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\u4e00\u662f\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u98ce\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u51fa\u8eab\u4e16\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u5341\u4e09\u5c81\u5c31\u4e1c\u6e21\u65e5\u672c\u3002\u4e8c\u5e74\u540e\u8fd4\u5357\u4eac\u3002\u65cb\u4ee5\u8003\u53d6\u5b98\u8d39\u7559\u65e5\uff0c\u4e43\u53c8\u8d74\u65e5\u672c\u5c31\u5b66\u3002\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u75c5\u8fd4\u56fd\uff0c\u624d\u8003\u5165\u5434\u6dde\u590d\u65e6\u516c\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u30021909\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u8d74\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u7559\u5b66\u3002\u7ee7\u800c\u6e38\u5b66\u4e8e\u745e\u58eb\u30021913\u5e74\u4eba\u5df4\u9ece\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u8fd4\u56fd\uff0c1918\u5e74\u518d\u51fa\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u7f8e\u56fd\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u4e3b\u4fee\u68b5\u6587\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u95ee\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u8f6c\u5f80\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u68b5\u6587\u53ca\u4e1c\u65b9\u53e4\u6587\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u4e4b\u540c\u5b66\u53cb\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u6c64\u7528\u5f64\u3001\u6885\u5149\u8fea\u3001\u5434\u5b93\u7b49\uff1b\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u4e4b\u540c\u5b66\u53cb\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u3001\u4fde\u5927\u7ef4\u3001\u6bdb\u5b50\u6c34\u7b49\u3002[i]<\/p>\n

\u9648\u6c0f\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u6240\u5b66\uff0c\u8f6c\u5386\u591a\u5e08\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ee5\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u65f6\uff0c\u968f\u84dd\u95e8(Lanman)\u4e60\u68b5\u6587\u3001\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u3002\u5728\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u968f\u9c81\u6597(Henrich Lueders)\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bfb\u68b5\u6587\u3001\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u3002\u9648\u6c0f\u8f83\u7cbe\u719f\u4e4b\u5916\u6587\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4ec5\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6545\u4ed6\u300a\u4e0e\u7f57\u9999\u6797\u4e66\u300b\u66fe\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5916\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5f1f\u7686\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a8\u7b14\u4f5c\u6587\u3002\u201d\u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u6587\uff0c\u5747\u53ea\u6c42\u8bc6\u8bfb\uff0c\u975e\u80fd\u7cbe\u901a\u3002\u9648\u6c0f\u53cb\u4eba\u53ca\u5b66\u751f\u5e38\u8273\u79f0\u4ed6\u7684\u5916\u6587\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u61c2\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u79cd\u5916\u6587\u3002\u5b9e\u5219\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u8bed\u3001\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u8bed\u3001\u5410\u706b\u7f57\u8bed\u3001\u575a\u6606\u8bed\u7b49\uff0c\u9648\u5148\u751f\u4e4b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u61c2\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u8bc6\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9648\u6c0f\u53cb\u4eba\u53ca\u5b66\u751f\u5e38\u8273\u79f0\u4ed6\u7684\u5916\u6587\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u61c2\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u79cd\u5916\u6587\u3002\u5b9e\u5219\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u8bed\u3001\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u8bed\u3001\u5410\u706b\u7f57\u8bed\u3001\u575a\u6606\u8bed\u7b49\uff0c\u9648\u5148\u751f\u4e4b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u61c2\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u8bc6\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a8\u7b14\u5199\u6587\uff0c\u4ea6\u7f55\u80fd\u7528\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u3002\u771f\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u975e\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u5fb7\u6587\u3001\u6cd5\u6587\u3001\u65e5\u6587\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u4e9a\u8bf8\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4ecd\u53ea\u662f\u68b5\u6587\u3001\u85cf\u6587\u3001\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u3002\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a8\u7b14\u5199\u6587\uff0c\u4ea6\u7f55\u80fd\u7528\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u3002\u771f\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u975e\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u5fb7\u6587\u3001\u6cd5\u6587\u3001\u65e5\u6587\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u4e9a\u8bf8\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4ecd\u53ea\u662f\u68b5\u6587\u3001\u85cf\u6587\u3001\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5f7c\u65f6\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6c49\u5b66\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\uff09\u4e4b\u4e00\u79cd\u98ce\u6c14\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ad8\u672c\u6c49\u3001\u6c99\u7579\u3001\u4f2f\u5e0c\u548c\u3001\u9a6c\u4e50\u4f2f\u3001\u536b\u793c\u8d24\uff0c\u90fd\u64c5\u957f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u8bed\u6587\u8003\u8bc1\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u4e2d\u4e9a\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5730\u6c11\u4fd7\u4e4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u65e0\u7591\u6df1\u53d7\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6234\u5bc6\u5fae\u751a\u81f3\u8bf4\uff1a\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u65f6\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53bb\u542c\u8fc7\u4f2f\u5e0c\u548c\u8bb2\u6388\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u672a\u5fc5\u4fbf\u662f\u3002\u4f46\u6234\u5bc6\u5fae\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u770b\u51fa\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u95e8\u5f84\u4e0e\u4f2f\u5e0c\u548c\u76f8\u8fd1\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5982\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u4e49\u7ae0\u4e66\u540e\u300b\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u5929\u53f0\u5b97\u667a\u8005\u5927\u5e08\u628a\u201c\u6089\u6a80\u201d\u4e4b\u201c\u6a80\u201d\uff0c\u8ddf\u201c\u6a80\u65bd\u201d\u4e4b\u6a80\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6089\u6a80\u4e43Siddhanta\u4e4b\u97f3\u8bd1\uff0c\u610f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u7406\u6216\u5b97\uff1b\u6a80\u65bd\u5219\u4e3aDana\u4e4b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u300a\u4e09\u56fd\u5fd7\u66f9\u51b2\u534e\u9640\u4f20\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u5219\u8c13\u534e\u9640\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u53e4\u97f3\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6Gada(\u795e\u836f)\u97f3\u8fd1\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u65f6\u6c11\u95f4\u6bd4\u9644\u5370\u5ea6\u795e\u8bdd\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u79f0\u4e3a\u534e\u9640\uff0c\u5b9e\u4ee5\u795e\u836f\u76ee\u4e4b\u201d\u3002\u53c8\uff0c\u300a\u9b4f\u4e66\u53f8\u9a6c\u829d\u4f20\u8dcb\u300b\u8003\u66f9\u6d2a\u4e0e\u4e34\u6c7e\u516c\u4e3b\u4f8d\u8005\u5171\u4e8b\u4e4b\u201c\u65e0\u6da7\u795e\u201d\uff0c\u4e43\u65e0\u95f4\u795e\u4e4b\u8bb9\u3002\u65e0\u95f4\uff0c\u4e43\u68b5\u6587Avici\u4e4b\u97f3\u8bd1\uff0c\u610f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u963f\u9f3b\u5730\u72f1\u3002\u300a\u897f\u6e38\u8bb0\u7384\u5958\u5f1f\u5b50\u6545\u4e8b\u4e4b\u6f14\u53d8\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u53c8\u8003\u8bc1\u5b59\u609f\u7a7a\u5927\u95f9\u5929\u5b98\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u672c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u95f4\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a\u95f9\u5929\u5b98\uff0c\u672c\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u300a\u9876\u751f\u738b\u5347\u5929\u56e0\u7f18>\uff0c\u5b59\u609f\u7a7a\u5219\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u8bb0\u4e8b\u8bd7\u4e2d\u5de7\u733fNala\u9020\u6865\u6e21\u6d77\uff0c\u76f4\u62b5\u695e\u4f3d\u4e4b\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u732a\u516b\u6212\u5728\u9ad8\u8001\u5e84\u62db\u4eb2\uff0c\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u4e5f\u7591\u5fc3\u90a3\u662f\u4ece\u725b\u81e3\u82fe\u520d\u800c\u60ca\u72af\u5bab\u5973\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u884d\u53d8\u6765\u7684\u3002\u51e1\u6b64\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u5bf9\u68b5\u6587\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u719f\u6089\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u7834\u6614\u8d24\u4e4b\u5984\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fa8\u4e2d\u5370\u5f71\u54cd\u4e4b\u8ff9\u3002[ii]<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8bc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u9648\u5148\u751f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u4f55\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u60f3\u4e0d\u51fa\u5b59\u609f\u7a7a\u5927\u95f9\u5929\u5bab\u3001\u732a\u516b\u6212\u62db\u4eb2\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u542f\u53d1\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u90a3\u300a\u9876\u751f\u738b\u5347\u5929\u59fb\u7f18\u300b\u548c\u5de7\u733f\u9020\u6865\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u725b\u5367\u854a\u520d\u60ca\u6270\u5bab\u5973\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u666e\u4f20\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6587\u4eba\u6d89\u7b14\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u6cd5\u4e8e\u65af\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u9648\u5148\u751f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ddf\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\uff0c\u53ef\u8bf4\u662f\u5341\u5206\u660e\u663e\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u524d\u6587\u5df2\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u65f6\u4eba\u60ca\u4e8e\u5176\u8bed\u6587\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u8bb0\u95ee\u4e4b\u535a\uff0c\u4e8e\u6b64\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5927\u62b5\u5747\u672a\u89d1\u7834\u3002<\/p>\n

\u770b\u4e0d\u7834\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5c31\u4ec5\u80fd\u505c\u7559\u5728\u8bed\u6587\u77e5\u8bc6\u8ddf\u53f2\u6599\u6392\u6bd4\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6216\u65e0\u6cd5\u7740\u529b\uff1b\u6216\u4ec5\u80fd\u5982\u9648\u5148\u751f\u90a3\u822c\uff0c\u80e1\u4e71\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5176\u6e0a\u6e90\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u9648\u5148\u751f\u6216\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u6240\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u6015\u5f97\u7f6a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u6055\u6211\u4e0d\u518d\u4e00\u4e00\u4e3e\u4f8b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u6216\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5b66\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65f6\u4e16\u98ce\u6c14\u4f7f\u7136\u3002 \u5f53\u65f6\u5fb7\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u8003\u8bc1\u5b66\u6d3e\uff0c\u5170\u514b\u6240\u8bf4\u201c\u5982\u5b9e\u91cd\u5efa\u201d(wieeseigentich gewesen)\uff0c\u53ca\u5c3c\u5e03\u5c14(Barthold Georg Niebuhr)\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\uff1a\u628a\u795e\u8bdd\u548c\u4e0d\u5b9e\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6392\u9664\u5728\u53f2\u8457\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8ba9\u9690\u6666\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8bed\u6587\u8003\u8bc1\u4e91\u4e91\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u98ce\u9761\u4e00\u65f6\u4e4b\u6cd5\u3002\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5b66\u7684\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u662f\u8fd9\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd4\u56fd\u4ee5\u540e\u4fbf\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5efa\u8bbe\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u91cd\u5efa\u53f2\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e14\u5e0c\u671b\u628a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u50cf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u7279\u6807\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u8bed\u6587\u8003\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8981\u628a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\uff0c\u66f4\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u90a3\u4e00\u4ee3\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f01\u56fe\u5ba2\u89c2\u91cd\u5efa\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u53ca\u5176\u8003\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u4ee5\u964d\u8bf8\u53f2\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4f20\u4e00\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u8fc4\u4e8e\u4eca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u5170\u514b\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u3002\u201c\u91cd\u5efa\u8fc7\u53bb\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u822c\u201d\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u53f2\u5b66\u8def\u6570\uff0c\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u5df2\u8fed\u906d\u6279\u5224\u3002\u53f2\u5bb6\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u56fa\u7136\u66fe\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5f80\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d88\u901d\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u4eca\u4eba\u5f53\u65f6\u65e2\u4e0d\u5728\u573a\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u5df2\u6d88\u901d\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u5ba2\u89c2\u53f2\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ea\u8981\u4f9d\u51ed\u8bc1\u636e\uff08\u6587\u732e\u6216\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u4e0d\u6d89\u4e3b\u89c2\u5730\u91cd\u5efa\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u770b\u6765\u771f\u662f\u5929\u771f\u53ef\u54c2\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u8bc1\u636e\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u6750\u6599\u201d\u3002\u6750\u6599\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u5e76\u653e\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u8109\u7edc\uff08\u7ecf\u91cd\u6784\u540e\u7684\u8109\u7edc\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u7816\u4e00\u6728\u7b49\u7269\u8d28\u6027\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u65e2\u5df2\u6d88\u901d\uff0c\u5219\u4eca\u4eba\u4e4b\u8bf4\u5386\u53f2\u5982\u4f55\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8bf4\u7684\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u90fd\u662f\u4eca\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u975e\u4f46\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u4eca\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u628a\u634f\uff1b\u51e1\u4eca\u4eba\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u4e0b\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u60f3\u50cf\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u514b\u7f57\u9f50\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u5386\u53f2\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u53f2\u201d\u6216\u79d1\u6797\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u5386\u53f2\u90fd\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u5386\u53f2\u5b9e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6c42\uff0c\u6c42\u4e5f\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u3002[iii]<\/p>\n

\u5170\u514b\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u7ecf\u674e\u51ef\u5c14\u7279( Heinrich Rickert)\u3001\u97e6\u4f2f(MaxWeber)\u3001\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14(G. Simmel)\u3001\u80e1\u585e\u5c14(Edmund Husserl)\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14(MartinHeidegger)\u3001\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af(Karl Jaspers)\u3001\u4f3d\u8fbe\u739b(Haus Georg Gradagger)\u53ca\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e4b\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u9887\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5219\u6709\u8428\u7279(Jean-Paul Satre)\u3001\u96f7\u8499\u00b7\u963f\u5b8f( Raymond Aron)\u3001\u91cc\u79d1(Paul Ricoeur)\u7b49\u4eba\u4e4b\u63d0\u5021\uff0c\u4ea6\u65e9\u5df2\u851a\u4e3a\u5de8\u6d41\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u53f2\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u66f4\u76f4\u6307\u53f2\u5bb6\u53f7\u79f0\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u6392\u9664\u81ea\u6211\u4e3b\u89c2\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u865a\u5984\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u6750\u6599\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9760\u4eba\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5b83\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u975e\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u90a3\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u77e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u9648\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u679d\u8282\u4e0a\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6211\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u7591\u96be\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u60cb\u60dc\u5176\u7a7a\u63b7\u6c14\u529b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u8bde\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u8bed\u6587\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u7f16\u7ec7\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u620f\u8bba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u620f\u8bba\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u73b0\u4eca\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u8ff0\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e4b\u89c1\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u7686\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u9648\u5148\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7f16\u9020\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u81ea\u6292\u5176\u60c5\uff08\u665a\u5e74\u9648\u5148\u751f\u7684\u53f2\u8003\uff0c\u5c24\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u6b64\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u628a\u63e1\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u522b\u5177\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u9648\u5148\u751f\u521d\u8fd4\u56fd\u5021\u884c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u8003\u53f2\u4e4b\u98ce\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u968f\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u521b\u529e\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u53f2\u8bed\u6240\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u5730\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6df1\u611f\u9057\u61be\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u4e0e\u5434\u5b93\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b66\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5434\u5b93\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u7559\u5b66\u65f6\u5c31\u6781\u4f69\u670d\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u3002\u300a\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5b93\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5f97\u8bc6\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5373\u60ca\u5176\u535a\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u670d\u5176\u5353\u8bc6\u3002\u9a70\u4e66\u56fd\u5185\u8bf8\u53cb\u8c13\u53e4\u4eca\u4e2d\u897f\u65b0\u65e7\u5404\u79cd\u5b66\u95ee\u800c\u7edf\u8bba\u4e4b\uff0c\u543e\u5fc5\u4ee5\u5bc5\u606a\u4e3a\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u535a\u5b66\u4e4b\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u2026\u5bc5\u606a\u867d\u7cfb\u543e\u53cb\u800c\u5b9e\u543e\u5e08\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u8bd7\u4e00\u9053\uff0c\u5386\u5e74\u6240\u4ee5\u542f\u8fea\u4f59\u8005\u826f\u591a\u3002\u201d\u5176\u4f59\u6b64\u7c7b\u8a00\u8bba\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u4e16\u6240\u7a14\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8d58\u5f55\u3002\u5411\u6e05\u534e\u6821\u957f\u66f9\u7965\u4e91\u63a8\u8350\u5e76\u9080\u8058\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5434\u5b93\u3002\u5f85\u9648\u62b5\u6e05\u534e\u5e94\u8058\uff0c\u5434\u5b93\u6709\u8bd7\u8d60\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u7ecf\u5e74\u701b\u6d77\u76fc\u97f3\u5c18\uff0c\u63e1\u624b\u72b9\u601d\u5f02\u56fd\u6625\u3002\u72ec\u6b65\u7fa1\u541b\u6210\u7edd\u5b66\uff0c\u4f4e\u5934\u6127\u6211\u9010\u5eb8\u4eba\u3002\u51b2\u5929\u9038\u9e64\u4f9d\u4e91\u8868\uff0c\u5815\u6eb7\u6b8b\u82f1\u6028\u6c34\u6ee8\u3002\u707f\u707f\u6c60\u8377\u5f00\u6b63\u597d\uff0c\u540d<\/p>\n

\u56ed\u5408\u4e0e\u5bc4\u541f\u8eab\u3002\u201d\u6291\u5df1\u5d07\u4eba\uff0c\u500d\u7533\u7ef8\u7f2a\u4e4b\u60c5\uff0c\u5141\u4e3a\u5b66\u6797\u4f73\u8bdd[i]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b66\u6797\u4f20\u8ff0\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f73\u8bdd\u4e45\u77e3\uff0c\u4f46\u8c01\u4e5f\u672a\u66fe\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7591\u95ee\uff1a\u5434\u5b93\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u503e\u4ef0\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u770b\u6765\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5b9e\u5927\u6709\u8e4a\u8df7\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5434\u5b93\u4f1a\u503e\u5fc3\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u4ef6\u592a\u5947\u602a\u592a\u5947\u602a\u7684\u4e8b\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\uff1f\u5434\u5b93\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u65f6\uff0c\u53d7\u6559\u4e8e\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u5e08\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7(Irving Babitt\uff0c1865-1933)\uff0c\u4fbf\u670d\u81ba\u5176\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd4\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4e8e1922\u5e74\u4e00\u6708\u521b\u529e\u300a\u5b66\u8861\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u5927\u8282\u81ea\u74a7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u6559\u3002\u300a\u5b66\u8861\u300b\u521b\u529e\u65f6\uff0c\u5434\u5b93\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b66\u672f\u53f2\u4e0a\u5e38\u4ee5\u300a\u5b66\u8861\u300b\u4ee3\u8868\u5357\u4eac\u4e4b\u5b66\u98ce\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6742\u5fd7\u4e3b\u7f16\u662f\u5434\u5b93\uff0c\u5434\u6c0f\u65cb\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u8bf8\u53cb\u4e3a\u7f16\u52a1\u8d77\u9f89\u9f83\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u9000\u51fa\u7f16\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u4e0e\u95fb\u3002\u8be5\u520a\u9042\u968f\u5434\u5b93\u8f6c\u81f3\u4e1c\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u800c\u4ea6\u8f6c\u5230\u5317\u65b9\u3002\u4e14\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u5434\u5b93\u4e00\u4eba\u4e3b\u6301\uff0c\u8be5\u520a\u4e4b\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u6700\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u5434\u5b93\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u53d6\u5411\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u5173\u6000\u3002\u800c\u4ea6\u56e0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5916\u754c\u770b\u6e05\u534e\uff0c\u9887\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5c06\u4e4b\u89c6\u4e3a\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u9635\u5730\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u968f\u540e\u6881\u5b9e\u79cb\u7531\u6e05\u534e\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u8d74\u54c8\u4f5b\uff0c\u518d\u8fd4\u6e05\u534e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u670d\u81ba\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u800c\u63a8\u9610\u5176\u8bf4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u7684\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u7acb\u8bf4\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f0f\u201c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u5462\uff0c\u5219\u5250\u521a\u597d\u4fbf\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u98ce\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u63d0\u5021\u8005\u6216\u793a\u8303\u8005\u3002\u5434\u5b93\u65e2\u9189\u5fc3\u4e8e\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f55\u4ee5\u53c8\u503e\u670d\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u4e4b\u5b66\uff1f\u4e24\u8005\u51b0\u70ad\uff0c\u4f55\u4ee5\u7adf\u878d\u4e8e\u4e00\u7089\u6b24\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7d20\u6734\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u517b\u4e4b\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u6545\u4e0e\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7740\u91cd\u81ea\u6211\u4e4b\u7533\u5f20\uff0c\u9014\u8f99\u8fe5\u5f02\u3002\u65e2\u8bb2\u7a76\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u517b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9605\u8bfb\u7ecf\u5178\u4fbf\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u7ecf\u7531\u9605\u8bfb\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6587\u5b66\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u5b66\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u9053\u7406\u6b63\u5728\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e7\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u9887\u6709\u6d41\u5f0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u7814\u8bfb\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u5176\u5f0a\u4e43\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u4ee5\u94bb\u6545\u7eb8\u5806\u4e3a\u9ad8\uff0c\u6d41\u4e8e\u73a9\u7269\u4e4b\u81ea\u9e23\u5f97\u610f\uff0c\u6469\u6332\u53e4\u5178\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e50\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f18\u6e38\u5c81\u6708\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u7814\u7a76\u53e4\u5178\u4ea6\u987b\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u76f8\u8054\u7ed3\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u8054\u7ed3\uff1f\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u53e4\u4eca\uff0c\u543e\u4eba\u6240\u7814\u4e60\u4e4b\u53e4\uff0c\u4e43\u80fd\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5177\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u53ca\u542f\u53d1\u4e4b\u610f\u4e49\uff1b\u5386\u53f2\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e2d\u53e4\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u4eca\u4e4b\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u5e76\u975e\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5b9e\u5728\u201c\u4e2d\u548c\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u53e4\u4e0e\u4eca\u4e4b\u4e2d\u548c\uff0c\u4e0d\u6267\u53e4\u4e4b\u9053\u4ee5\u5fa1\u4eca\u4e4b\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7ad9\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u89c2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8d35\u4eca\u8d31\u53e4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u63f4\u5f15\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5427\u3002\u5728\u4ed61908\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u8a00\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u65e7\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u2026\u2026\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e14\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u9700\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d85\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684( ultra-aesthetic)\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5373\u9000\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8c61\u7259\u5854\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u7cbe\u81f4\u6170\u85c9\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u3002\u2026\u2026\u672a\u80fd\u4ee5\u66f4\u5e7f\u9614\u3001\u6709\u673a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u6ce8\u5165\u65b0\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u671b\u501f\u7531\u91cd\u632f\u65e7\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u8fbe\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u65f6\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u6240\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u611f(a sense of absolute values)\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u52a0\u5f3a\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u5e94\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f53\u4f5c\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u94fe\u6761\u4e0a\u7684\u73af\u8282\u800c\u4e88\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u300a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u59a8\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u6781\u5ea6\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u4e0e\u6781\u5ea6\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u53ca\u9009\u62e9\u95f4\u6e38\u79fb\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u8c03\u8282\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u4eba\u6587\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6b63\u50cf\u6709\u4eba\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5723\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u4ed6\u8eab\u4e0a\u8001\u9e70\u4e0e\u9e3d\u5b50\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u6e29\u987a\u7684\u8001\u9e70\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u6700\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9002\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f\u300b\uff09[ii]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u5c31\u662f\u533a\u5206\u65b0\u65e7\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u53e4\u4eca\u5e94\u8054\u7cfb\u8d2f\u901a\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u65e5\u76ca\u5bc6\u5207\u5730\u63a5\u89e6\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u800c\u83b7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u5d07\u4eca\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u5f7b\u5e95\u627f\u8ba4\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u524d\u5bfc\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5395\u8eab\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u884c\u5217\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u4ee5\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3a\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u67af\u71e5\u5446\u6ede\u4e4b\u5f0a\uff1b\u73b0\u4ee3\u4ee5\u53e4\u5178\u4e3a\u4f9d\u6258\uff0c\u5219\u80fd\u514d\u4e8e\u6d45\u8584\u548c\u5370\u8c61\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u5f0a\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u300a\u53e4\u4e13\u4eca\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u540d\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd0\u7528\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff0c\u53bb\u5c06\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u91cd\u65b0\u9610\u91ca\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6709\u5145\u5206\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u53c8\u7f3a\u4e4f<\/p>\n

\u5177\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u53e4\u5178\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u6587\u65b9\u6cd5\u590d\u5174\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u969c\u788d\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u300a\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e2\u8981\u53e4\u53c8\u8981\u4eca\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e2d\u548c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e0d\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u53e9\u5176\u4e24\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u53d6\u4e24\u7528\u4e2d\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4fee\u517b\u5de5\u592b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5176\u501f\u5e73\u8861\u8c03\u9002\u4e24\u7aef\uff0c\u800c\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u5f97\u5230\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e00\u5207\u6781\u7aef\u5747\u80fd\u4e2d\u548c\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u9002\u5b9c\u3001\u9002\u5ea6\u3001\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u518d\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u591a\u5143\u8bba(pluralism)\u66f4\u4e0d\u5177\u4eba\u6587\u6216\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u540c\u6837\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4e00\u5143\u8bba( monism)\u624d\u53ef\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u6bd4\u3002\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u548c\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u53e4\u4e0e\u4eca\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u9650\u5236\u3001\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u611f\u60c5\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u7b49\u5404\u9879\u5bf9\u7acb\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u4e2d\u548c\u3002\u7528\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b64\u5373\u4eba\u4e4b\u5f8b(Law for man)\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e0e\u591a\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u800c\u5176\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5e73\u8861\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u5185\u5fc3\u201c\u9ad8\u4e0a\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5351\u4e0b\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5cd9\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7ea6(inner – check)\u529b\u91cf\uff08\u89c1\u5176\u300a\u6c11\u6cbb\u4e0e\u9886\u8896\u300bDemocracy and Leadership\uff0c1924\u3002\u5434\u5b93\u7684\u8bd1\u4ecb\u89c1\u300a\u5b66\u8861\u300b\u5345\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c1924\u5e748\u6708\uff09[iii]<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u81ea\u5176\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u8f9e\u6e90\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u4e4b\u8bcd\u610f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4fe1\u6761\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u539f\u672c\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u800c\u975e\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\uff0c\u91cd\u7406\u6027\u800c\u975e\u5982\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u90a3\u4e48\u611f\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8bb2\u7a76\u7684\u5374\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5373\u4ed6\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u65e7\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

\u987a\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u975e\u4f46\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e8e\u65e7\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u201c\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u7cbe\u81f4\u6170\u501f\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u6d3b\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u6ee1\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f0f\u53e4\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u90a3\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e(the human spirit)\u2026\u2026\u6c89\u8ff7\u4e8e\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u68a6\u5e7b\u4e2d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u53c8\u8d70\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u64ad\u751a\u5e7f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u65e5\u8d8b\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u5de5\u5382\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u8bed\u8a00\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u201c\u4e8b\u4e4b\u5f8b\u201d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6587\u732e\u5b66\uff1b\u82e5\u5b83\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u201c\u4eba\u4e4b\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u5219\u5b83\u662f\u6587\u5b66\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e86\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fdb\u6b65\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57f9\u6839\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6367\u573a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff1a\uff08\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\uff09\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u8bed\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u2026\u2026\u8ddf\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u8001\u5f0f\u8bed\u6cd5\u6216\u8003\u8bc1( textual criticism)\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u4e0b\u6d41\u884c\u7684Quellenforschung(\u5fb7\u6587\uff1a\u6765\u6e90\u7814\u7a76)\u5b9e\u5904\u4e8e\u8f83\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f53\u6210\u6587\u732e\u8003\u636e\uff0c\u628a\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u4e00\u4e32\u6545\u4e8b\u201d\u3002\u6ca1\u5b8c\u6ca1\u4e86\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u6052\u4e45\uff1b \u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4ea6\u56e0\u800c\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u6587\u732e\u5b66\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u73b0\u884c\u5b66\u4f4d\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u597d\u5b66\u6df1\u601d\u4e4b\u58eb\u6beb\u65e0\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ea\u9f13\u52b1\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u5a34\u719f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u2026\u2026\u53e4\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u7ecf\u5178\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u5c31\u6574\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6587\u5316\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u707e\u96be\u3002\uff08\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4f9d\u4ed6\u770b\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u98ce\u201c\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u653e\u5f03\u4e00\u5207\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5c0f\u5757\u77e5\u8bc6\u9886\u57df\u5f53 \u522b\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u7eaa\u5f55\u6216\u4ed3\u5e93\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u60c5\u613f\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u964d\u4f4e\u5230\u7eaf\u7cb9\u673a\u68b0\u529f\u80fd\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6bdb\u75c5\uff0c\u4e00\u5728\u53ea\u91cd\u89c6\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u8003\u8bc1\u53bb\u8fbe\u6210\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u7d2f\u79ef\uff1b\u4e8c\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5207\u5272\uff0c\u4e14\u53c8\u670d\u81ba\u201c\u4e8b\u7269\u6cd5\u5219\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u51c6\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u5b66\u98ce\u4ecd\u6709\u6b64\u5f0a\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u501f \u9898\u53d1\u6325\uff0c\u4ecd\u56de\u5230\u5b83\u4e0e\u5434\u5b93\u3001\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u770b\u3002\u2014\u2014\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u5165\u54c8\u4f5b\u5c31\u5b66\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u62df\u8d74\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u8bfb\uff0c\u56e0\u6545\u4e0d\u679c\uff0c\u4e43\u8f6c\u81f3\u54c8\u4f5b\u3002\u53bb\u54c8\u4f5b\u540e\uff0c\u4ecd\u53c8\u81f3\u67cf\u6797\u8bfb\u4e66\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u6240\u503e\u5fc3\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u5b66\u98ce\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5f7c\u4f3c\u4ea6\u672a\u95fb\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u6559\uff0c\u7528\u529b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u7aef\u5728\u68b5\u6587\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u5176\u4eba\u624b\u5f84\u8def\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\uff0c\u975e\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6587\u732e\u5b66\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u8003\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5434\u5b93\u4e3a\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u4f20\u8fbe\u8005\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u53cd\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f0f\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u672a\u4e88\u63aa\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u94a6\u670d\u4e8e\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u4e4b\u535a\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u5947\u602a\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u56db<\/p>\n

\u63a5\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f80\u4e0b\u8c08\uff0c\u5c31\u6d89\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5185\u5728\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u50cf\u5434\u5b93\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u65e2\u670d\u81ba\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53c8\u4f69\u670d\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8003\u8bc1\u4e4b\u5b66\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7686\u51fa\u4e8e\u8d64\u5ff1\uff0c\u6d51\u4e0d\u89c9\u5176\u4e3a\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u7279\u4f8b\u3002\u5728\u5434\u5b93\u8eab\u4e0a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\u5434\u5b93\u65e2\u8bb2\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u611f\u6027\u5e94\u4e88\u4e2d\u548c\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u9610\u8ff0\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u9ad8\u4e0a\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u5351\u4e0b\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u201c\u5185\u5728\u5236\u7ea6\u201d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u63f4\u7528\u4e86\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff1a\u4ee5\u7406\u6cbb\u6b32\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u89c1\u5434\u5b93\u6bd4\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u66f4\u91cd\u89c6\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u8861\u8bf8\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5434\u5b93\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u60c5\u80dc\u4e8e\u7406\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u60df\u5176\u8bd7\u8bcd\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f53\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u683c\u7279\u8d28\uff1b\u4ed6\u82e6\u604b\u6bdb\u5f66\u6587\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u98ce\u6ce2\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u957f\u671f\u5904\u5728\u60c5\u7406\u4ea4\u51b2\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f98\u5f8a\u5f80\u590d\uff0c\u7406\u4e0d\u80dc\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u6b64\u884c\u4e0d\u8df5\u5176\u8a00\u3001\u7406\u4e0d\u80dc\u5176\u60c5\uff0c\u8bb2\u5165\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u800c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u6b63\u662f\u5434\u5b93\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6700\u5bcc\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u7684\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4ed6\u65e2\u8bb2\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u4f69\u670d\u6587\u732e\u8003\u8bc1\u4e4b\u5b66\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u8fd9\u771f\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5434\u5b93\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5417\uff1f\u770b\u6765\u53c8\u672a\u5fc5\u3002\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bfc\u5e08\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u65e9\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u65e9\u5c81\u6cbb\u8bd7\u8bcd\uff0c\u53c8\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5929\u624d\u8d85\u5353\uff0c\u5177\u81fb\u4e0a\u6d41\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u7f16\u300a\u9759\u5b89\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u65f6\u5374\u6168\u4e4e\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u65e5\uff1a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u53ef\u7231\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ef\u4fe1\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u7231\u3002\u4f59\u77e5\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4f59\u53c8\u7231\u5176\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002\u201d\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u672c\u662f\u6b32\u6c42\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u5374\u6df1\u523b\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u201c\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u56fa\u7136\u80fd\u8ba4\u540c\u67d0\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u672a\u5fc5\u5c31\u80fd\u559c\u6b22\u5b83\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff1a\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u590d\u6742\u4e43\u81f3\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u4fe1\u4e0e\u7231\u672a\u5fc5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u7cdf\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u53c8\u6311\u6fc0\u7740\u4f60\u7684\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u867d\u660e\u77e5\u5b83\u975e\u771f\u7406\u3001\u660e\u77e5\u5b83\u662f\u8c2c\u8bef\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u8981\u559c\u7231\u5b83\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u5434\u5b93\u559c\u6b22\u4e0a\u6bdb\u5f66\u6587\u822c\uff0c\u201c\u7231\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e0d\u8be5\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u77e5\u5b83\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5417\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u8fd8\u6b62\u4e0d\u4f4f\u53bb\u7231\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u90a3\u53ef\u7231\u8005\u85cf\u6709\u7edd\u5927\u4e4b\u9b45\u60d1\uff0c\u800c\u53bb\u7231\u7684\u611f\u6027\u6b32\u5ff5\uff0c\u53c8\u975e\u7406\u6027\u6240\u80fd\u6291\u627c\u3002\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u4e4b\u60b2\u5267\uff0c\u65e0\u53ef\u5948\u4f55\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u201c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u5462\uff1f\u60c5\u7406\u4e4b\u95f4\uff1b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5747\u8861\u5f97\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u517c\u6709\u4e24\u7aef\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u201d\uff1b\u4ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u65e2\u4e0d\u60c5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d6\u4e24\u7aef\u800c\u5f97\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u5e84\u5b50\u6240\u8c13\uff1a\u5904\u4e4e\u6750\u4e0e\u4e0d\u6750\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u5230\u5e95\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u867d\u663e\u5b66\u7a76\u76f8\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u8bc4\u6790\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5fb7\u56fd\u6587\u732e\u5b66\u8005\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5176\u540c\u65f6\u53ca\u540e\u8f88\u8bb2\u6587\u732e\u8003\u8bc1\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u4e2a\u7edd\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e43\u662f\u4e2a\u8bd7\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u751f\u547d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5728\u80e1\u9002\u8eab\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u80e1\u9002\u5021\u53d1\u6587\u5b66\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e94\u56db\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6574\u7406\u56fd\u6545\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e2a\u897f\u5316\u6d3e\uff0c\u6240\u7528\u7684\u8bf4\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u5168\u76d8\u897f\u5316\u3001\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u5730\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u5145\u5206\u4e16\u754c\u5316\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u3002\u5176\u6587\u5316\u6001\u5ea6\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5434\u5b93\u3001\u6885\u5149\u8fea\u3001\u80e1\u5148\u8f85\u3001\u67f3\u8bd2\u5fb5\u7b49\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u521b\u529e\u300a\u5b66\u8861\u300b\u4ee5\u76f8\u6297\u8861\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u80e1\u9002\u6216\u80e1\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u98ce\u3002\u300a\u5b66\u8861\u300b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4ee3\u8868\u520a\u7269\uff0c\u4ea6\u56e0\u7cfb\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u80e1\u9002\u7684\u201c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u201d\u800c\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6027\u8d28\u975e\u4e00\uff0c\u7136\u5747\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7578\u88c2\u6216\u6742\u7cc5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u666e\u904d\u5177\u6b64\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e3a\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e4b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u8981\u8c08\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4f53\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6eaf\u6e90\u4e8e\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\uff1b\u4f46\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u56fa\u7136\u63d0\u5021\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u5374\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5f18\u626c\uff0c\u6e10\u6e10\u5c31\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4eba\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u89c6\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u76f8\u4fe1\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u90fd\u5f97\u6548\u6cd5\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u89c2\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u6240\u5927\u529b\u62a8\u51fb\u7684\u57f9\u6839\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57f9\u6839\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u624d\u4e4b\u57f9\u517b\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5219\u4e3a\u627f\u62c5\u6b64\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u5185\u6db5\u53ca\u4f7f\u547d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u53c8\u4e13\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3a\u51c6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u638c\u63e1\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d21\u732e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u673a\u6784\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u5230\u5e95\u5e94\u7ef4\u6301\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u517b\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u53d1\u5c55\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8bba\u6218\uff0c\u65af\u5bbe\u585e(Herbert Spencer)\u3001\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece(Thomas Hewry Huxley)\u7b49\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e00\u6279\u91cd\u89c6\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5404\u79cd\u5b9e\u7528\u79d1\u6280\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u5546\u57ce\u5e02\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u8001\u724c\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u725b\u6d25\u3001\u5251\u6865\uff0c\u4e5f\u589e\u8bbe\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u79d1\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u57f9\u517b\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u624d\u3002\u6b64\u98ce\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u4f20\u4eba\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u8fc5\u5373\u851a\u4e3a\u6d2a\u6d41\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u7528\u5b66\u79d1\u5730\u4f4d\u65e5\u9ad8\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u5907\u53d7\u51b7\u843d\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u611f\u53f9\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u6b64\u800c\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u5e76\u975e\u5b64\u519b\u594b\u6218\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u6709\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7(Thom-as Amold)\u3001\u6885\u4fee\u00b7\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7(Mathew Amold)\u3001\u7ebd\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u7ec5\u58eb\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u7a0d\u540e\u5219\u6709\u8428\u987f(George Sarton)\u3001\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af(Robert May-nard Hutchins)\u7b49\u4eba\u4f9d\u7136\u5021\u5bfc\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e14\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8428\u987f\u4e43\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u8bf4\u4ea6\u53f7\u79f0\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\uff0e\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u3002\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u56fa\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eba\u5e94\u6ce8\u91cd\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u610f\u6db5\uff0c\u8ba9\u79d1\u5b66\u91cd\u65b0\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u79f0\u6b64\u4e3a\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\u4e3b\u6301\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u6027\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u7406\u6027\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u80fd\u529b\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u5065\u5168\u800c\u8bbe\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u8fbe\u6b64\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u6c38\u6052\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u5957\u6c38\u6052\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u8c13\u6b64\u5b66\u79d1\u201c\u7eb3\u7ece\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5171\u540c\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u66fe\u7ecf\u60f3\u8fc7\u7684\u6700\u7f8e\u597d\u4e8b\u7269\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u548c\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5b66\u79d1\u7531\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\u79d1\u76ee\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u4e4b\u9014\u5f84\u5c31\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\u53e4\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u53ef\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u667a\u6027\u8bfe\u7a0b\u201d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u4fee\u8f9e\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7b49\u5177\u6709\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u914d\u5408\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u65f6\u4ee3\u9700\u8981\u800c\u8bbe\u7684\u5e94\u4e16\u8c10\u4fd7\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\u5e38\u968f\u65f6\u4ee3\u9700\u8981\u800c\u67af\u8363\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u81f3\u4e3a\u70ed\u95e8\uff1b\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u6beb\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u3002[1] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5747\u663e\u793a\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u5176\u5b9e\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5927\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u5f00\u59cb\u6539\u5236\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u5802\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8d70\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bcc\u56fd\u5f3a\u5175\u4e3a\u52a1\u3002\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f15\u5165\u5fb7\u5148\u751f\u4e0e\u8d5b\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7384\u5b66\u8bba\u6218\u3002\u4e00\u65f6\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u76db\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u628a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u770b\u4f5c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3001\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u89c6\u4e3a\u60df\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e0e\u8303\u4f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49(scientism)\u7684\u5021\u884c\u5927\u5c06\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u80e1\u9002\u4e4b\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u63a8\u52a8\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\uff0c\u5317\u5927\u5df2\u5148\u671f\u8bbe\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u56fd\u5b66\u95e8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u63a8\u52a8\u6e05\u534e\u518d\u8bbe\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u65f6\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5434\u5b93\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3b\u6301\u7b79\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6545\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u4e4b\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u7adf\u53ef\u5173\u8054\u4e8e\u90a3\u573a\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u4e86\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u4e5f\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66<\/p>\n

\u5316\u5927\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u5904\u5f02\u6837\u7684\u98ce\u666f\uff0c\u72ec\u7533\u5176\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u98ce\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u636e\u84dd\u6587\u6fc0\u300a\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u59cb\u672b\u300b\u8f7d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6e05\u534e\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u98ce\u683c\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5404\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\u4f20\u4e1a\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5e84\u4e25\u6073\u631a\uff0c\u8bf8\u540c\u5b66\u95ee\u9053\u5fc3\u5fd7\u7684\u8bda\u656c\u6bb7\u5207\uff0c\u7a46\u7136\u6709\u9e45\u6e56\u3001\u9e7f\u6d1e\u9057\u98ce\u3002\u6bcf\u5f53\u6625\u79cb\u4f73\u65e5\uff0c\u968f\u4f8d\u8bf8\u5e08\uff0c\u5f9c\u5f89\u6e56\u5c71\uff0c\u4fef\u4ef0\u541f\u5578\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u6625\u98ce\u821e\u96e9\u4e4b\u4e50\u3002\u9662\u4e2d\u90fd\u4ee5\u5b66\u95ee\u9053\u4e49\u76f8\u671f\u3002\u6545\u5e08\u5f1f\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6069\u82e5\u9aa8\u8089\uff1b\u540c\u95e8\u4e4b\u8c0a\uff0c\u4eb2\u5982\u624b\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5f53\u5e74\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u6216\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u6c14\u606f\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u66f4\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u76f8\u5bb9\u76f8\u5373\uff0c\u4e0e\u767d\u74a7\u5fb7\u3001\u8d6b\u94a6\u65af\u7b49\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u8bfe\u7a0b\u67b6\u6784\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u6709\u9996\u8bd7\u4e5f\u8c08\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u8d4b\u8fc2\u5112\u81ea\u5723\u72c2\uff0c\u8bfb\u4e66\u4e0d\u80af\u4e3a\u4eba\u5fd9\u3002\u5e73\u751f\u6240\u5b66\u5b81\u582a\u8d60\uff1f\u72ec\u6b64\u533a\u533a\u662f\u836f\u65b9\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u5df1\u5df3\u7ea7\u53f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u8d60\u8a00\u300b\uff0c1929\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u8bd7\u662f\u5199\u7ed9\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u6599\u60f3\u6b64\u4ea6\u662f\u4ed6\u5e73\u65e5\u5728\u6e05\u534e\u52d6\u52c9\u5176\u751f\u5f92\u4e4b\u8bed\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u6cbb\u5b66\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u5df1\u4e4b\u5b66\uff0c\u975e\u529f\u5229\u4e4b\u9014\u3002\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u6559\uff0c\u4ea6\u663e\u7136\u5177\u6709\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5207\u65ad\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u3002\u5148\u662f\u5c06\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5e08\u8d44\u5e76\u4eba\u4e2d\u6587\u7cfb\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5747\u4f9d\u73b0\u4ee3\u5206\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u505a\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eff\u6548\u725b\u6d25\u3001\u5251\u6865\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u201c\u9e45\u6e56\u3001\u9e7f\u6d1e\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u9042\u621b\u7136\u4e2d\u6b62\u4e86\u3002\u7ee7\u800c\u5728\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u9662\u7cfb\u5927\u8c03\u6574\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u628a\u4eba\u6587\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u79d1\u79fb\u51fa\u6e05\u534e\uff0c\u6e05\u534e\u9042\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u6240\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8457\u79f0\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u6210\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u6e05\u534e\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u53f2\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5927\u5b66\u8def\u5411\u7684\u76db\u8870\u4e0e\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4f53\u5236\u4e0a\u6548\u6cd5\u725b\u6d25\u3001\u5251\u6865\u4e43\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e66\u9662\uff0c\u4eba\u5458\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e08\u5f1f\u76f8\u4ece\u3001\u4f18\u6e38\u8bba\u9053\u4e4b\u4e50\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5176\u5b66\u95ee\u5374\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u3002\u975e\u662f\u8bba\u9053\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u5b66\u98ce\u6df1\u53d7\u5f53\u65f6\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5df2\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7578\u88c2\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u540d<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b9c\u91c7\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u533b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u7236\u5b50\u5e08\u5f92\u5f0f\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u6027\u4f20\u6388\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u666e\u4f20\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u800c\u4f20\u6388\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba9\u5f92\u5f1f\u770b\u533b\u4e66\u6216\u65b9\u5f55\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u90a3\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u6027\u7684\u8bf4\u89e3\uff0c\u53ea\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u70b9\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u6216\u6307\u70b9\u3002\u5f92\u5f1f\u5927\u62b5\u53ea\u9760\u80cc\u8bf5\u6587\u732e\u3001\u89c2\u6469\u5e08\u7236\u89c6\u75be\u7528\u836f\uff0c\u548c\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u5176\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u9010\u6e10\u609f\u51fa\u4e2a\u9053\u7406\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u8005\u4e0e\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u522b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f00\u53d1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9886\u609f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u533b\u6559\u80b2\u5c31\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002\u6559\u4e0e\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u7531\u5e08\u5f92\u95f4\u53cc\u65b9\u81ea\u5df1\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u653f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u5206\u6d3e\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c4\u5212\u4e2d\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u533b\u65b9\u533b\u6848\u533b\u7ecf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5bc6\u5207\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u8bca\u65ad\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\uff09\u4e5f\u88ab\u6790\u89e3\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u653e\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540d\u76ee\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u201d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u628a\u77e5\u8bc6\u88c5\u914d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u91cf\u8ba9\u5b83\u903b\u8f91\u5316\u3002\u6cbb\u7597\u6216\u533b\u65b9\uff0c\u5219\u5c3d\u91cf\u4f7f\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u3001\u53ef\u91cf\u5316\u3001\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u533b\u6559\u5b66\u53d8\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u826f\u5e08\u4e4b\u5916\uff1b\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bfc\u5411\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u627f\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u8bd5\u95ee\uff1a\u5b54\u5b50\u4e0e\u5176\u5f1f\u5b50\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u5b8b\u660e\u4e66\u9662\u5982\u9e45\u6e56\u3001\u9e7f\u6d1e\u4e4b\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u91c7\u524d\u4e00\u65b9\u6291\u6216\u540e\u4e00\u6cd5\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b54\u95e8\u6559\u5b66\u6216\u4e66\u9662\u8bba\u9053\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u666e\u4f20\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u77e5\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u8bb2\u6388\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u8bed\u5f55\u4fbf\u662f\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u54c1\u4f4d\u3001\u611f\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u7fa4\u5df1\u5173\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6d89\u53ca\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4ef0\u8d56\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u660e\u663e\u5730\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u96be\u4ee5\u7740\u529b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u504f\u91cd\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u6240\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u4e5f\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5c31\u7b97\u4ec5\u5c31\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u4e3e\u4e2d\u533b\u6559\u5b66\u4e4b\u4f8b\uff0c\u603b\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5473\u513f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u4f53\u5236\u5e7f\u6cdb\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u6388\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4ecd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5e73\u8861\u6216\u77eb\u6b63\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u6559\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\u62c9\u5eb7(Jacques Lacon)\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6df1\u6709\u4f53\u4f1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u8bd5\u56fe\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u30021964\u5e74\u62c9\u5eb7\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u53cd\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u5bb6\u5206\u6790\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53e6\u91c7\u75c5\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6545\u5177\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u4e4b\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f-\u79cd\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u5316\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7531\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u81ea\u5df1\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u666e\u904d\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6cbb\u7597\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u75c5\u4eba\u53ca\u53c2\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5185\u5728\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7985\u5b97\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83[2]<\/p>\n

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