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Jeanningros\uff09\u88ab\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u603b\u7763\u5bdf\u3002\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14-\u5189\u00b7\u8ba9\u84dd\u683c\u9c81\u5c06\u519b18\u5c81\u5165\u4f0d\uff0c\u620e\u9a6c\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6f14\u7ece\u4e86\u4ece\u58eb\u5175\u5230\u5c06\u519b\u7684\u8f89\u714c\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u53d7\u547d\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u519b\u65b9\u5728\u523b\u610f\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6811\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6977\u6a21\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u83b7\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8eab\u4efd\u540e\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u52a0\u56fd\u5e86\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u8282\u7b49\u91cd\u5927\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9605\u5175\u793c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b9a\u671f\u5728\u5e02\u9547\u5e7f\u573a\u5f00\u5c55\u96c6\u8bad\u64cd\u7ec3\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e61\u9547\u7684\u884c\u519b\u62c9\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u6811\u7acb\u8d77\u201c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5371\u96be\u5173\u5934\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u7ad9\u5728\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u536b\u58eb\u524d\u6392\u201d\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c11\u5e74\u5148\u950b\u961f\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u4e14\u9ad8\u8c03\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u4ee4\u9ad8\u4e3e\u519b\u4e8b\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u65d7\u5e1c\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5c06\u5fd7\u5728\u6536\u590d\u56fd\u571f\u3001\u632f\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u751f\u52a8\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u5728\u57ce\u9547\u5c45\u6c11\u4e43\u81f3\u5e7f\u5927\u4e61\u6751\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u773c\u524d\uff0c\u5bf9\u6fc0\u53d1\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u65e0\u7591\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5b8c\u5168\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u6d3e\u5b9e\u73b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u519b\u4e8b\u5d1b\u8d77\u3001\u6784\u5efa\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u6c11\u65cf\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3001\u5de9\u56fa\u5171\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u519b\u653f\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u754c\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u653f\u754c\u548c\u519b\u754c\u8981\u4eba\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u573a\u5408\u68c0\u9605\u5b66\u751f\u519b\uff0c\u5609\u5956\u5176\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u7ec4\u5efa\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9881\u5e03\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u540e\uff0c\u53731882\u5e747\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u65b0\u697c\u843d\u6210\u5e86\u5178\u4e0a\uff0c600\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u5e02\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u519b\u533a\u53f8\u4ee4\u3001\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u957f\u7b49\u519b\u653f\u754c\u8981\u4eba\u7684\u68c0\u9605\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u585e\u7eb3\u7701\u7701\u957f\u6388\u65d7\u3002\u5728\u9605\u5175\u793c\u540e\u7684\u76db\u5927\u5bb4\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u8339\u5c14\u00b7\u8d39\u91cc\u70ed\u60c5\u8d5e\u8a89\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u201c\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u9020\u5c31\u6cd5\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u519b\u529b\u201d\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u9605\u5175\u793c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5e76\u8fc5\u901f\u4e3a\u5404\u5730\u7ade\u76f8\u6a21\u4eff\u3002\u81ea1883\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u68c0\u9605\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5e76\u5411\u5176\u6388\u65d7\u6210\u4e3a\u5404\u5730\u56fd\u5e86\u5e86\u5178\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u56fa\u5b9a\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6388\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0a\u901a\u5e38\u4e00\u9762\u4e66\u5199\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6240\u5728\u7701\u5e02\u540d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u9762\u5199\u7740\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u7956\u56fd\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8363\u8a89\u548c\u7956\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u5185\u653f\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u8fd8\u5e38\u501f\u5de1\u89c6\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u673a\uff0c\u68c0\u9605\u5f53\u5730\u5b66\u751f\u519b\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u5e86\u5178\u4e0a\u68c0\u9605\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5747\u62e8\u4e13\u6b3e\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u8d2d\u7f6e\u5236\u670d\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u7528\u67aa\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u88c5\u5907\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba11882\u5e747\u67086\u65e5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5e76\u672a\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7edf\u4e00\u7740\u88c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u519b\u5bb9\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5f70\u663e\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5171\u548c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u8d2d\u7f6e\u5236\u670d\u548c\u519b\u4e50\u5668\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u9664\u4e86\u62e8\u4e13\u6b3e\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5efa\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u57281883\u5e747\u670827\u65e5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3a\u672c\u5e02\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6210\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4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Lavisse\uff09\u5316\u540d\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u5362\u74e6(Pierre Laloi)\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u672c\u300b\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5e94\u5f53\u6beb\u65e0\u6028\u8a00\u5730\u5c65\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u201d\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u62c9\u5362\u74e6\uff08Laloi\uff09\u610f\u5373\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u62c9\u7ef4\u65af\u4f7f\u7528\u62c9\u5362\u74e6\u8fd9\u4e00\u5316\u540d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5b66\u7ae5\u5c06\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u8bad\u5bfc\u89c6\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u9075\u5b88\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u62c9\u7ef4\u65af\u8fd8\u501f\u5176\u5f1f\u6cd5\u519b\u4e2d\u5c09\u827e\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u7ef4\u65af(Emile Lavisse)\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u8bed\u6587\u9605\u8bfb\u8bfe\u672c\u300a\u4f60\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6218\u58eb\u300b\uff0c\u5411\u5b66\u7ae5\u4ecb\u7ecd\u519b\u961f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u519b\u961f\u4e4b\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u4e5f\u6267\u7b14\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u5b66\u6821\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u8bfe\u672c\u3002\u8be5\u8bfe\u672c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bfe\u5373\u4e3a\u201c\u5175\u5f79\u548c\u7956\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u670d\u5175\u5f79\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e49\u52a1\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u8363\u8a89\u201d\u3002\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u5c24\u5176\u5411\u5b66\u7ae5\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u8c01\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u593a\u53bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u593a\u53bb\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5144\u5f1f\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u4f60\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\u5f3a\u58ee\u53bb\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f60\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u8d77\uff0c\u505a\u597d\u4e00\u5207\u51c6\u5907\u4ee5\u89e3\u6551\u4ed6\u3002\u201d\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5e03\u9c81\u8bfa\uff08Georges Bruno\uff09\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u9605\u8bfb\u8bfe\u672c\u300a\u4e24\u7ae5\u73af\u6cd5\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e74\u6ee120\u5c81\u7684\u54e5\u54e5\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u5373\u5c06\u5165\u4f0d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u58eb\u201d\u800c\u7ed3\u675f\u5168\u4e66\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7f16\u8005\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u4e3a\u5b66\u7ae5\u89c4\u5212\u4e86\u4ece\u5b66\u6821\u5230\u519b\u961f\u518d\u5230\u5de5\u5382\u6216\u519c\u573a\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4eba\u751f\uff0c\u6559\u5bfc\u5b66\u7ae5\u201c\u7262\u8bb0\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc5\u987b\u6210\u4e3a\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u9a81\u52c7\u536b\u58eb\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u52a0\u4f53\u80b2\u953b\u70bc\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5065\u4f53\u9b44\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6587\u827a\u754c\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u6821\u5f00\u5c55\u519b\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8425\u9020\u4e86\u826f\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c1b\u56f4\u30021881\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u8054\u76df\u53ec\u5f00\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u79c9\u627f\u201c\u4ee5\u4e66\u672c\u548c\u5229\u5251\u62a5\u6548\u7956\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u683c\u8a00\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u8054\u76df\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ece\u666e\u53ca\u6c11\u4f17\u667a\u529b\u6559\u80b2\u6269\u53ca\u519b\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\u30021882\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u8054\u76df\u53d1\u8d77\u5168\u56fd\u52df\u6350\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u5404\u5730\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u5e76\u5411\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f53\u80b2\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u5668\u68b0\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u201c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u57f9\u517b\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u3001\u671d\u6c14\u84ec\u52c3\u7684\u3001\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u536b\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u6218\u58eb\u201d\u30021882\u5e74\u81f31886\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u8054\u76df\u5728\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u3001\u5c04\u51fb\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u534f\u4f1a\u4ece9\u4e2a\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\u5230113\u4e2a\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u540c\u7c7b\u534f\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5360\u6bd4\u8fbe\u523016.5%\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u6821\u519b\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u652f\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u8005\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5c06\u201c\u4e3a\u519b\u961f\u57f9\u8bad\u56fd\u6c11\uff0c\u878d\u519b\u961f\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u89c6\u4e3a\u540c\u76df\u6700\u9ad8\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u5728\u5404\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u4f53\u80b2\u3001\u5c04\u51fb\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4f53\u80b2\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u6276\u6301\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u3002\u540c\u76df\u673a\u5173\u62a5\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u300b\u9891\u7e41\u520a\u6587\u5ba3\u4f20\u5b66\u6821\u519b\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba9\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u6218\u58eb\u5728\u62b5\u8fbe\u519b\u8425\u65f6\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0a\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u505a\u597d\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5b66\u6821\u519b\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u201c\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u591f\u540c\u65f6\u5411\u519b\u961f\u8f93\u9001\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u58eb\u5b98\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u201d\u3002\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u300b\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u520a\u53d1\u8d5e\u7f8e\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u8bd7\u6587\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1884\u5e747\u670812\u65e5\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u7b2c28\u671f\u300a\u65d7\u5e1c\u300b\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u5e03\u987f\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08Louis Bretonni\u00e8re\uff09\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u300a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u300b\u4e00\u8bd7\uff0c\u8bd7\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5411\u4e1c\u65b9\u2026\u2026\u5411\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u90a3\u8fb9\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\/\u519b\u53f7\u5639\u4eae\/\u5439\u54cd\u9ad8\u50b2\u7684\u6311\u6218\u2026\u2026\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u590d\u4ec7\u4e4b\u519b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4ee5\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u4e3a\u9898\u6750\u7684\u6587\u827a\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u6851\u5854\u74e6\u90a3\uff08Chantavoine\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u300b\u4e00\u8bd7\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6bd4\u4f5c\u201c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e4b\u519b\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u5458\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u590d\u4ec7\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u201d\u800c\u64cd\u7ec3\u7684\u201c\u5c0f\u6218\u58eb\u201d\u3002\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u8fc8\u90a3\u5c14\uff08Louis 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