{"id":28871,"date":"2023-07-11T18:20:02","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T10:20:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=28871"},"modified":"2023-07-11T18:20:02","modified_gmt":"2023-07-11T10:20:02","slug":"200%e5%b9%b4%e5%89%8d%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e6%9e%9a%e5%90%88%e6%a0%bc%e7%96%ab%e8%8b%97%e7%9a%84%e8%af%9e%e7%94%9f%e5%8f%b2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=28871","title":{"rendered":"200\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u679a\u5408\u683c\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587 | \u5468\u7a0b<\/p>\n<section class=\"\" data-id=\"86043\">\n<section class=\"\">\u8f6c\u81ea\u9976\u6bc5\u3001\u9c81\u767d\u3001\u8c22\u5b87\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u300b<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3498155461,3113107118&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=717&amp;h=500\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u4e2d\u5de6\u4fa7\u7537\u5b50\u4e3a\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u514d\u75ab\u6cbb\u7597\u7814\u7a76\u5148\u6cb3\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u8a79\u7eb3\uff08Edward Jenner\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7ee7\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u80e1\u514b\uff08Robert Hooke,1635-1703\uff09\u4e8e1665\u5e74\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u5408\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u8f6f\u6728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u8702\u623f\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a&#8221;\u7ec6\u80de&#8221;\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c1676\u5e74\u8377\u5170\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5217\u6587\u864e\u514b\uff08Antoni van LeeuwenHoek,1632-1723\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5236\u7684\u5355\u900f\u955c\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u6c34\u6ef4\u4e2d\u7684&#8221;\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269&#8221;\uff08little animals\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u901a\u5f80\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=722534300,2401433064&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=717&amp;h=393\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u80e1\u514b\uff08Robert Hooke\uff09\u5f62\u8c61\u00a0 \u00a0\u80e1\u514b\u7528\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u955c<\/p>\n<p>\u5217\u6587\u864e\u514b\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5927\u4e8c\u767e\u4f59\u500d\u7684\u5355\u900f\u955c\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5148\u540e\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e86\u9709\u83cc\u3001\u871c\u8702\u523a\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u3001\u690d\u7269\u7684\u53f6\u7247\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u80e1\u987b\u3001\u53e3\u6c34\u548c\u7259\u57a2\u7b49\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u68a6\u5e7b\u822c\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u3002\u5217\u6587\u864e\u514b\u548c\u4f17\u591a17\u4e16\u7eaa\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u6536\u96c6\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u65b0\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u6fc0\u52a8\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u56fe\u666f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u6fc0\u60c5\u548c\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u79d1\u5b66\u5de8\u4eba\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5de8\u8457\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5236\u9020\u6280\u672f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d6\u5f97\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9664\u8377\u5170\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7a46\u52d2\uff08Otto Friedrich M\u00fcller, 1730-1784\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5bf9\u7ec6\u83cc\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u63d2\u56fe\u5728\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u5f62\u6001\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u770b\u5230\u5176\u5b83\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u516519\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u673a\u68b0\u5236\u9020\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5149\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6709\u4e86\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5fb7\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u57c3\u4f26\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg,1795-1876\uff09 \u5f97\u4ee5\u4e8e1838\u5e74\u6839\u636e\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u5f62\u6001\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7740\u5bf9\u7ec6\u83cc\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684&#8221;\u7ec6\u83cc&#8221;\uff08Bacterium\uff09\u548c&#8221;\u87ba\u65cb\u83cc&#8221;\uff08Spirillum\uff09 \u7b49\u672f\u8bed\u4eba\u4eec\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u540d\u7ee7\u7eed\u6cbf\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u5c06\u7ec6\u83cc\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7ec6\u83cc\u81f4\u75c5\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\uff08Louis Pasteur,1822-1895\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\u75be\u75c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec6\u83cc\u4f20\u67d3\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u533b\u751f\u68ee\u6885\u5c14\u5916\u65af\uff08Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss,1818-1865\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u51cf\u5c11\u533b\u7597\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1847\u5e74\uff0c\u68ee\u6885\u5c14\u5916\u65af\u5728\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff1a\u5728\u533b\u9662\u91cc\u5206\u5a29\u7684\u5987\u5973\u7531\u4e8e\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u800c\u6210\u6279\u6b7b\u53bb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u5206\u5a29\u7684\u5987\u5973\u5374\u5f88\u5c11\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u75c5\u3002\u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u533b\u751f\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u5728\u75c5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u6c42\u624b\u4e0b\u7684\u533b\u751f\u5728\u6362\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u75c5\u4eba\u65f6\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u6eb6\u6db2\u6d17\u624b\u3002\u533b\u751f\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u9887\u6709\u6028\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u6309\u8981\u6c42\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u533b\u9662\u91cc\u7684\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u5f00\u59cb\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=4074587411,3171047748&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=1168&amp;h=496\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5de6\uff1a\u68ee\u6885\u5c14\u5916\u65af\uff08Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u53f3\uff1a1841-1849\u5e74\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c1847\u5e74\u91c7\u53d6\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u6eb6\u6db2\u6d17\u624b\u63aa\u65bd\u540e\u6570\u636e\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d<\/p>\n<p>1849\u5e74\uff0c\u68ee\u6885\u5c14\u5916\u65af\u56e0\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5ba3\u5e03\u72ec\u7acb\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u751f\u7565\u53bb\u4e86\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\u7684\u6d17\u624b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u75c5\u4eba\u4e2d\u60a3\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u53c8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u68ee\u6885\u5c14\u5916\u65af\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5230\u54ea\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u90fd\u575a\u6301\u7528\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u6eb6\u6db2\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u7531\u4ed6\u7167\u987e\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u56e0\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4e0d\u52301%\u3002\u68ee\u6885\u5c14\u5916\u65af\u7528\u5b9e\u8df5\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6d17\u624b\u5bf9\u964d\u4f4e\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6d17\u624b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81f4\u75c5\u7ec6\u83cc\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8c1c\u5e95\u540e\u6765\u662f\u7531\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u63ed\u5f00\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/66656e85f9c18878\" \/><br \/>\n\u6cd5\u56fd\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\uff08Louis Pasteur\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u539f\u672c\u662f\u5b66\u5316\u5b66\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e0e\u9152\u77f3\u9178\u6676\u4f53\u6709\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c1854\u5e74\u8d74\u91cc\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u62c5\u4efb\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u56e0\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u917f\u9152\u4f01\u4e1a\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u8461\u8404\u9152\u548c\u5564\u9152\u53d8\u9178\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6545\u5e94\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u4e8b\u53d1\u9175\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7cd6\u548c\u9152\u7cbe\u7684\u53d1\u9175\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9175\u6bcd\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\uff08Justus von Liebig,1803-1873\uff09\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53d1\u9175\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u4f7f\u7528\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5bf9\u53d1\u9175\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u53d1\u9175\u4e43\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u9175\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u53d1\u9175\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u53d1\u9175\u4e4b\u4ea7\u7269\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=999446910,2605976886&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=400&amp;h=300\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u9152\u6db2\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u7684&#8221;\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u8bf4&#8221;\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u6216\u65e0\u673a\u7269\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u4e0a\u4ee3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5373\u4fbf\u4f7f\u7528\u52a0\u70ed\u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u9152\u6db2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e73\u9178\u6746\u83cc\u5168\u90e8\u6740\u6b7b\uff0c\u4e5f\u96be\u4fdd\u4e73\u9178\u6746\u83cc\u4e0d\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u9152\u6db2\u53d8\u9178\u30021860\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u4f7f\u7528\u9e45\u9888\u74f6\u548c\u76f4\u9888\u74f6\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u4e24\u79cd\u74f6\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u8089\u6c41\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9ad8\u6e29\u52a0\u70ed\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4fb5\u5165\u76f4\u9888\u74f6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6545\u76f4\u9888\u74f6\u4e2d\u7684\u8089\u6c41\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5728\u4fb5\u5165\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u53d8\u8d28\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u9e45\u9888\u74f6\u4e2d\u7684\u8089\u6c41\u56e0\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u6f02\u6d6e\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u88ab\u5361\u5728\u4e86\u74f6\u9888\u7684\u5f2f\u66f2\u5904\uff0c\u6545\u5b58\u653e\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u8150\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1\u3001\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u5c18\u57c3\u643a\u5e26\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>2\u3001\u65e2\u7136\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u53d1\u9175\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8981\u6539\u5584\u53d1\u9175\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u9152\u6db2\u53d8\u9178\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8003\u5bdf\u5404\u79cd\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5728\u53d1\u9175\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u672a\u53d8\u8d28\u7684\u9152\u6db2\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u80fd\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u5706\u7403\u72b6\u7684\u9175\u6bcd\u83cc\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u53d8\u9178\u540e\u7684\u9152\u6db2\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u9175\u6bcd\u83cc\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u6746\u72b6\u4e73\u9178\u83cc\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4e73\u9178\u6746\u83cc\u5728\u9152\u6db2\u91cc\u5927\u91cf\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u9152\u6db2\u53d8\u9178\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6240\u8c13&#8221;\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u8bf4&#8221;\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u53ea\u80fd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7269\u8d28\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u65f6\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u751f\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u628a\u5bc6\u5c01\u5305\u88c5\u7684\u9152\u6db2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e73\u9178\u6746\u83cc\u5168\u90e8\u6740\u6b7b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u9632\u6b62\u8461\u8404\u9152\u548c\u5564\u9152\u53d8\u9178\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684&#8221;\u5df4\u6c0f\u706d\u83cc\u6cd5&#8221;\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u4e8e1862\u5e74\u81f31865\u5e74\u95f4\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u529f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/8461cd3c86798a8f\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u7528\u9e45\u9888\u74f6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u6c14\u672c\u8eab\u4f7f\u6db2\u4f53\u8150\u574f\u53d8\u8d28\uff0c\u662f\u7ec6\u83cc\u81f4\u75c5\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u6709\u529b\u8bc1\u636e<\/p>\n<p>1865\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u8695\u5fae\u7c92\u5b50\u75c5\u8fc5\u901f\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u8695\u4e1d\u4e1a\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u52a0\u5c14\u7701\u963f\u83b1\u65af\u5e02\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u9ad8\u5b98\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u675c\u9a6c\uff08Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas,1800-1884\uff09\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u8695\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4eb2\u8d74\u8695\u75c5\u91cd\u707e\u533a\u963f\u83b1\u65af\u5f00\u5c55\u8695\u75c5\u7684\u9632\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8695\u75c5\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u7684\u692d\u5706\u5f62\u68d5\u8272\u5fae\u7c92\u5b50\u866b\u611f\u67d3\u4e86\u6851\u53f6\u548c\u5bb6\u8695\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u8bc1\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u7c92\u5b50\u866b\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u628a\u6851\u53f6\u6d82\u4e0a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u7c92\uff0c\u7ed9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8695\u5403\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8695\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u67d3\u75c5\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u8695\u67b6\u4e0a\u9762\u683c\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u8695\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u843d\u4e0b\u7684\u8695\u7caa\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u75c5\u4f20\u67d3\u7ed9\u4e0b\u9762\u683c\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u8695\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u5efa\u8bae\u5f7b\u5e95\u6d88\u706d\u5df2\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u5bb6\u8695\u548c\u6851\u53f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u8695\u5fae\u7c92\u5b50\u75c5\u7684\u8513\u5ef6\u3002\u6b64\u9879\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8695\u4e1d\u4e1a\u5f97\u4ee5\u8d77\u6b7b\u56de\u751f\u3002\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bc4\u751f\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u674e\u65af\u7279\uff08Joseph Lister, 1827-1912\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f24\u53e3\u5316\u8113\u3001\u672f\u540e\u611f\u67d3\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u4ece\u5916\u754c\u4fb5\u5165\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u9664\u575a\u6301\u6d17\u624b\u548c\u6e05\u6d17\u767d\u5927\u8902\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ece1867\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u4f5c\u77f3\u70ad\u9178\u7684\u9632\u8150\u5242\u6e05\u6d17\u624b\u672f\u5668\u5177\uff0c\u5e76\u5f80\u624b\u672f\u5ba4\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u548c\u5899\u58c1\u4e0a\u55b7\u6d12\u8fd9\u79cd\u9632\u8150\u5242\u6d88\u6bd2\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u674e\u65af\u7279\u8fd8\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u5c42\u5939\u6709\u80f6\u5e03\uff0c\u5e76\u6d88\u8fc7\u6bd2\u7684\u7eb1\u5e03\u7ed9\u521b\u53e3\u8fdb\u884c\u5305\u624e\uff0c\u4ee5\u9694\u7edd\u521b\u53e3\u4e0e\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u674e\u65af\u7279\u6240\u5728\u7684\u533b\u9662\u624b\u672f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fc5\u901f\u4ece45%\u4e0b\u964d\u523015%\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/cca82ea40fdfea86\" \/><br \/>\n\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u674e\u65af\u7279\uff08Joseph Lister\uff09<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=3977301262,433143570&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=640&amp;h=465\" \/><br \/>\n\u674e\u65af\u7279\u5728\u624b\u672f\u4e2d\u7ed9\u60a3\u8005\u55b7\u6d12\u77f3\u70ad\u9178<\/p>\n<p>1874\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u674e\u65af\u7279\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8bf4\u9053:&#8221;\u8bf7\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4e58\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\u5411\u60a8\u8868\u793a\u8877\u5fc3\u7684\u8c22\u610f\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u60a8\u4ee5\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5411\u6211\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u548c\u53d1\u9175\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4f7f\u706d\u83cc\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u539f\u7406\u3002&#8221;\u9762\u5bf9\u674e\u65af\u7279\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u8d5e\u9882\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u663e\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u51b7\u9759\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u674e\u65af\u7279\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd8\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u533b\u9662\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u84b8\u716e\u5668\u5177\u548c\u7ed9\u7ef7\u5e26\u6d88\u6bd2\u7b49\u591a\u9879\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u674e\u65af\u7279\u5916\u79d1\u6d88\u6bd2\u6cd5\u671d\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u5916\u79d1\u6d88\u6bd2\u6cd5\u8fc8\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u7ec6\u83cc\u81f4\u75c5\u5b66\u8bf4\u5df2\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u9175\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5f15\u8d77\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7c7b\u63a8\uff0c\u63a8\u6d4b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8c01\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e00\u63a8\u8bba\u3002\u4e61\u6751\u533b\u751f\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ec6\u83cc\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u8d6b\uff08Robert Koch,1843-1910\uff09\u7528\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/b185a2744d7f873b\" \/><br \/>\n\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u8d6b\uff08Robert Koch\uff09<\/p>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u725b\u3001\u7f8a\u7b49\u5bb6\u755c\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6025\u901f\u6500\u5347\u3002\u79d1\u8d6b\u548c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u6b63\u5728\u6ce2\u68ee\u7684\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u65bd\u6cf0\u56e0\uff08\u4eca\u6ce2\u5170\u5883\u5185\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u4e61\u6751\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u5fc3\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f20\u67d3\u7ed9\u4eba\u7684\u6076\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u9632\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u63a2\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6076\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u62b1\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u66fe\u9001\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u4efd\u751f\u65e5\u793c\u7269\uff1a\u54c8\u5185\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u7ed9\u8fdc\u79bb\u5927\u90fd\u4f1a\u7684\u79d1\u8d6b\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e50\u8da3\u3002\u79d1\u8d6b\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u7b97\u76f8\u5f53\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5bf9\u60a3\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u81f4\u6b7b\u7684\u5bb6\u755c\u8840\u6837\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60a3\u75c5\u5bb6\u755c\u7684\u8840\u6837\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u522b\u7684\u68d2\u72b6\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5bb6\u755c\u8840\u6837\u4e2d\u5374\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u68d2\u72b6\u4f53\u3002\u79d1\u8d6b\u731c\u6d4b\u8fd9\u79cd\u68d2\u72b6\u4f53\u5c31\u662f\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u4e61\u6751\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u5f53\u65f6\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u9972\u517b\u53ef\u4f9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7528\u7684\u725b\u7f8a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u4e70\u6765\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u9f20\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u79d1\u8d6b\u7528\u6ce8\u5c04\u5668\u4ece\u60a3\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5bb6\u755c\u813e\u810f\u4e2d\u62bd\u8840\u6ce8\u5c04\u5230\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5c0f\u9f20\u8eab\u4e0a\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c0f\u9f20\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u60a3\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u75c7\u72b6\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u62bd\u51fa\u60a3\u75c5\u5c0f\u9f20\u7684\u8840\u6db2\uff0c\u7528\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u89c2\u5bdf\u540e\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c\u5c0f\u9f20\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u68d2\u72b6\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c31\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u8be5\u68d2\u72b6\u4f53\u5c31\u662f\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u53d1\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u5bfc\u81f4\u8840\u6db2\u7834\u574f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/a5ce4c108e1ccc69\" \/><br 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Julius 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src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/bd1d18fbeb468bb6\" \/><br 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src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/2f6f3db01e06cec8\" \/><br \/>\n1884\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\uff08\u53f3\u4e09\uff09\u548c\u540c\u4f34\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u6551\u6cbb\u970d\u4e71<\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u8d6b\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u4e8e1884\u5e74\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u4e86\u786e\u8ba4\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7ec6\u83cc\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\u7684\u56db\u6761\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1\u3001\u5728\u6240\u6709\u75c5\u4f8b\u7684\u53d1\u75c5\u90e8\u4f4d\u90fd\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec6\u83cc\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>2\u3001\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec6\u83cc\u53ef\u4ece\u75c5\u4f53\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765, \u5e76\u80fd\u5728\u4f53\u5916\u57f9\u517b\u6210\u7eaf\u83cc\u79cd\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>3\u3001\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u83cc\u79cd\u63a5\u79cd\u7ed9\u5065\u5eb7\u52a8\u7269\u540e\uff0c\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>4\u3001\u5728\u63a5\u79cd\u7eaf\u83cc\u79cd\u800c\u81f4\u75c5\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a, \u4ecd\u80fd\u5206\u79bb\u3001\u7eaf\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u540c\u79cd\u7ec6\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u79d1\u8d6b\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5f15\u9886\u4e0b\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u516b\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u6210\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1883\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u5e03\u65af\uff08Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs,1834-1912\uff09\u548c\u83b1\u592b\u52d2\uff08Friedrich L\u00f6ffler,1852-1915\uff09\u72ec\u7acb\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u767d\u5589\u6746\u83cc\uff0c1884\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u52a0\u592b\u57fa\uff08Georg Theodor August Gaffky,1850-1918\uff09\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u4e86\u4f24\u5bd2\u6746\u83cc\uff0c1885\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u57c3\u5e0c\uff08Theodor Escherich\uff0c1857-1911\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5927\u80a0\u6746\u83cc\uff0c1887\u5e74\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u9b4f\u514b\u585e\u5c14\u9c8d\u59c6\uff08Anton Weichselbaum,1845-1920\uff09\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u4e86\u8111\u819c\u708e\u7403\u83cc\uff0c1889\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5317\u91cc\u67f4\u4e09\u90ce\uff081852-1931\uff09\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u4e86\u7834\u4f24\u98ce\u6746\u83cc\uff0c1894\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8036\u5c14\u68ee\uff08Alexandre Yersin\uff0c1863-1943\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u9f20\u75ab\u6746\u83cc\uff0c1897\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5fd7\u8d3a\u6d01\uff081871-1957\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u75e2\u75be\u6746\u83cc\u7b49\u30021905\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u56e0\u53d1\u73b0\u7ed3\u6838\u6746\u83cc\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5176\u75c5\u539f\u6027\u800c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/196469cac772d117\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5b98\u7f51\u622a\u56fe<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u7ec6\u83cc\u81f4\u75c5\u5b66\u8bf4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4f50\u8bc1\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u8bbe\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u8981\u8bbe\u6cd5\u589e\u5f3a\u4eba\u4f53\u6218\u80dc\u7ec6\u83cc\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u529b\uff0c\u518d\u5c31\u662f\u8bbe\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u65e2\u80fd\u6740\u706d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fb5\u5165\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u4f53\u9020\u6210\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u7814\u5236\u75ab\u82d7\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u836f\u7269\u548c\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u7b49\u8bc9\u6c42\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8c08\u5230\u514d\u75ab\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u63d0\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u8a79\u7eb3 \uff08Edward Jenner,1749-1823\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u4ed6\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u514d\u75ab\u6cbb\u7597\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5148\u6cb3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=305367933,2262332442&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=625\" \/><br \/>\n\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u8a79\u7eb3 \uff08Edward Jenner\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8a79\u7eb3\u66fe\u542c\u4ed6\u6240\u5728\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5976\u573a\u5973\u5de5\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u4eba\u4f20\u67d3\u4e0a\u725b\u75d8\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u5929\u82b1\u75c5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u4eba\u63a5\u79cd\u725b\u75d8\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u4eba\u5bf9\u5929\u82b1\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u529b\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u756a\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8a79\u7eb3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5976\u5382\u5973\u5de5\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u503c\u5f97\u4fe1\u8d56\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5176\u52a0\u4ee5\u68c0\u9a8c\u30021796\u5e74\uff0c\u8a79\u7eb3\u628a\u6b63\u5728\u51fa\u725b\u75d8\u7684\u5973\u5de5\u76ae\u80a4\u4e0a\u7684\u6c34\u6ce1\u4e2d\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\uff0c\u63a5\u79cd\u5230\u4e00\u540d\u5065\u5eb7\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u4e8b\u5148\u6240\u6599\uff0c\u8fd9\u540d\u513f\u7ae5\u60a3\u4e86\u725b\u75d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5f97\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u3002\u8a79\u7eb3\u53c8\u7ed9\u4ed6\u63a5\u79cd\u4e86\u5929\u82b1\u75d8\uff0c\u679c\u4e0d\u51fa\u6240\u6599\uff0c\u8fd9\u540d\u513f\u7ae5\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u5929\u82b1\u75c5\u75c7\u3002\u8a79\u7eb3\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6210\u529f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u79cd\u9884\u9632\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u63a5\u79cd\u75ab\u82d7\u6cd5\u5f97\u4ee5\u8bde\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/2b4f5df287185ad0\" \/><br \/>\n\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u8a79\u7eb3 \uff08Edward Jenner\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u624b\u7a3f<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u8a79\u7eb3\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7684\u9632\u6cbb\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u8bd5\u8fc7\u63a5\u79cd\u75ab\u82d7\u6cd5\u3002\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u6bd2\u6027\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u52a0\u70ed\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u63a5\u79cd\u5230\u4e00\u7fa4\u7f8a\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8ba9\u53e6\u4e00\u7fa4\u7f8a\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u72b6\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u79cd\u7684\u7f8a\u7fa4\u5168\u90fd\u60a3\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u6b7b\u53bb\uff0c\u800c\u4e8b\u5148\u63a5\u79cd\u8fc7\u5c11\u91cf\u4f4e\u6bd2\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u7f8a\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u6b7b\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u53c8\u5bf9\u70ad\u75bd\u70ed\u75ab\u82d7\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7814\u5236\u51fa\u4e86\u53ef\u62b5\u5fa1\u72c2\u72ac\u75c5\u548c\u5bb6\u79bd\u970d\u4e71\u75c5\u7684\u75ab\u82d7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u6bd2\u653b\u6bd2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7597\u6076\u6027\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u5371\u9669\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u6e05\u695a\u75ab\u82d7\u4e3a\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u6548\u62b5\u5fa1\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u4fb5\u88ad\u3002\u5728\u63a2\u7a76\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u7406\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u79d1\u8d6b\u7684\u4e24\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u624b\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8d1d\u6797\uff08Emil von Behring,1854-1917 \uff09\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5317\u91cc\u67f4\u4e09\u90ce\uff08Kitasato Shibasaburo\uff0c1853-1931\uff09\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5148\u9a71\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u30021890\u5e74\uff0c\u8d1d\u6797\u548c\u5317\u91cc\u4e00\u8d77\u53d1\u6587\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u7ed9\u52a8\u7269\u6ce8\u5c04\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u81f4\u75c5\u7684\u5c11\u91cf\u7834\u4f24\u98ce\u6746\u83cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u6297\u6bd2\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u548c\u6ce8\u5165\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u7834\u4f24\u98ce\u6746\u83cc\u6bd2\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529e\u6cd5\u4ece\u5df2\u7ecf\u83b7\u5f97\u7834\u4f24\u98ce\u514d\u75ab\u529b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\u63d0\u53d6\u542b\u6709\u6297\u6bd2\u7d20\u7684\u8840\u6e05\uff0c\u6ce8\u5c04\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u4ee5\u589e\u5f3a\u5176\u5bf9\u7834\u4f24\u98ce\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=1232214926,3675192930&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=499&amp;h=373\" \/><br \/>\n\u5de6\uff1a\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8d1d\u6797\uff08Emil von Behring \uff09\uff1b\u53f3\uff1a\u5317\u91cc\u67f4\u4e09\u90ce\uff08Kitasato Shibasaburo\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8d1d\u6797\u3001\u5317\u91cc\u8fd8\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u5bfb\u6c42\u6cbb\u7597\u767d\u5589\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u767d\u5589\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6025\u6027\u547c\u5438\u9053\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u67d3\u4e0a\u6b64\u75c5\u540e\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u8d1d\u6797\u7b49\u4eba\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u611f\u67d3\u767d\u5589\u540e\u5e78\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u6210\u5e74\u540e\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4e2d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u6297\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6297\u4f53\u4fdd\u7559\u5728\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d77\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ec6\u83cc\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\uff08Paul Ehrlich,1854-1915\uff09\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d1d\u6797\u548c\u5317\u91cc\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u7528\u8840\u6e05\u7597\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7597\u767d\u5589\uff0c\u5e76\u57281892\u5e74\u767d\u5589\u6d41\u884c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u767d\u5589\u6297\u6bd2\u7d20\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u8840\u6e05\u7597\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u8d21\u732e\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u8d1d\u6797\u4e8e1901\u5e74\u8363\u5e78\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u5c4a\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5316\u5b66\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5219\u662f\u7531\u79d1\u8d6b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u540d\u52a9\u624b\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\u5960\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u6c42\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u82ef\u80fa\u7b49\u5316\u5b66\u67d3\u6599\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u7406\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7528\u5316\u5b66\u67d3\u6599\u7740\u8272\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u5176\u5fae\u89c2\u7ed3\u6784\u80fd\u770b\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u67d3\u6599\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u975e\u5e38\u8fc5\u731b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u65e2\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6280\u672f\u66f4\u4e3a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u989c\u8272\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u67d3\u6599\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u5c55\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u67d3\u8272\u7814\u7a76\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u67d3\u8272\u7814\u7a76\u8d8b\u4e4b\u82e5\u9e5c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\u6700\u521d\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u67d3\u6599\u7ed9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7740\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u4ece\u4e8b\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u4e0e\u67d3\u6599\u7684\u4eb2\u548c\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u67d3\u4e0a\u4e86\u8f7b\u5ea6\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\u3002\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u4f11\u517b\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\u4e8e1889\u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u548c\u8d1d\u6797\u3001\u5317\u91cc\u7b49\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u4e8b\u767d\u5589\u6297\u6bd2\u7d20\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/d0ecb2749d499d4b\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u57c3\u5c14\u5229\u5e0c\uff08Paul 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