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Ranke\uff0c1795\u20141886\uff09\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u95e8\u5f92\u5f8b\u65af\uff08Ludwig 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der historischen Methode und Geschichtsphilosophie\uff09\u7d20\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u3002\u5728\u897f\u6d0b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5360\u6709\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\uff3b\u5f53\u65f6\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u8005\u5170\u5e03\u4ec0\u7279\uff08Karl Lamprecht\uff0c1856\u20141915\uff09\u5373\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u53f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5373\u662f\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\uff08Voltaire\uff09\u3001\u4f2f\u4f26\u6c49\u4e0e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u201d\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002\uff3d\u6851\u539f\u6c0f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u5165\u95e8\u300b\uff0c\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\u5e94\u662f\u8be5\u6c0f\u520a\u884c\u4e8e1905\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff08Einleitung in die Geschichtswissenschft\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6d45\u663e\u6613\u6653\uff0c\u66fe\u6709\u201c\u5ca9\u6ce2\u6587\u5e93\u201d\u65e5\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\u6851\u539f\u6c0f\u4e4b\u8bc4\u4e0d\u557b\u610f\u8c13\uff1a\u6881\u6c0f\u4e00\u4e66\u6240\u8868\u5f70\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u4e0d\u903e\u4f2f\u4f26\u6c49\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u590d\u6b21\uff0c\u6f5c\u5fc3\u53f2\u5b66\u6709\u5e74\u7684\u675c\u7ef4\u8fd0\u6559\u6388\u4ea6\u6307\u51fa\u6881\u6c0f\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u5ff5\u9887\u6709\u501f\u9274\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u539f\u8bba\u300b\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u6309\u8be5\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u6717\u683c\u8bfa\u74e6\uff08Charles V\uff0eLanglois\uff0c1863\u20141929\uff09\u4e0e\u8d5b\u683c\u8bfa\u535a\uff08Charles Seignobos\uff0c1854\u20141942\uff09\u54b8\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u518d\u4f20\u5f1f\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u539f\u8bba\u300b\u4eab\u6709\u4e0e\u4f2f\u4f26\u6c49\u8457\u4f5c\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9053\u51fa\u540c\u6e90\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5747\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u662f\u6545\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6881\u6c0f\u53f2\u5b66\u786e\u5207\u6e90\u51fa\u4f55\u5904\uff0c\u6050\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5b66\u8131\u4e0d\u4e86\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u675c\u6c0f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u590d\u6709\u90ac\u56fd\u4e49\u5148\u751f\u8fdb\u800c\u6307\u51fa\u6881\u6c0f\u539f\u521d\u65b0\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9887\u6709\u53d6\u8d44\u65e5\u4eba\u6d6e\u7530\u548c\u6c11\uff081859\u20141946\uff09\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u901a\u8bba\u300b\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u6309\u6d6e\u7530\u548c\u6c11\u66fe\u7559\u5b66\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8be5\u65f6\u9002\u662f\u201c\u5170\u514b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u98ce\u884c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u65f6\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u576a\u4e95\u4e5d\u9a6c\u4e09\u7d20\u88ab\u76ee\u4e3a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u9645\u4e24\u4f4d\u65e5\u672c\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u9f13\u5439\u8005\u3002\u6982\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u675c\u3001\u90ac\u4e24\u4f4d\u7684\u7acb\u8bba\u76d6\u7acb\u57fa\u4e8e\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6821\u52d8\u548c\u6bd4\u5bf9\uff0c\u6070\u4e0e\u6851\u6c0f\u4e00\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u8bba\u65ad\uff0c\u53ef\u524d\u540e\u547c\u5e94\uff0c\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\u4ec5\u51ed\u4f20\u64ad\u897f\u5b66\u5c1a\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u6881\u8457\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u897f\u5b66\u9020\u8be3\u5c24\u4f73\u7684\u4f55\u70b3\u677e\u3001\u6768\u9e3f\u70c8\uff081903\u20141977\uff09\u8bf8\u4eba\u7684\u53f2\u8457\uff0c\u7406\u5e94\u7565\u80dc\u4e00\u7b79\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u65e5\u540e\u53cd\u5012\u9690\u6ca1\u65e0\u95fb\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u6851\u539f\u9a98\u85cf\u5bf9\u6881\u6c0f\u56fd\u53f2\u9020\u8be3\u7684\u63a8\u5d07\u5c31\u6709\u4e9b\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u3002\u6881\u6c0f\u6587\u53f2\u6db5\u517b\u535a\u6d3d\u878d\u901a\uff0c\u9ad8\u4eba\u4e00\u7b49\uff0c\u80fd\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5916\u5b66\u95ee\u6c34\u4e73\u4ea4\u878d\uff0c\u6beb\u672a\u89c1\u7a92\u788d\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u79fb\u690d\u5de5\u4f5c\u770b\u4f3c\u5e73\u5e38\uff0c\u5b9e\u5219\u7edd\u96be\uff1b\u4ee5\u81f4\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u56fa\u7136\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u80fd\u591f\u63a8\u9648\u51fa\u65b0\uff0c\u60df\u5728\u4e8b\u7406\u5706\u878d\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u72b9\u77a0\u4e4e\u5176\u540e\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u300b\u4e4b\u666e\u53d7\u77a9\u76ee\uff0c\u5386\u4e45\u672a\u8870\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u80fd\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u56fd\u53f2\u77e5\u8bc6\u6eb6\u94f8\u4e00\u7089\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6210\u5c31\u8fc4\u4eca\u4ecd\u7f55\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u3002\u804c\u662f\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u6851\u539f\u6c0f\u7684\u4e24\u70b9\u8bc4\u8bba\u63c6\u8bf8\u65e5\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u76d6\u6d1e\u70db\u5148\u673a\uff0c\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4ee5\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\uff081877\u20141927\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u738b\u6c0f\u65e9\u5e74\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u640f\u6597\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u540e\u4eba\u6d25\u6d25\u4e50\u9053\u7684\u58ee\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e09\u5341\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5374\u6bc5\u7136\u51b3\u7136\u820d\u5f03\u897f\u5b66\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u4e13\u653b\u56fd\u5b66\uff0c\u679c\u4e0d\u5176\u7136\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u4f1f\u4e1a\uff1b\u800c\u4e3a\u540e\u4eba\u6240\u5411\u5f80\uff0c\u6b23\u7fa1\u4e0d\u5df2\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\u548c\u51b3\u88c2\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e9f\u5f85\u7d22\u89e3\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u516c\u6848\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u82e5\u65e0\u76f4\u63a5\u53d6\u8bc1\u5eb7\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4fbf\u65e0\u7531\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u738b\u6c0f\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e0e\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u800c\u5f80\u6614\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5e38\u4ee4\u4eba\u6709\u9694\u9774\u6414\u75d2\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u76d6\u53f2\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u56de\u907f\u53d6\u9605\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u7d20\u79f0\u96be\u8bfb\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u62bd\u8c61\u4e14\u7e41\u590d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u89c6\u4e3a\u754f\u9014\uff0c\u66f4\u9051\u8bba\u5b9e\u8bc1\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u4fd7\u8bed\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5165\u864e\u7a74\uff0c\u7109\u5f97\u864e\u5b50\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4eb2\u7099\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u7ec8\u7a76\u4eff\u82e5\u53e4\u4eba\u6240\u8ba5\u523a\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u5854\u8bf4\u76f8\u8f6e\u201d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u4e4b\u63a5\u89e6\u54f2\u5b66\u7eaf\u7cfb\u5076\u7136\u3002\u4ed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philosophy\uff09\u5411\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684 \u201c\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff08Copernican Revolution\uff09\uff1b\u5c06\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u5949\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u53ca\u666e\u904d\u8bba\u8bf4\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08metaphysics\uff09\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u201d\uff08epistemology\uff09\u7684\u5229\u5668\uff0c\u4e14\u8d85\u8131\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u6df1\u5f97\u4e09\u6627\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u66fe\u65ad\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u5f7c\uff08\u6c57\u5fb7\uff09\u61ac\u7136\u4e8e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u6b32\u4ee5\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u6613\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002\u201d\u5728\u91cd\u65b0\u9610\u91ca\u53ca\u8bc4\u4f30\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u9042\u4ea6\u6b65\u4ea6\u8d8b\uff0c\u53d6\u6cd5\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u6279\u5224\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u5148\u5929\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u201d\uff08transcendental 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history\uff09\u572d\u81ec\u7684\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u3002\u804c\u662f\uff0c\u8c13\u738b\u6c0f\u751a\u53d7\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u867d\u4e0d\u4e2d\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8fdc\u77e3\uff01\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u738b\u6c0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5b66\u65b9\u662f\u6052\u4e45\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5085\u65af\u5e74\uff081896\u20141950\uff09\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u4e3a\u7ec8\u4f8b\u3002\u539f\u521d\u4ed6\u7559\u5b66\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u518d\u8f6c\u8d74\u5fb7\u56fd\u6df1\u9020\u3002\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u4ed6\u6df1\u5165\u5b66\u4e60\u5386\u53f2\u53ca\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\uff0c\u76d6\u5c5e\u6210\u5b66\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u6240\u9057\u7559\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bb2\u4e49\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b8b\u7f3a\u4e0d\u5168\uff0c\u6545\u96be\u7aa5\u5176\u5168\u8c8c\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u6538\u5173\u5170\u514b\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u53e6\u5faa\u5176\u4ed6\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4ee5\u8821\u6d4b\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u4f8b\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u300a\u7ef4\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u300b\uff08Wittgnestein\u2019s Vienna\uff09\u8be5\u4e66\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u91c7\u884c\u201c\u5468\u906d\u65c1\u8bc1\u201d\uff08circumstantial evidence\uff09\uff0c\u722c\u68b3\u7ef4\u6c0f\u54f2\u5b66\u5fd7\u4e1a\u7684\u5e95\u8574\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6839\u65af\u5766\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e8b\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5411\u6765\u662f\u4e2a\u8c1c\u56e2\uff0c\u56fe\u5c14\u654f\uff08Stephen Toulmin\uff09\u548c\u5176\u5b66\u751f\u6770\u5c3c\u514b\uff08Allan Janik\uff09\uff0c\u4fbf\u501f\u91cd\u8427\u65af\u57fa\uff08Carl Schorske\uff09\u300a\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u300b\uff08Fin\uff0dDe\uff0dSi\u00e8cle Vienna\uff1aPolitics and Culture\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u5e95\uff0c\u70d8\u6258\u51fa\u7ef4\u6c0f\u8eab\u5904\u8be5\u65f6\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc1\u6210\u7ef4\u6c0f\u4ece\u4e8b\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ee4\u4e2a\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6790\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u5468\u906d\u8bc1\u636e\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u82e5\u201c\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u636e\u201d\u6765\u5f97\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u591a\u5c11\u8981\u6dfb\u51e0\u5206\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u6548\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u201c\u886c\u6258\u201d\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u201c\u8bc1\u6210\u201d\u3002\u4ee5\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u4e0e\u5170\u514b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8bda\u7136\u5085\u6c0f\u8a00\u53ca\u5170\u514b\u4e4b\u5904\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u6267\u6b64\u4ee5\u63a2\u7a76\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5170\u514b\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u843d\u4e0b\u7985\u5b97\u6240\u4e91\u201c\u6b7b\u5728\u5b57\u4e0b\u201d\u7684\u6267\u609f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u53e6\u8c0b\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u65b9\u5f97\u4e00\u7aa5\u7a76\u7adf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u5c61\u5c61\u632f\u81c2\u75be\u547c\u201c\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u5373\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u3001\u201c\u53f2\u5b66\u4fbf\u662f\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u201d\u7b49\u8bed\uff0c\u610f\u56fe\u6807\u699c\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6cbb\u53f2\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u51e0\u53e5\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u6807\u8bed\uff0c\u65e5\u540e\u4e0d\u610f\u5374\u6ca6\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u653b\u8ba6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ee5\u201c\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d\u8ba5\u65a5\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u543e\u4eba\u82e5\u8981\u6807\u4e3e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u7bc7\u5927\u5757\u6587\u7ae0\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u662f1902\u5e74\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u6240\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u53f2\u5b66\u300b\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\u4e43\u662f1928\u5e74\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u520a\u884c\u7684\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u65e8\u8da3\u300b\u3002\u524d\u7bc7\u7cfb\u5f00\u98ce\u6c14\u4e4b\u5148\uff0c\u540e\u7bc7\u5219\u662f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1b\u4e24\u8005\u5f71\u54cd\u65e5\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u65e2\u6df1\u4e14\u8fdc\u3002\u5148\u524d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u6881\u6c0f\u300a\u65b0\u53f2\u5b66\u300b\u4e1a\u7565\u6709\u8003\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e8e\u6b64\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8a00\u3002\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u65e8\u8da3\u300b\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u4e49\u7cfb\u5085\u6c0f\u4e00\u751f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5085\u6c0f\u53f2\u5b66\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5b66\u754c\u6700\u810d\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u53ea\u662f\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u201d\u6b64\u4e00\u54cd\u4eae\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5176\u529f\u8fc7\u662f\u975e\u603b\u7f18\u6b64\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u6b64\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u638c\u63e1\u5085\u6c0f\u5bf9\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u65c1\u53ca\u4ed6\u6240\u5f15\u8fdb\u201c\u53f2\u6599\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u4e4b\uff0c\u5170\u514b\uff08Leopold von Ranke\uff0c1795\u20141886\uff09\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u5728\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u9645\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6216\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5747\u9762\u4e34\u5f3a\u654c\u73af\u4f3a\uff0c\u56db\u9762\u695a\u6b4c\u7684\u7a98\u5883\uff1b\u4f46\u82e5\u5e72\u6cbb\u53f2\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u5f02\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9020\u8bbf\u8005\u5374\u4ecd\u662f\u65b0\u9896\u53ef\u559c\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u5085\u6c0f\u6240\u6444\u53d6\u6216\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfb\u8005\u53ea\u8981\u7a0d\u52a0\u6bd4\u5bf9\u5170\u514b\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5085\u6c0f\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u6e90\u5934\u5c31\u8c41\u7136\u5f00\u6717\u3002\u5170\u514b\u7684\u300a1494\u81f31514\u5e74\u62c9\u4e01\u4e0e\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\u53f2\u300b\uff08Histories of the Latin and Germanic Nations\uff0c1494\u20141514\uff09\uff0c\u5411\u6765\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u5b66\u754c\u5c24\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8be6\u3002\u5170\u514b\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u5224\u65ad\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u8c0b\u798f\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u5982\u8bb8\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u662f\u9648\u8ff0\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5170\u514b\u7684\u547c\u5401\u5386\u53f2\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u9648\u8ff0\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\uff08wie es eigentlich gewesen\uff09\uff0c\u521d\u95fb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u8bed\u8c03\u4f3c\u6781\u8c26\u5351\uff0c\u5b9e\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u6b63\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6807\u5e1c\uff0c\u5b83\u8c61\u5f81\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u53f2\u5b66\u4ece\u6b64\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5974\u5a62\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u53f2\u5b9e\u81ea\u660e\u201d\u540c\u4e3a\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u758f\u901a\u201d\u7684\u7406\u636e\u3002\u5085\u6c0f\u575a\u4fe1\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u6574\u7406\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u827a\u672f\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u505a\u758f\u901a\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u6276\u6301\u6216\u63a8\u5012\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\uff08\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u6211\u4eec\u7a0d\u52a0\u63a8\u6572\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\u6392\u540d\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u5e95\u8574\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u5bdf\u89c9\u5085\u6c0f\u601d\u8def\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u7adf\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5b66\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u7f29\u5f71\u3002\u4ed6\u907f\u800c\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f20\u7edf\u65e7\u5b66\u4e2d\u538b\u5236\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u7a81\u663e\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff1a\u201c\u795e\u5b66\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u786e\u662f\u6b8a\u582a\u73a9\u5473\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\u5747\u66fe\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u56ed\u5730\u7559\u4e0b\u55a7\u5bbe\u593a\u4e3b\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5085\u6c0f\u91cd\u7533\u53f2\u6599\u65b9\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6574\u7406\u597d\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c31\u663e\u8c41\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ec8\u5176\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u5170\u514b\u98ce\u5c18\u4ec6\u4ec6\u5730\u81f3\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5904\uff0c\u8f9b\u52e4\u5bfb\u627e\u3001\u722c\u68b3\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u6784\u4f5c\u7684\u53f2\u8457\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u5df1\u8eab\u6cbb\u53f2\u7406\u5ff5\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6cbb\u5b66\u98ce\u683c\u8bda\u5982\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u2500\u2500\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u6240\u81ea\u52c9\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4e0a\u7a77\u78a7\u843d\u4e0b\u9ec4\u6cc9\uff0c\u52a8\u624b\u52a8\u811a\u627e\u4e1c\u897f\uff01\uff08\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e8\u8da3\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5085\u6c0f\u4e9f\u4e8e\u627e\u5bfb\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u6750\u6599\u201d\uff0c\u5c45\u4e2d\u7279\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u53f2\u6599\u4e3a\u9ad8\u3002\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u9759\u5750\u4e66\u658b\u7684\u6587\u58eb\uff0c\u5085\u6c0f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5bb6\u6240\u5851\u6a21\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u8fdc\u7ecd\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5170\u514b\u3002\uff3b\u867d\u7136\u6211\u63e3\u6d4b\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u6240\u5851\u7acb\u7684\u65b0\u53f2\u5bb6\u5f62\u8c61\u53d6\u81ea\u5170\u514b\u7684\u6cbb\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u4f3c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u5bb6\u5d14\u5a01\u5ec9\uff08GeorgeMacaulay Trevelyan\uff0c1876\u20141962\uff09\u8f6c\u624b\u800c\u6765\u3002\u5d14\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u514b\u91cc\u6b27\u300b\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u514b\u91cc\u6b27\u3014Clio\u3015\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5973\u795e\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u9a73\u65a5\u53e6\u4f4d\u53f2\u5bb6\u4f2f\u96f7\uff08J\uff0eB\uff0eBury\uff0c1861\u20141927\uff09\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u8bf4\u30021913\u5e74\u5d14\u6c0f\u4fee\u8ba2\u540e\u590d\u6536\u5165\u300a\u514b\u91cc\u6b27\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u795e\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u5f62\u5bb9\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\u201cCollect the\u2018facts\u2019\uff0d\uff0dyou must go down to Hell and up to Heaven to fetch them\u201d\u3002\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u6240\u5f62\u5851\u7684\u53f2\u5bb6\u5177\u6709\u641c\u5bfb\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b64\u4e0e\u56ff\u4e8e\u9971\u8bfb\u7ecf\u53f2\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u6240\u533a\u522b\u3002\uff3d<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6599\uff08original sources\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u59cb\u81ea\u5085\u65af\u5e74\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u3001\u80e1\u9002\u53d7\u897f\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e1a\u5df2\u9610\u53d1\u518d\u4e09\uff1b\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u53c8\u66fe\u53d7\u4e1a\u4e8e\u80e1\u9002\u7684\u5085\u6c0f\u590d\u5c06\u6b64\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u7533\u8bba\u201c\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u5c31\u5176\u201c\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u5373\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u5085\u65af\u5e74\u4fbf\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u6982\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u53f2\u5b66\u4fbf\u662f\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u51e1\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u7814\u7a76\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4fbf\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u51e1\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u524d\u4eba\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u524d\u4eba\u6240\u521b\u9020\u4e4b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7e41\u4e30\u7ec6\u5bc6\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4fbf\u9000\u6b65\u3002\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4f9d\u6b64\uff0c\u5085\u6c0f\u4e14\u5206\u8fa8\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u201c\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u7a76\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u9042\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff1a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d\u3002\u65e0\u602a\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5085\u6c0f\u7279\u522b\u63a8\u5d07\u5170\u514b\uff08\u8f6f\u514b\uff09\u4e0e\u83ab\u6bcd\u68ee\uff08Theodor 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