78fa\u80fa\u7c7b\u884d\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7533\u8bf7\u4e13\u5229\u3002\u300a\u8d22\u5bcc\u300b\uff08<em>Fortune<\/em>\uff09\u6742\u5fd7\u66fe\u63cf\u5199\uff1a\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u903c\u7740\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u5c0f\u9f20\u3001\u5154\u548c\u7334\u670d\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u65b0\u5408\u6210\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\u5927\u4f17\u5bf9\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7c97\u7cd9\u30021937\u5e74\uff0c\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\u7684\u9a6c\u8f9b\u5409\u5c14\u516c\u53f8\uff08S.E. Massingill Company\uff09\u9500\u552e\u7684\u78fa\u80fa\u914f\u5242\u5bfc\u81f4108\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec107\u540d\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u540d\u81ea\u6740\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u201c\u78fa\u80fa\u914f\u5242\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u836f\u54c1\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08<em>Food and Drug Act<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3001\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u9500\u552e\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed8\u514b\u90a3\u65f6\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u5316\u5b66\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u5927\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\u78fa\u80fa\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f00\u53d1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u78fa\u80fa\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u6d3e\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u4e3b\u6301\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6210\u529f\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5408\u6210\u7684\u6297\u759f\u75be\u836f\u7269\u5bf9\u4eba\u4f53\u6bd2\u6027\u592a\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u80fd\u9884\u9632\u5bb6\u79bd\u611f\u67d3\u7403\u866b\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3e\u4e3a\u8089\u9e21\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u836f\u7269\u6210\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u80dc\u8d1f\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5236\u836f\u4e1a\u5408\u6210\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e5f\u8fbe\u5230\u767d\u70ed\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u76ee\u6807\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u821e\u53f0\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94724\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"80\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u4e8c\u6218\u4e0e\u9752\u9709\u7d20<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"20\"><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u8ddd\u767d\u5bab\u4ec5\u670910\u4e2a\u8857\u533a\u7684\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e8e1902\u5e74\u7531\u94a2\u94c1\u5927\u738b\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u5361\u5185\u57fa\uff08Andrew Carnegie\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u786e\u4fdd\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0a\u5904\u4e8e\u9886\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u4ece\u68c9\u82b1\u6742\u4ea4\u5230\u661f\u7a7a\u89c2\u6d4b\uff0c\u5e94\u6709\u5c3d\u6709\u30021941\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b63\u51c6\u5907\u52a0\u5165\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6210\u4e86\u6307\u6325\u79d1\u5b66\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5821\u5792\u3002\u5bcc\u4e3d\u5802\u7687\u7684\u5706\u5f62\u5927\u5385\u7684\u5eca\u67f1\u540e\uff0c\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u95f4\u95f4\u8054\u90a6\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u548c\u4f1a\u8bae\u5ba4\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u4f11\u95f2\u6c14\u6c1b\u88ab\u8b66\u60d5\u548c\u673a\u5bc6\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u697c\u7a97\u6237\u90fd\u5b89\u4e86\u94c1\u680f\u6746\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u56db\u5468\u968f\u65f6\u6709\u7279\u5de5\u628a\u5b88\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u5f15\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2a\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u4e3b\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08OSRD\uff09\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u603b\u90e8\u3002\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u7279\u8bbe\u7684\u201c\u519b\u9700\u5904\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\u4e07\u5c3c\u74e6\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u4ec0\uff08Vannevar Bush\uff09\u63d0\u8bae\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5e03\u4ec0\u662f\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\uff08Franklin Roosevelt\uff09\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u6781\u529b\u4fc3\u6210\u5e76\u7262\u7262\u638c\u63a7\u7740\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7814\u53d1\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u7684\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5e03\u4ec0\u8fd8\u5bcc\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u5730\u8bf4\u670d\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u8ba9OSRD\u6765\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6218\u65f6\u533b\u836f\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u57285\u6708\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a8\u8350<strong>\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7<\/strong>\uff08Alfred Newton Richards\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08CMR\uff09\u300266\u5c81\u7684\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u548c\u5e03\u4ec0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9ad8\u5b98\u4e4b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u66f4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6770\u51fa\u777f\u667a\u7684\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u80be\u810f\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u5e03\u4ec0\u81ea\u5df1\u805a\u62e2\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u7814\u53d1\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u4e5f\u80fd\u9886\u5bfc\u9a84\u50b2\u7684\u533b\u836f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u8fce\u63a5\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u884c\u836f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u8058\u8bf7\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u987e\u95ee\u548c\u89c4\u5212\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u5236\u836f\u4e1a\u8fd8\u5907\u53d7\u8d28\u7591\u65f6\uff0c\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4fe1\u8a89\u62c5\u4fdd\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u9ed8\u514b\u6781\u5927\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u5e2e\u52a9\u9ed8\u514b\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3001\u62db\u52df\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u9ed8\u514b\u53c2\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5411\u8511\u89c6\u836f\u4f01\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u6d2a\u6c34\u731b\u517d\u201d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u9ed8\u514b\uff0c\u800c\u9ed8\u514b\u4e5f\u81ea\u613f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u4e3b\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6218\u5907\u533b\u836f\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1941\u5e748\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u73cd\u73e0\u6e2f\u88ab\u88ad\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u624d\u5728\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u53ec\u5f00\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u65e8\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u5168\u56fd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53c2\u6218\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u80fd\u505a\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5907\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\uff1a\u70ed\u5e26\u75c5\u4e0e\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u3001\u8425\u517b\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5219\u662f\u822a\u7a7a\u533b\u5b66\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u5236\u7a7a\u6743\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u30021940\u5e747\u6708\u5230\u6b21\u5e745\u6708\u95ea\u7535\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5411\u4f26\u6566\u7a7a\u6295\u4e8654420\u5428\u70b8\u5f39\u3002\u7a7a\u6218\u53d8\u5f97\u548c\u9646\u6218\u540c\u6837\u6b8b\u9177\uff0c\u800c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5236\u7a7a\u6743\u66f4\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5343\u5e74\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u6050\u6016\u7684\u5f81\u5146\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5fb7\u56fd\u65e9\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7a7a\u519b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u65e9\u57281934\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u80fd\u8ba9\u98de\u884c\u5458\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u7cbe\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u90fd\u843d\u540e\u4e86\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u542c\u8bf4\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ece\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u9ad3\u8d28\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u53ef\u7684\u677e\u7684\u6d3b\u6027\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u98de\u884c\u5458\u670d\u7528\u540e\u80fd\u6500\u4e0a12000\u7c73\u7684\u9ad8\u7a7a\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u60c5\u62a5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6b63\u4ece\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7528U\u578b\u6f5c\u8247\u79d8\u5bc6\u8fdb\u53e3\u725b\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e86\u4f20\u8a00\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u4e00\u76f4\u89c9\u5f97\u63d0\u53d6\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u6fc0\u7d20\u5f88\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u81ea\u4e00\u6218\u8d77\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u4eba\u4f53\u673a\u80fd\u7684\u836f\u7269\u3002<strong>\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u4ea8\u5947<\/strong>\uff08Philip Hench\uff09\u662f\u6885\u5965\u8bca\u6240\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5206\u79bb\u51fa6\u79cd\u6b64\u7c7b\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7eaf\u5ea6\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6cd5\u9274\u5b9a\u5176\u5316\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u6d4b\u8bd5\u836f\u6548\u3002\u7edd\u671b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u9ed8\u514b\u6c42\u52a9\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u9ed8\u514b\u4e5f\u5728\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u8270\u96be\u8dcb\u6d89\u4e868\u5e74\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5fb7\u56fd\u771f\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d3b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u63d0\u53d6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u76df\u519b\u7a7a\u519b\u6050\u6015\u5728\u78d5\u4e86\u836f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u98de\u884c\u5458\u9762\u524d\u4f1a\u6beb\u65e0\u62db\u67b6\u4e4b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u5f00\u59cb\u5236\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5c3d\u5feb\u83b7\u5f97\u53ef\u7684\u677e\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u8fd8\u6ca1\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5728\u4f1a\u8bae\u540e\u56de\u8d39\u57ce\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u66fe\u5728\u4ed6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u77ed\u6682\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6<strong>\u970d\u534e\u5fb7\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u91cc<\/strong>\uff08Howard Florey\uff09\u3002\u5f17\u6d1b\u91cc\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b<strong>\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u94b1\u6069<\/strong>\uff08Ernst Chain\uff09\u6b63\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56db\u5904\u6c42\u52a9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u78fa\u80fa\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6297\u83cc\u836f\u5242\uff1a\u9752\u9709\u7d20\uff08penicillin\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u662f\u4e2a\u767e\u542c\u4e0d\u538c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u30021928\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6<strong>\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u5f17\u83b1\u660e<\/strong>\uff08Alexander \u00a0Fleming\uff09\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u5206\u79bb\u5bfc\u81f41918\u5e74\u5927\u6d41\u611f\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u70b9\u9752\u9709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u655e\u5f00\u7684\u7a97\u6237\u98d8\u8fdb\u4e86\u655e\u53e3\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u76bf\u4e2d\u3002\u7b49\u4ed6\u5ea6\u5047\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u57f9\u517b\u76bf\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u9752\u9709\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u6740\u6b7b\u591a\u79cd\u81f4\u75c5\u83cc\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u6d3b\u6027\u6210\u5206\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u3002\u5f17\u83b1\u660e\u50cf\u4ea8\u5947\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e2e\u4ed6\u751f\u4ea7\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u7528\u3002\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5f17\u6d1b\u91cc\u548c\u94b1\u6069\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u5927\u6709\u53ef\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u514b\u670d\u8270\u96be\u9669\u963b\uff0c\u7eaf\u5316\u51fa\u5fae\u91cf\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u4f9b\u5c0f\u9f20\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1941\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6709\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u4e00\u4f4d\u5944\u5944\u4e00\u606f\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u9996\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u300224\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u660e\u663e\u597d\u8f6c\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u836f\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u7528\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u518d\u5ea6\u6fd2\u4e34\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u7edd\u671b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u5c3f\u6db2\u4e2d\u56de\u6536\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u3002\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u795e\u5947\u7684\u6297\u83cc\u6548\u679c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5370\u8bc1\uff0c\u4f46\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u65bd\u57fa\u672c\u6bc1\u4e8e\u6218\u706b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f17\u7f57\u4f0a\u548c\u94b1\u6069\u8fdc\u8d74\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c42\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u5f88\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u56f0\u96be\u4e5f\u660e\u663e\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u90a3\u65f6\u57f9\u517b\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7136\u540e\u63d0\u53d6\u6709\u6548\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9752\u9709\u548c\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u5c24\u5176\u96be\u4f3a\u5019\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u83cc\u79cd\u813e\u6c14\u81ed\u5f97\u8ddf\u5927\u6b4c\u661f\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u201d\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e27\u6c14\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4ea7\u7387\u4f4e\u3001\u5206\u79bb\u7eaf\u5316\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6548\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u597d\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u5408\u4f5c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u81ea30\u5e74\u4ee3\u836f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u8d77\uff0c\u5404\u5bb6\u836f\u4f01\u7aed\u5c3d\u5168\u529b\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u53d1\u4e0a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u66fe\u7ecf\u553e\u5f03\u4e13\u5229\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5219\u4e0d\u987e\u4e00\u5207\u5730\u7533\u8bf7\u4e13\u5229\u3002\u65bd\u8d35\u5b9d\u57281920\u5e74\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u5229\uff0c20\u5e74\u540e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7200\u4e2a\u4e13\u5229\uff1b\u4ec51937\u5e74\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u9ed8\u514b\u5c31\u7533\u62a5\u4e8646\u4e2a\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u5916\u4e13\u5229\u3002\u60f3\u53c2\u4e0e\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u60f3\u72ec\u5360\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u9500\u552e\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u6cd5\u6848\u4e5f\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u5bf9\u624b\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1941\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u5f17\u6d1b\u91cc\u4f1a\u9762\u56db\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u7ed9<strong>\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u83ab\u5229\u6258<\/strong>\uff08Hans Molitor\uff09\u5199\u4e86\u5c01\u4fe1\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u6025\u9700\u8ddf\u4f60\u8c08\u8c08\u2026\u2026\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u4e3a\u56fd\u9632\u533b\u5b66\u4f5c\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u201d\u83ab\u5229\u6258\u5f53\u521d\u88ab\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u62db\u52df\u5165\u9ed8\u514b\uff0c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7fbd\u7ffc\u521d\u4e30\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u5199\u4e86\u5c01\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e8e9\u670810\u65e5\u7b54\u590d\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u8feb\u5207\u5e0c\u671b\u5168\u529b\u534f\u52a9\u60a8\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94724\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"80\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\uff01<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"20\"><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u8d1f\u8d23\u9ed8\u514b\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4ed6\u547d\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u66f4\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u7763\u4fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4ece\u5c0f\u4ed6\u5c31\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6297\u4e25\u91cd\u611f\u67d3\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u5c06\u8981\u51fb\u8d25\u9ad8\u50b2\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u9ed8\u514b\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u90fd\u662f\u9876\u5c16\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u514b\u670d\u78fa\u80fa\u9879\u76ee\u4e0a\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5728\u836f\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u7559\u540d\u5343\u53e4\u3002\u201c\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u95e8\u5f3a\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u4f11\u606f\uff0c\u201d\u81ea1943\u5e74\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u767b\u514b\u52d2\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\uff08Robert Denklewalter\uff09\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u4e0d\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u4e8b\u4e0d\u5e72\u5b8c\u51b3\u4e0d\u7f62\u4f11\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed8\u514b\u3001\u8f89\u745e\u3001\u65bd\u8d35\u5b9d\u548c\u7acb\u8fbe\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff08Lederle Laboratories\uff09\u56db\u5bb6\u516c\u53f810\u6708\u521d\u5728\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e0e\u5e03\u4ec0\u8fd8\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53d1\u9175\u4e13\u5bb6\u79d8\u5bc6\u5f00\u4f1a\uff0c\u5546\u8ba8\u57f9\u517b\u9752\u9709\u5e76\u63d0\u53d6\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u9ed8\u514b\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f01\u4e1a\u90fd\u5f88\u6de1\u6f20\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u540e\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u7814\u53d1\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5171\u4eab\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u6cd5\u6848\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6b64\u6b21\u5408\u4f5c\u7f51\u5f00\u4e00\u9762\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u5bdf\u8a00\u89c2\u8272\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e8b\u201c\u6001\u5ea6\u542b\u7cca\u201d\u201c\u4e0d\u592a\u79ef\u6781\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6b64\u6df1\u611f\u4e0d\u60a6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u53d1\u96f7\u9706\u30021942\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u65bd\u8d35\u5b9d\u7684\u4e00\u6279\u836f\u7269\u5bfc\u81f4\u72b9\u4ed6\u5dde\u519b\u533b\u9662\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u53d7\u8bd5\u4f24\u5458\u5f97\u4e86\u9759\u8109\u708e\u3002\u201c\u65bd\u8d35\u5b9d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0d\u7eaf\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u975e\u5e38\u5fe7\u8651\uff01\u201d\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u6beb\u4e0d\u7559\u60c5\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u5730\u5bfb\u6c42\u6377\u5f84\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u557b\u4e3a\u72af\u7f6a\uff01\u201d\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u5219\u6b65\u6b65\u4e3a\u8425\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5236\u836f\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e25\u8083\u800c\u5145\u6ee1\u656c\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u624b\u4e0b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u624b\u4e0a\u6bcf50~100\u6beb\u514b\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u90fd\u4e8b\u5173\u4e00\u6761\u4eba\u547d\u3002\u201d50~100\u6beb\u514b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ea6\u662f\u6df1\u5438\u4e00\u53e3\u6c14\u540e\u6240\u5438\u5165\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1942\u5e743\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0d\u52305\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ed8\u514b\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5728\u7ebd\u9ed1\u6587\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f53\u80b2\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u5b89\u59ae\u00b7\u7c73\u52d2\u56e0\u94fe\u7403\u83cc\u4e25\u91cd\u611f\u67d3\u5df2\u7ecf\u91cd\u75c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u9ad8\u70e7\u4e0d\u9000\uff0c\u9677\u5165\u8c35\u5984\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u6700\u5927\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u78fa\u80fa\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6548\u679c\u3002\u5468\u516d\u4e0b\u53483:30\uff0c\u5979\u63a5\u53d7\u9ed8\u514b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5242\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u4f53\u6e29\u9ad8\u8fbe41\u2103\uff0c\u6bcf\u6beb\u5347\u8840\u6db2\u7ec6\u83cc\u8ba1\u6570\u201c\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u201d50\u4e2a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u51cc\u66684:00\u65f6\uff0c\u5979\u4f53\u6e29\u6062\u590d\u6b63\u5e38\u4e86\uff0c\u5468\u4e00\u65f6\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u5df2\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec6\u83cc\u4e86\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u5979\u4e00\u76f4\u52301990\u5e74\u8fd8\u5728\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u751f\u6d3b\u7740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7c73\u52d2\u5947\u8ff9\u822c\u7684\u6cbb\u6108\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5bc6\u3002\u4f46\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u4ece\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5dde\u76ae\u5965\u91cc\u4e9a\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u9001\u5411\u5404\u533b\u9662\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u540d\u795e\u5947\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4fbf\u56db\u5904\u6d41\u4f20\u5f00\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u2014\u636e\u8bf4\u4ea7\u81ea\u9709\u83cc\uff0c\u836f\u6548\u8fdc\u80dc\u78fa\u80fa\u3002\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e25\u5bc6\u63a7\u5236\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u53ea\u5411\u51e0\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u544a\u8bc9\u75c5\u4eba\u836f\u7269\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1942\u5e7411\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u6700\u8001\u724c\u7684\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\u201c\u6930\u6797\u201d\u5185\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a16\u5c81\u7684\u52e4\u6742\u5de5\u5c0f\u5f1f\u70b9\u706b\u67f4\u65f6\u70e7\u7740\u4e86\u4e00\u68f5\u5047\u68d5\u6988\u6811\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\u8d77\u706b\uff0c492\u4eba\u88ab\u70e7\u6b7b\u3002\u7a81\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u6218\u706b\u7eb7\u98de\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u624d\u6709\u7684\u536b\u751f\u5371\u673a\u3002\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u81ea\u4e00\u6218\u5927\u6d41\u611f\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u536b\u751f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e00\u8fb9\u5411\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u503e\u5c3d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u9752\u9709\u7d20\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u547d\u9ed8\u514b\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5927\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u4e09\u5929\uff0c\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u4e0d\u7720\u4e0d\u4f11\u3001\u711a\u818f\u7ee7\u6677\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u5927\u5bb6\u4ece\u57f9\u517b\u7f50\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u9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data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94724\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"80\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u94fe\u9709\u7d20\u4e0e\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"20\"><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u5728\u5f17\u83b1\u660e\u65e0\u610f\u95f4\u53d1\u73b0\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u201c\u597d\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u201d\u6d88\u706d\u201c\u574f\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u201d\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e5f\u6b63\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u867d\u5c5e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u5374\u975e\u610f\u5916\u3002\u65e9\u57281927\u5e74\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5927\u5b6626\u5c81\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6<strong>\u52d2\u5185\u00b7\u8fea\u535a<\/strong>\uff08Ren\u00e9 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data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"94724\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" data-bglessp=\"80\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u795e\u836f\u53ef\u7684\u677e\u7684\u5947\u8ff9<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-bgless=\"spin\" 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Woodward\uff09\u5728\u63d0\u540d\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u65f6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6709\u673a\u5408\u6210\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u201d\u4ece\u90a3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u6562\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u5408\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u591a\u7aef\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u5236\u6210\u836f\u7269\u66fe\u7ecf\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u6700\u80c6\u5927\u5984\u4e3a\u7684\u68a6\u4e2d\u3002\u201c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u80fd\u5408\u6210\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u62ff\u7ed930\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u624b\u673a\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201d\u535a\u683c40\u5e74\u540e\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u7684\u677e\u7684\u5408\u6210\u5c06\u8482\u4ec0\u52d2\u548c\u9ed8\u514b\u63a8\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002\u65b0\u95fb\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u518d\u6b21\u4e0b\u5730\u884c\u8d70\u7684\u795e\u8ff9\u822c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6b7b\u5b9a\u4e86\u201d\u76848\u5c81\u5973\u5b69\u5728\u5168\u8eab\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u70e7\u4f24\u540e\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff1b\u4e25\u91cd\u6e7f\u75b9\u7684\u60a3\u513f\u5728\u5feb\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u6293\u6b7b\u540e\u751f\u8fd8\uff1b74\u5c81\u7684\u79c3\u5934\u7537\u58eb\u518d\u6b21\u957f\u51fa\u4e00\u5934\u9ed1\u53d1\u2026\u2026\u54ee\u5598\u3001\u6e83\u75a1\u6027\u7ed3\u80a0\u708e\u3001\u690d\u7269\u4e2d\u6bd2\u3001\u75db\u98ce\u3001\u4f11\u514b\u3001\u70e7\u4f24\u3001\u9aa8\u6298\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5ba2\u300b\uff08<em>New 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