\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u90d1\u6dd1\u83b2<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u524d\u8a00<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65b0\u822a\u8def\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u822a\u8def\u5927\u5f00\uff0c\u5f00\u62d3\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5546\u4e1a\u52bf\u529b\u5411\u4e1c\u65b9\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u98ce\u6f6e\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e5f\u8d81\u52bf\u518d\u5ea6\u4e1c\u4f20\u3002\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5404\u4fee\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u89d2\u8272\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a(Society of Jesus)\uff0c\u5176\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5728\u6587\u5316\u6df1\u539a\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4e43\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u8005\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u7f57\u8000\u62c9(Ignatius Loyola, 1491\uff0d1556)\u51fa\u8eab\u519b\u65c5\uff0c\u89c1\u95fb\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7531\u5b9e\u52a1\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53bb\u5efa\u6784\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u5f53\u65f6\u4fee\u4f1a\u6240\u56fa\u5b88\u7684\u65e7\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u52a1\u5b9e\u800c\u6709\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u8fbe\u5230\u4f20\u6559\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u8bb8\u591a\u4fee\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u53ea\u7740\u91cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6210\u5168\uff0c\u800c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8981\u6709\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f20\u7edf\u9a91\u58eb\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5316\u8eab\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\u6551\u52a9\u4e16\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u8fdc\u4f20\u3002[1]\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u7684\u4e03\u4f4d\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u54c1\u5b66\u624d\u80fd\u5747\u5341\u5206\u51fa\u4f17\uff0c\u6545\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5165\u4f1a\u4fee\u58eb\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u91cd\u89c6\u54c1\u5fb7\u7684\u85b0\u9676\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u9676\u51b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u7406\u667a\u987b\u76f8\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u7528\u7406\u667a\u53bb\u89e3\u51b3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u795e\u5b66\u89c2\u5bf9\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u5927\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4f20\u6559\u65b9\u7565\u4e0a\u80fd\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u91cd\u3002[2]\u7ecf\u8fc7\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9676\u94f8\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u719f\u3001\u5904\u4e8b\u7a33\u5065\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6062\u5b8f\u56fd\u9645\u89c2\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u517c\u5b66\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u5904\u660e\u672b\u5ba6\u5b98\u5f53\u6743\uff0c\u5185\u653f\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u6c11\u4e0d\u804a\u751f\uff0c\u56fd\u52bf\u65e5\u8870\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u601d\u60f3\uff0d\u738b\u9633\u660e\u7684\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u751f\u6d41\u5f0a\uff0c\u7a7a\u8c08\u5fc3\u6027\u3001\u5d07\u5c1a\u7384\u865a\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u6709\u9677\u4e8e\u7a7a\u758f\u4e4b\u865e\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5173\u5fc3\u65f6\u4e8b\u7684\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\uff0c\u76ee\u7779\u56fd\u4e8b\u5982\u9ebb\uff0c\u5fe7\u5fc3\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5bfb\u6c42\u7ecf\u4e16\u52a1\u5b9e\u4e4b\u5b66\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u9002\u9022\u5176\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u98ce\u6c14\u8fe5\u5f02\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u4e8c\u5927\u6587\u660e\uff0d\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u300c\u5b9e\u5fc3\u3001\u5b9e\u884c\u3001\u5b9e\u5b66\u300d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u300c\u66f4\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u683c\u7269\u7a77\u7406\u4e4b\u5b66\uff0c\u51e1\u4e16\u95f4\u4e16\u5916\u3001\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u4e4b\u7406\uff0c\u53e9\u4e4b\u65e0\u4e0d\u6cb3\u60ac\u54cd\u7b54\uff0c\u4e1d\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u300d\uff0c[3]\u4ee5\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u529b\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u503e\u5fc3\u4e0e\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e0c\u5180\u501f\u6b64\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u9053\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u5b66\u3001\u897f\u6559\u4e4b\u4f20\u5165\u53ef\u8c13\u6b63\u9022\u5176\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4f20\u6559\u7b56\u7565\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u521d\u671f\u6765\u534e\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7f57\u660e\u575a(Michele Ruggieri, 1543\uff0d1607)\u548c\u5229\u739b\u7aa6(Matteo Ricci, 1552\uff0d1610)\uff0c\u5373\u6df1\u5207\u4f53\u8ba4\u5230\u5fc5\u987b\u4e89\u53d6\u653f\u6743\u5f53\u5c40\u8005\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u4e8b\u4e1a\u65b9\u80fd\u63a8\u5c55\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u52aa\u529b\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u540f\u76f8\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u66f4\u52aa\u529b\u4e0a\u8fbe\u653f\u6743\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u5180\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8986\u5e87\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u8d2f\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53ca\u81f3\u6e05\u5e1d\u5165\u5173\uff0c\u8eab\u5904\u9f0e\u9769\u4e4b\u9645\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u65f6\u5c40\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8868\u73b0\u7075\u6d3b\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5168\u6559\u4f1a\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u8015\u8018\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u7075\u6d3b\u5e94\u53d8\uff0c\u66f2\u610f\u8fce\u5408\u5f53\u6743\u8005\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u7687\u5e1d\u4e3a\u4e86\u501f\u91cd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5ba0\u4fe1\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ed9\u4e88\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u9042\u5f97\u5230\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u987a\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u53ca\u63a5\u7eed\u7684\u5eb7\u7199\u5e74\u95f4\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u672c\u8bba\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u77e5\u9047\u4e8e\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u541b\u81e3\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u548c\u8c10\u4e92\u5229\u7684\u653f\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u58eb\u5f97\u793c\u9047\u3001\u6559\u52a1\u5f97\u63a8\u5c55\u4e4b\u60c5\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4fee\u5386\u83b7\u91cd\u7528\u4e0e\u8363\u5178\u52a0\u8eab<\/p>\n
\u6c64\u82e5\u671b(Johann Adam Schall von Bell, 1592\uff0d1666)\uff0c1592\u5e745\u67081\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u79d1\u9686\u57ce\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u6c99\u5c14\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c99\u5c14\u5bb6\u65cf\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u8654\u8bda\u4fe1\u5949\u8005\uff0c\u65cf\u4e2d\u591a\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u4fee\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4fee\u9053\u9662\uff0c\u4e14\u8eab\u5c45\u8981\u804c\u30021611\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u4fee\u58eb\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5e76\u94bb\u7814\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u30021619\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u53d7\u5dee\u6d3e\u62b5\u8fbe\u6fb3\u95e8(\u81ea\u6b64\u548c\u6545\u4e61\u6c38\u522b)\uff0c\u4e8e\u5723\u4fdd\u7984\u5b66\u9662\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7814\u4e60\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5165\u5883\u968f\u4fd7\uff0c\u6362\u4e0a\u5112\u670d\uff0c\u6f5c\u5fc3\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u53f2\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u878d\u5408\u70b9\u3002\u5929\u542f\u4e09\u5e74(1623)\u968f\u540c\u9f99\u534e\u6c11(Nicholas Longobardi\uff0c1559\uff0d1654)\u62b5\u8fbe\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u6570\u7406\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u671d\u91ce\u540d\u6d41\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u597d\u611f\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u5d07\u796f\u4e09\u5e74(1630)\uff0c\u7531\u793c\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u758f\u8350\uff0c\u53d7\u671d\u5ef7\u5f81\u53ec\uff0c\u63a5\u66ff\u752b\u75c5\u901d\u7684\u9093\u7389\u51fd(Johann Schreck 1576\uff0d1630 )\uff0c\u4f9b\u804c\u4e8e\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\uff0c\u8bd1\u4e66\u6f14\u7b97\uff0c\u5236\u4f5c\u6d51\u5929\u4eea\u3001\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u7b49\u5929\u6587\u4eea\u5668\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5411\u592a\u76d1\u8bb2\u89e3\u5929\u6587\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u5bab\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u53d7\u6d17\u5165\u6559\u7684\u6709\u592a\u76d1\u5e9e\u5929\u5bff\u7b49\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5bab\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65f6\u4e3e\u884c\u5f25\u6492\u3002[4]<\/p>\n
\u5d07\u796f\u4e03\u5e74(1634)\uff0c\u5171\u8bd1\u5386\u4e66\u4e00\u767e\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u518c\uff0c\u7f16\u6210\u767e\u5377\uff0c\u5341\u4e00\u90e8\uff0c\u732e\u4e0e\u671d\u5ef7\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u8d50\u540d\u300a\u5d07\u796f\u5386\u4e66\u300b\u3002\u5d07\u796f\u4e5d\u5e74(1636)\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5949\u65e8\u8bbe\u5382\u94f8\u70ae\uff0c\u4e24\u5e74\u4e2d\u94f8\u9020\u5927\u70ae\u4e8c\u5341\u95e8\u3002\u56e0\u529f\u5728\u671d\u5ef7\uff0c\u4e3a\u8c0b\u53d6\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u5404\u7701\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u5341\u4e00\u5e74(1638)\uff0c\u594f\u8bf7\u5d07\u796f\u5e1d\u8d50\u300a\u94a6\u8912\u5929\u5b66\u300b\u56db\u5b57\uff0c\u5236\u533e\u5206\u9001\u5404\u5730\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u60ac\u6302\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u6559\u52a1\u63a8\u5c55\u3002[5]<\/p>\n
\u987a\u6cbb\u5143\u5e74(1644)\uff0c\u6e05\u519b\u653b\u5165\u5317\u4eac\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u6444\u653f\u738b\u591a\u5c14\u886e\u4e0b\u4ee4\u57ce\u5185\u5c45\u6c11\u9650\u671f\u4e09\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u8fc1\u81f3\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u5916\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u516b\u65d7\u5b98\u5175\u8fdb\u9a7b\u3002\u662f\u65f6\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7559\u5b88\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u8005\u4ec5\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u548c\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u4f59\u7686\u5357\u8d70\u95fd\u7ca4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u95e8\u4eba\u5e9e\u5929\u5bff\u5373\u5357\u8d70\uff0c\u4e0e\u6bd5\u65b9\u6d4e(P. Fran\u00e7ois Sambiasi, 1582\uff0d1649)\u3001\u535c\u5f25\u683c(Michel Borm, 1612\uff0d1659)\u3001\u77bf\u5b89\u5fb7(\u7eb1\u5fae)(Andre-Xavier Koffler, 1613\uff0d1651)\u6548\u529b\u5357\u660e\u3002\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u76f1\u8861\u65f6\u52bf\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u969c\u4f20\u6559\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u786e\u77e5\u60df\u6709\u5f52\u987a\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u6743\u4e00\u9014\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u81ea\u524a\u5176\u53d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5f52\u987a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0a\u594f\u5240\u5207\u9648\u660e\u5e03\u6559\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u660e\u613f\u6548\u5fe0\u6e05\u5ef7\u4e4b\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4fee\u653f\u5386\u6cd5\u81e3\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u8c28\u594f\uff0c\u4e3a\u6073\u4e5e\u5723\u660e\u5782\u9274\u8fdc\u65c5\u5b64\u8e2a\uff0c\u683c\u5916\u65bd\u6069\u4e8b\u3002\u81e3\u81ea\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u516b\u4e07\u91cc\u822a\u6d77\u6765\u4eac\uff0c\u4e0d\u5a5a\u4e0d\u5ba6\uff0c\u4e13\u4ee5\u662d\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u9610\u626c\u5929\u4e3b\u5723\u6559\u4e3a\u672c\uff0c\u529d\u4eba\u5fe0\u541b\u5b5d\u4eb2\u3001\u8d1e\u5ec9\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e3a\u52a1\u3002\u81e3\u81ea\u8d2d\u4e70\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3001\u5723\u6bcd\u5802\u5171\u4e00\u6240\uff0c\u671d\u5915\u711a\u4fee\uff0c\u7948\u6c42\u666e\u4f51\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4f4f\u4eac\u4e8c\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u3002\u4e8e\u5d07\u796f\u4e8c\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u65e7\u5386\u821b\u8bb9\uff0c\u5949\u524d\u671d\u6555\u4fee\u653f\u5386\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a8\u6d4b\u65e5\u6708\u4ea4\u98df\u3001\u4e94\u661f\u8e94\u5ea6\uff0c\u6089\u5408\u5929\u884c\u3002\u8457\u6709\u5386\u4e66\u8868\u6cd5\u4e00\u767e\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u5377\uff0c\u6d4b\u5929\u4eea\u5668\u7b49\u4ef6\u5411\u8fdb\u5185\u5ead\uff0c\u62df\u6b32\u9881\u884c\u3002\u5e78\u9022\u5927\u6e05\u5723\u56fd\u4fef\u5ff5\u71d5\u6c11\u906d\u8d3c\u837c\u6bd2\uff0c\u8eac\u884c\u5929\u8ba8\uff0c\u4f10\u7f6a\u540a\u6c11\uff0c\u4e07\u59d3\u711a\u9876\uff0c\u6ca1\u4e16\u96be\u5fd8\u3002\u4e43\u5929\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5ba0\u4e4b\u56db\u65b9\uff0c\u964d\u4ee5\u541b\u5e08\u4e4b\u4efb\uff0c\u6551\u5929\u4e0b\u82cd\u751f\u4e8e\u6c34\u706b\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u81e3\u4ef0\u8bfb\u5185\u9662\u4f20\u793a\u4ee4\u65e8\uff0c\u4e2d\u3001\u4e1c\u3001\u897f\u4e09\u57ce\u5c45\u6c11\u642c\u79fb\u4e8e\u5357\u5317\u4e8c\u57ce\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5927\u5175\u61a9\u606f\u3002\u662f\u8bda\u5723\u660e\u8f78\u6064\u4fbf\u6c11\u81f3\u610f\uff0c\u6562\u4e0d\u5373\u4fbf\u94a6\u9075\u3002\u4f46\u5ff5\u81e3\u4f4f\u5c45\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u5185\u57ce\u4e0b\u4e2d\u57ce\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u623f\u5c4b\u534a\u4e3a\u8d3c\u706b\u711a\u70e7\uff0c\u4ec5\u5b58\u5929\u4e3b\u3001\u5723\u6bcd\u4e8c\u5802\u5e76\u5c0f\u5c4b\u6570\u6913\uff0c\u671d\u5915\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u8654\u8bda\u8bf5\u7977\u3002\u51b5\u81e3\u516b\u4e07\u91cc\u840d\u8e2a\uff0c\u4e00\u8eab\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u4eb2\u621a\u53ef\u501a\uff0c\u6b8a\u4e3a\u5b64\u5b51\u582a\u601c\u3002\u4e14\u5802\u4e2d\u6240\u4f9b\u5723\u50cf\uff0c\u9f9b\u5ea7\u91cd\u5927\uff0c\u4e14\u897f\u65b9\u5e26\u6765\u7ecf\u4e66\u4e0d\u4e0b\u4e09\u5343\u4f59\u90e8\uff0c\u5185\u53ca\u6027\u547d\u5fae\u8a00\uff0c\u5916\u53ca\u5386\u7b97\u5c6f\u519c\u6c34\u5229\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u8d22\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u83ab\u4e0d\u5907\u8f7d\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5df2\u523b\u4fee\u5386\u4e66\u677f\uff0c\u6570\u67b6\u5145\u680b\uff0c\u8bda\u6050\u4ed3\u731d\u632a\u79fb\uff0c\u5fc5\u591a\u6563\u5931\u3002\u800c\u81e3\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u62ee\u636e\u52e4\u52b3\uff0c\u65e0\u7531\u6548\u7528\u77e3\u3002\u4f0f\u4e5e\u7687\u4e0a\u8f78\u5ff5\u5b64\u5fe0\uff0c\u7279\u8d50\u67d4\u8fdc\u4e4b\u5178\u3002\u5018\u8499\u4fef\u51c6\u5fae\u81e3\u4ecd\u65e7\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u4f7f\u81e3\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b89\u610f\u7cbe\u4fee\uff0c\u795d\u5ef6\u5723\u5bff\uff0c\u800c\u4fdd\u5b58\u7ecf\u5178\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u5180\u56fe\u62a5\u4e8e\u5f02\u65e5\uff0c\u6d2a\u5fb7\u5982\u5929\uff0c\u611f\u6069\u65e0\u5730\u77e3\u3002[6]<\/p>\n
\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u7684\u8f93\u8bda\u5373\u523b\u5f97\u5230\u6e05\u5ef7\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u4ecd\u5c45\u5185\u57ce\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5404\u65d7\u5f01\u5175\u6ecb\u6270\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u6e05\u671d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u752b\u5b9a\u4eac\u5e08\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4e9f\u987b\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5386\u6cd5\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u5ba3\u544a\u5176\u5f97\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5411\u6765\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5929\u8c61\u548c\u738b\u671d\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5386\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u5386\u4e66\u6709\u65e0\u5dee\u9519\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u59d3\u738b\u671d\u662f\u5426\u987a\u5e94\u5929\u610f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u5fd7[7]\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7cbe\u4e8e\u5386\u7b97\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u9a6c\u4e0a\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u5ef6\u63fd\u800c\u83b7\u91cd\u7528\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u5143\u5e74(1644)\u516d\u6708\uff0c\u4e0a\u594f\u542f\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u6d4b\u91cf\u65e5\u6708\u661f\u6677\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u8003\u9a8c\u8bf8\u5668\uff0c\u8fd1\u906d\u8d3c\u6bc1\uff0c\u62df\u91cd\u5236\u8fdb\u5448\u3002\u5148\u5c06\u672c\u5e74\u516b\u6708\u521d\u4e00\u65e5\u65e5\u98df\uff0c\u7167\u65b0\u6cd5\u63a8\u6b65\u4eac\u5e08\u65e5\u98df\u9650\u5206\u79d2\u5e76\u8d77\u590d\u65b9\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5404\u7701\u6240\u89c1\u4e0d\u540c\u8bf8\u6570\uff0c\u5f00\u5217\u5448\u89c8\u3002\u300d[8]\u591a\u5c14\u886e\u9042\u4ee4\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4fee\u6b63\u5386\u6cd5\u3002\u516b\u6708\u521d\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u5185\u9601\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u51af\u94e8\u4e0e\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u7387\u4f17\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u5b98\u81f3\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u6d4b\u9a8c\u65e5\u98df\uff0c\u6d4b\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5927\u7edf\u5386\u4e00\u534a\u6709\u8bef\uff0c\u56de\u56de\u5386\u5dee\u4e00\u65f6\u8fb0\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u897f\u6d0b\u65b0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u543b\u5408\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u65f6\u523b\u5206\u79d2\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u5dee\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6e05\u5ef7\u9887\u4e3a\u632f\u594b\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u4e9f\u987b\u5728\u5373\u5c06\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u767b\u57fa\u5927\u5178\u4e2d\uff0c\u9881\u4e00\u8c61\u5f81\u65b0\u671d\u7684\u65b0\u5386\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u660e\u671d\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4e0d\u7528\u65b0\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eca\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u65bd\u884c\u51e0\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u6d4b\u5373\u7075\u9a8c\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u5408\u5bf9\u5175\u7b26\uff0c\u771f\u53ef\u8c13\u4e3a\u795e\u5947\u8005\u4e5f\uff01\u5f53\u53ef\u91c7\u7528\u65b0\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f20\u4e3a\u4e07\u5e74\u4e4b\u6977\u6a21\uff0c[9]\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u5b9a\u81ea\u987a\u6cbb\u4e8c\u5e74(1645)\u59cb\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u65b0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5386\uff0c\u540d\u300c\u65f6\u5baa\u5386\u300d\u3002\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u501f\u6b64\u4f17\u6240\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u5929\u8c61\u6d4b\u9a8c\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u897f\u6d0b\u5386\u6cd5\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\uff0c\u4f7f\u897f\u6d0b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u5386\u7b97\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u81ea\u660e\u672b\u8fc4\u6e05\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f00\u82b1\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u540c\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u793c\u90e8\u5949\u4ee4\u65e8\u4f20\uff1a\u300c\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u5370\u4fe1\u8005\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u638c\u7ba1\uff0c\u6240\u5c5e\u8be5\u76d1\u5b98\u5458\u55e3\u540e\u4e00\u5207\u8fdb\u5386\u3001\u5360\u5019\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u7b49\u9879\uff0c\u6089\u542c\u638c\u5370\u5b98\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u300d[10]\u6b64\u4e00\u8c15\u65e8\u4e4b\u53d1\u5e03\u53ef\u8c13\u660e\u672b\u4ee5\u6765\u5165\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5728\u5165\u4f1a\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5373\u53d1\u8a93\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5b98\u804c\uff0c\u51b5\u4e14\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5fd7\u5728\u4f20\u6559\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u82e5\u4efb\u5b98\u804c\uff0c\u4fbf\u81ea\u7f1a\u4e8e\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u6742\u52a1\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9042\u5176\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8868\u793a\u300c\u4f46\u671b\u5b88\u7d20\u5b66\u9053\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u5b98\u804c\uff0c\u867d\u6548\u5fae\u52b3\uff0c\u5fd7\u65e0\u53ef\u79fb\u300d[11]\uff0c\u518d\u4e09\u63a8\u8f9e\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5728\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u5085\u6cdb\u6d4e(Fran\u00e7cois Furtado, 1587\uff0d1653)\u7684\u529b\u529d\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4e86\u89e3\u6b64\u4e8b\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4f20\u6559\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e4b\u63a8\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5f15\u81f4\u5bf9\u65e7\u671d\u5ef7\u5fe0\u5fc3\u4e4b\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ee5\u6e05\u5ef7\u547d\u5b98\u63a5\u638c\u76d1\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e\u594f\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4ee5\u300c\u94a6\u547d\u4fee\u653f\u5386\u6cd5\u638c\u7ba1\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u8fdc\u81e3\u300d\u6216\u300c\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u7ba1\u76d1\u6b63\u4e8b\u300d\u4e4b\u804c\u8854\u3002\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4ea6\u5411\u671d\u5ef7\u594f\u660e\u804c\u52a1\u4e4b\u6240\u987b\uff0c\u6050\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4f20\u6559\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e76\u884c\u4e0d\u6096\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8499\u6e05\u5ef7\u83b7\u51c6\u514d\u9664\u6bcf\u65e5\u671d\u4f1a\uff0c\u51c6\u5176\u4e8e\u79c1\u5b85\u529e\u7406\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u52a1\u3002[12]\u987a\u6cbb\u4e8c\u5e74(1645)\u5341\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u8fdb\u5448\u300a\u897f\u6d0b\u65b0\u6cd5\u5386\u4e66\u300b\u4e00\u767e\u5377\u5171\u5341\u4e09\u5957\uff0c\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5949\u65e8\uff1a\u300c\u65b0\u5386\u5bc6\u5408\u5929\u884c\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u9881\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u6240\u8fdb\u5386\u4e66\u8003\u636e\u7cbe\u8be6\uff0c\u7406\u660e\u6570\u7740\uff0c\u7740\u8be5\u76d1\u5c40\u5b98\u751f\u7528\u5fc3\u8084\u4e60\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u4ecd\u5ba3\u4ed8\u53f2\u9986\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f70\u5927\u5178\u3002\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u52e4\u614e\u53ef\u5609\uff0c\u5b9c\u52a0\u53d9\u8ceb\uff0c\u7740\u540f\u3001\u793c\u4e8c\u90e8\u8bae\u594f\u3002\u300d[13]\u4e09\u5e74\u516d\u6708\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e66\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u8499\u6069\u52a0\u5347\u4e3a\u6b63\u56db\u54c1\u7684\u592a\u5e38\u5bfa\u5c11\u537f\u3002[14]<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u638c\u7ba1\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u6210\u6548\u6590\u7136\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u83b7\u5f97\u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u592a\u4ec6\u5bfa\u537f\u3001\u592a\u5e38\u5bfa\u537f\u4e4b\u5b98\u8854\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8bae\u5927\u592b\u3001\u5149\u7984\u5927\u592b\u4e4b\u5c01\u9636\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u7956\u7236\u7389\u51fd\u53ca\u7236\u4eb2\u5229\u56fd\u5747\u88ab\u8d60\u4ee5\u300c\u901a\u8bae\u5927\u592b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u592a\u5e38\u5bfa\u537f\u300d\u4e4b\u8854\uff0c\u7956\u6bcd\u90ce\u6c0f\u548c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8c22\u6c0f\u5219\u83b7\u8d60\u4e3a\u6dd1\u4eba\uff0c[15]\u53ef\u8c13\u4f4d\u6781\u663e\u8d6b\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5b98\u9636\u8854\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u83b7\u5c01\u8d60\u4e09\u4ee3\u7684\u8fdc\u81e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u5e74(1653)\uff0c\u4e3a\u5609\u8bb8\u5176\u5728\u5386\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u7279\u6555\u8d50\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4e3a\u300c\u901a\u7384\u6559\u5e08\u300d\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u5723\u8c15\uff0c\u6089\u7528\u6ee1\u6587\u548c\u6c49\u6587\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u7f2e\u5199\u5728\u4e00\u65b9\u56db\u5468\u96d5\u523b\u6709\u4e8c\u9f99\u620f\u73e0\u7684\u6728\u533e\u4e0a\uff0c\u60ac\u6302\u4e8e\u5357\u5802\u5ea7\u5802\u91cc\uff0c[16]\u8c15\u65e8\u66f0\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u6715\u60df\u56fd\u5bb6\u8087\u9020\u9e3f\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u6388\u65f6\u5b9a\u5386\u4e3a\u6025\u52a1\uff0c\u7fb2\u548c\u800c\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u6c49\u6d1b\u4e0b\u95f3\u3001\u5f20\u8861\u3001\u5510\u674e\u6df3\u98ce\u3001\u50e7\u4e00\u884c\u8bf8\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8e\u5386\u6cd5\u4ee3\u6709\u635f\u76ca\uff0c\u72ec\u4e8e\u65e5\u6708\u6714\u671b\u4ea4\u4f1a\u5206\u79d2\u4e4b\u6570\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u5c1a\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6c14\u5019\u523b\u5e94\u4e0d\u9a8c\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u6709\u5143\u90ed\u5b88\u656c\uff0c\u53f7\u4e3a\u7cbe\u5bc6\uff0c\u7136\u7ecf\u7eac\u4e4b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u5929\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u6677\u5ea6\u4ea6\u9042\u79ef\u5dee\u77e3\u3002\u5c14\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u6d0b\uff0c\u6d89\u6d77\u5341\u4e07\u91cc\uff0c\u660e\u672b\u5c45\u4eac\u5e08\uff0c\u7cbe\u4e8e\u8c61\u7eac\uff0c\u95f3\u901a\u5386\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u7279\u8350\u4e8e\u671d\uff0c\u4ee4\u4fee\u5386\u5c40\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u4e13\u5bb6\u6cbb\u5386\u5982\u9b4f\u6587\u594e\u7b49\uff0c\u63a8\u6d4b\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5b9e\u4e0d\u53ca\u5c14\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u8fdc\u4eba\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u591a\u5fcc\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5386\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e0d\u89c1\u7528\uff0c\u6715\u627f\u5929\u7737\uff0c\u5b9a\u9f0e\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u7230\u54a8\u5c14\u59d3\u540d\uff0c\u4e3a\u6715\u4fee\u5927\u6e05\u65f6\u5baa\u5386\uff0c\u8fc4\u4e8e\u6709\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u52e4\u77e3\uff0c\u5c14\u53c8\u80fd\u6d01\u8eab\u6301\u884c\uff0c\u5c3d\u5fc3\u4e43\u4e8b\uff0c\u8463\u7387\u7fa4\u5b98\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u5fe0\u77e3\uff0c\u6bd4\u4e4b\u53e4\u6d1b\u4e0b\u95f3\u8bf8\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u65e2\u4f18\u4e4e\u3002\u4eca\u7279\u9521\u5c14\u5609\u540d\u4e3a\u901a\u60ac\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4f59\u5b88\u79e9\u5982\u6545\uff0c\u4ffe\u77e5\u5929\u751f\u8d24\u4eba\u4f50\u4f51\u5b9a\u5386\uff0c\u8865\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u4e4b\u7f3a\u7565\uff0c\u6210\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e4b\u9e3f\u4e66\uff0c\u975e\u5076\u7136\u4e5f\uff0c\u5c14\u5176\u76ca\u61cb\u53a5\u4fee\u4ee5\u670d\u53a5\u5b98\uff0c\u4f20\u4e4b\u53f2\u518c\uff0c\u5c82\u4e0d\u7f8e\u54c9\uff01[17]<\/p>\n
\u300c\u901a\u7384\u6559\u5e08\u300d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c5e\u6e05\u4ee3\u5c01\u5178\u4e4b\u9636\uff0c\u4f46\u663e\u7136\u6bd4\u5148\u524d\u4e4b\u804c\u8854\u3001\u5c01\u9636\u4e3a\u9ad8\uff0c\u6545\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5728\u7a0d\u540e\u7684\u594f\u758f\u4e2d\u5373\u4ee5\u300c\u6555\u8d50\u901a\u7384\u6559\u5e08\u592a\u5e38\u5bfa\u537f\u7ba1\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u76d1\u6b63\u4e8b\u300d\u8854\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u89c1\u6e05\u5ef7\u5bf9\u5176\u4e4b\u793c\u9047\u3002\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u4ee5\u4efb\u804c\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u5949\u7279\u65e8\u52a0\u6069\uff0c\u4e8e\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74(1655)\u5e74\u516b\u6708\uff0c\u83b7\u52a0\u901a\u653f\u4f7f\u53f8\u901a\u653f\u4f7f\uff0c\u8d50\u4e8c\u54c1\u9876\u5e26\u3002[18]<\/p>\n
\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u7531\u4e8e\u7cbe\u4e8e\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\u800c\u83b7\u81f4\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74(1650)\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u591a\u5c14\u886e\u85a8\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u59cb\u4eb2\u653f\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u627f\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u8303\u6587\u7a0b\u4e4b\u5f15\u89c1\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u5373\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5efa\u7acb\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5907\u53d7\u5ba0\u4fe1\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u89d0\u89c1\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u9664\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\u4e4b\u793c\uff0c\u51e1\u6709\u542f\u594f\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0d\u5faa\u5e38\u4f8b\uff0c\u51c6\u8fdb\u5165\u5185\u5ef7\u9762\u9648\uff0c[19]\u4e8c\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u884c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8003\u300b\u4e4b\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u2026\u2026\u5c61\u6b21\u4e34\u5e78\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4e0e\u82e5\u671b\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u5176\u4e34\u5e78\u4e5f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5148\u4f20\u65e8\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u60df\u5e26\u4e8c\u4e09\u8fd1\u81e3\uff0c\u5fae\u670d\u6b65\u884c\uff0c\u7a81\u5982\u5176\u6765\u3002\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u4e0e\u82e5\u671b\u7b11\u8bed\u5468\u65cb\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5386\u6570\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u65f6\u503c\u5348\u523b\uff0c\u5373\u547d\u82e5\u671b\u8fdb\u4fbf\u81b3\uff0c\u82e5\u671b\u5982\u547d\u8fdb\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e1d\u5fc5\u79f0\u7f8e\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u82e5\u671b\u4e0e\u5929\u6587\u4eea\u5668\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u7ecf\u50cf\uff0c\u79f0\u673a\u8fdb\u8a00\u5723\u6559\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4e45\u800c\u4e45\u4e4b\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u4e8e\u5929\u4e3b\u9020\u4e16\u6551\u4e16\u8bf8\u8981\u7aef\uff0c\u7686\u80fd\u901a\u6653\u5927\u4e49\uff0c\u4e14\u80fd\u80cc\u8bf5\u5929\u4e3b\u7ecf\u3001\u5723\u6bcd\u7ecf\uff0c\u4e00\u5b57\u4e0d\u5dee\u3002\u53c8\u5c06\u5723\u6559\u7ecf\u4e66\u6570\u79cd\u5e26\u56de\u5185\u5ef7\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e8e\u51e0\u4f59\u4e4b\u6687\uff0c\u628a\u5377\u89c8\u9605\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u76ca\u77e5\u6559\u7406\u771f\u6b63\uff0c\u8fe5\u975e\u4ed6\u95e8\u53ef\u6bd4\u3002\u5728\u671d\u8bf8\u81e3\u4ee5\u7687\u4e0a\u9891\u5e78\u82e5\u671b\u5b85\u7b2c\uff0c\u6709\u4eb5\u81f3\u5c0a\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u4e0a\u4e66\u8c0f\u8be4\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u60ee\u4e8e\u4eba\u8a00\uff0c\u5fae\u670d\u79c1\u5e78\u4e4b\u4e8b\u59cb\u5c11\u3002\u7136\u5176\u656c\u7231\u82e5\u671b\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u6545\u672a\u5c1d\u6539\u4e5f\uff0c\u5c61\u6b21\u4f20\u65e8\u53ec\u82e5\u671b\u8fdb\u5185\u5ef7\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6664\u8bed\uff0c\u4e0d\u62d8\u793c\u8282\uff0c\u5982\u5bb6\u4eba\u7236\u5b50\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u6b22\u6cbb\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u95ee\uff0c\u6b65\u547c\u82e5\u671b\u540d\u800c\u79f0\u4e4b\u66f0\u739b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6309\u739b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6e05\u8bed\uff0c\u72b9\u6c49\u8a00\u8001\u5148\u751f\u4e5f\u3002[20]<\/p>\n
\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5c0a\u79f0\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4e3a\u300c\u739b\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c[21]\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u65f6\u6709\u51fa\u4eba\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u5c61\u6b21\u5fae\u670d\u4e34\u5e78\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4e0e\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u6b22\u6109\u76f8\u8c08\uff0c\u636e\u8f7d\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u4e09\u5e74(1656)\u81f3\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u56db\u5e74(1657 )\u4e24\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7adf\u6709\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u6b21\u4e34\u8bbf\u82e5\u671b\u4e8e\u9986\u820d\uff0c\u793c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c13\u4e0d\u5c0a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u81ea\u987a\u6cbb\u516b\u5e74(1651)\u81f3\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u56db\u5e74(1657)\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5907\u53d7\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u6069\u5ba0\u4e4b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65f6\u4e0a\u9648\u8c0f\u8be4\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u4e3e\u51e1\u4fee\u8eab\u4e8b\u5929\u3001\u6064\u5175\u52e4\u6c11\u3001\u7528\u8d24\u7eb3\u8c0f\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u5321\u5efa\uff0c\u77e5\u65e0\u4e0d\u8a00\uff1b\u7779\u65f6\u653f\u4e4b\u5f97\u5931\uff0c\u5fc5\u624b\u758f\u4ee5\u5bc6\u9648\uff0c\u5b9b\u5982\u9b4f\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5510\u592a\u5b97\u3002[22]<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u6559\u52a1\u62d3\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u529f\u7ee9\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u56e0\u4eba\u5bb9\u6559\u300d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u5bb9\u8bb8\u548c\u652f\u6301\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74(1650)\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u4e8e\u300c\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u5185\u5929\u4e3b\u5802(\u6309\uff1a\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u65f6\u6240\u4fee\u5efa\u4e4b\u5802)\u4fa7\uff0c\u9699\u5730\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d44\u91cd\u5efa\u5723\u5802\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u96c6\u8d44\u5efa\u9020\u4e0a\uff0c\u300c\u5b5d\u5e84\u6587\u7687\u592a\u540e\uff0c\u9881\u8d50\u94f6\u4e24\uff0c\u4eb2\u738b\u5b98\u7ec5\u7b49\uff0c\u4ea6\u76f8\u7387\u6350\u52a9\uff0c\u82e5\u671b\u9042\u9e20\u5de5\u5174\u5efa\u300d\uff0c[23]\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u6240\u53d7\u671d\u5ef7\u4e4b\u793c\u9047\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u5ea7\u6b27\u5f0f\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u6559\u5802\u5341\u5206\u96c4\u4f1f\u534e\u4e3d\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u4ea6\u975e\u5e38\u8003\u7a76\uff0c\u51e1\u5efa\u7b51\u56fe\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u76d1\u5de5\uff0c\u7686\u7531\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u52c9\u529b\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4ece\u76f8\u5173\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u5efa\u7b51\u4e4b\u7470\u4e3d\uff1a\u300c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u662f\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6240\u76db\u884c\u7684\u7ea4\u7f1b\u7470\u5947\u5efa\u7b51\u5f0f\u6837(Barockstil)\u6240\u4fee\u76d6\u7684\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u5730\u57fa\u4f5c\u5341\u5b57\u5f62\uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u516b\u5341\u5c3a\uff0c\u5bbd\u5ea6\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5c3a\u3002\u6559\u5802\u5185\u90fd\u501f\u7acb\u67f1\u4e4b\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u628a\u6559\u5802\u4e4b\u9876\u683c\u8f9f\u4e3a\u4e09\u90e8\uff0c\u5404\u90e8\u7686\u53d1\u5708\uff0c\u4f5c\u7a9f\u7abf\u5f62\uff0c\u6709\u82e5\u4e09\u53ea\u4e0b\u8986\u4e4b\u8239\u8eab\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u95f4\u9876\u683c\u4e4b\u672b\u7aef\u4f5c\u5706\u9601\u72b6\uff0c\u9ad8\u51fa\u5168\u90e8\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5706\u9601\u4e0a\u66f4\u7ed8\u79cd\u79cd\u5723\u50cf\uff0c\u4e2d\u90e8\u9876\u683c\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e4b\u9876\u683c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5757\u4e00\u5757\u65b9\u677f\u6240\u5f20\u76d6\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6b63\u9762\u95e8\u989d\u4e0a\uff0c\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u5927\u5b57\u6bcd\u7b80\u4e66\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u540d\u5b57\uff29\uff28\uff33\u4e09\u5b57\uff0c\u56db\u5468\u66f4\u4ee5\u795e\u5149\u5f69\u9970\u3002\u6559\u5802\u9ad8\u51fa\u6bd7\u8fde\u623f\u5c4b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u4e09\u5341\u4f59\u57c3\u52d2\uff0c\u5f88\u8fdc\u5904\u5373\u80fd\u671b\u89c1\u3002\u300d[24]<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u5386\u7ecf\u4e8c\u5e74\u800c\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u53d6\u540d\u300c\u5723\u6bcd\u65e0\u67d3\u539f\u7f6a\u5802\u300d(Immaculate Conception Church)\uff0c\u4fd7\u79f0\u300c\u5357\u5802\u300d\u3002\u65b0\u5802\u544a\u7ae3\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u8d50\u4ee5\u300c\u94a6\u5d07\u5929\u9053\u300d\u4e4b\u533e\u989d\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u793c\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\u4e0e\u5b54\u5b50\u88d4\u5b59\u4ea6\u5404\u9898\u8d60\u5802\u989d\u3002[25]\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u56db\u5e74(1657)\u4e8c\u6708\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5de1\u5e78\u5357\u82d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u5ea7\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u4e43\u4ee5\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6cbb\u5386\u529f\u7ee9\u4e4b\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u8d50\u4eb2\u4e66\u4e4b\u5802\u989d\u300c\u901a\u7384\u4f73\u5883\u300d\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u3008\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u7891\u6587\u3009\u4e00\u7bc7\uff0c\u7891\u6587\u6709\u4e91\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u6c49\u4ee5\u8fd8\uff0c\u8fc4\u4e8e\u5143\u672b\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u8005\u4e03\u5341\u4f59\u6b21\uff0c\u521b\u6cd5\u8005\u5341\u6709\u4e09\u5bb6\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u660e\u4ee3\uff0c\u867d\u6539\u5143\u6388\u65f6\u5386\u4e3a\u5927\u7edf\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u800c\u79ef\u5206\u4e4b\u672f\uff0c\u5b9e\u4ecd\u5176\u65e7\u3002\u6d0e\u4e4e\u665a\u5b63\uff0c\u5206\u81f3\u6e10\u4e56\uff0c\u671d\u91ce\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u4f65\u4e91\u5b9c\u6539\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u6d0b\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u96c5\u5584\u63a8\u6b65\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6715\u7279\u4efb(\u6c64\u82e5\u671b)\u4ee5\u53f8\u5929\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u5386\uff0c\u6555\u540d\u65f6\u5baa\uff0c\u9881\u884c\u8fdc\u8fe9\u3002\u82e5\u671b\u7d20\u4e60\u6cf0\u897f\u4e4b\u6559\uff0c\u4e0d\u5a5a\u4e0d\u5ba6\uff0c\u53ea\u627f\u6715\u547d\uff0c\u52c9\u53d7\u537f\u79e9\uff0c\u6d0a\u5386\u4e09\u54c1\uff0c\u4ecd\u8d50\u4ee5\u300c\u901a\u7384\u6559\u5e08\u300d\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u4efb\u4e8b\u6709\u5e74\uff0c\u76ca\u52e4\u53a5\u804c\uff0c\u90fd\u57ce\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u5185\u5411\u6709\u7960\u5b87\uff0c\u7d20\u7940\u5176\u6559\u4e2d\u6240\u5949\u4e4b\u795e\uff0c\u8fd1\u590d\u53d6\u9521\u8ceb\u6240\u50a8\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u65b0\u4e4b\u3002\u6715\u5de1\u5e78\u5357\u82d1\uff0c\u5076\u7ecf\u65af\u5730\uff0c\u89c1\u795e\u4e4b\u4eea\u8c8c\uff0c\u5982\u5176\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5802\u7256\u5668\u9970\uff0c\u5982\u5176\u56fd\u5236\uff0c\u95ee\u5176\u51e0\u4e0a\u4e4b\u4e66\uff0c\u5219\u66f0\uff1a\u6b64\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u8bf4\u4e5f\u3002\u592b\u6715\u6240\u670d\u81ba\u8005\uff0c\u5c27\u821c\u5468\u5b54\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u6240\u8bb2\u6c42\u8005\uff0c\u7cbe\u4e00\u6267\u4e2d\u4e4b\u7406\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u7384\u7b08\u8d1d\u6587\uff0c\u6240\u79f0\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u300b\u3001\u300a\u695e\u4e25\u300b\u8bf8\u4e66\uff0c\u867d\u5c1d\u6d89\u730e\uff0c\u800c\u65e8\u8da3\u832b\u7136\u3002\u51b5\u897f\u6d0b\u4e4b\u4e66\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u4e4b\u6559\uff0c\u6715\u7d20\u672a\u89c8\u9605\uff0c\u7109\u80fd\u77e5\u5176\u8bf4\u54c9\uff1f\u4f46\u82e5\u671b\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5df2\u6570\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u80fd\u5b88\u6559\u5949\u795e\uff0c\u8087\u65b0\u7960\u5b87\uff0c\u656c\u614e\u8832\u6d01\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u6e1d\uff0c\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e4b\u8bda\uff0c\u826f\u6709\u53ef\u5c1a\uff0c\u4eba\u81e3\u6000\u6b64\u5fc3\u4ee5\u4e8b\u541b\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u4e0d\u656c\u5176\u4e8b\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u6715\u751a\u5609\u4e4b\uff0c\u56e0\u8d50\u989d\u540d\u66f0\u300c\u901a\u7384\u4f73\u5883\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u8bb0\u3002[26]<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7891\u6587\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53ca\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u672a\u591a\u6240\u8457\u58a8\uff0c\u5176\u65e8\u8da3\u662f\u5728\u8912\u626c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6cbb\u5386\u6709\u529f\uff0c\u624d\u8d50\u5730\u4e88\u4e4b\u5efa\u5802\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e00\u5982\u4f5b\u3001\u9053\u6559\uff0c\u5bb9\u8bb8\u800c\u4e0d\u5d07\u5c1a\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u670d\u81ba\u7684\u662f\u300c\u5c27\u3001\u821c\u3001\u5468\u3001\u5b54\u4e4b\u9053\u300d\uff0c\u8bb2\u6c42\u300c\u7cbe\u4e00\u6267\u4e2d\u4e4b\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u8d5e\u8bb8\u662f\u300c\u7d20\u4e60\u6cf0\u897f\u4e4b\u6559\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5b88\u6559\u5949\u795e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u6e1d\u300d\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5982\u6b64\u5b97\u6559\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u4e8b\u541b\u5c3d\u804c\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u7cfb\uff0c\u5609\u52c9\u82e5\u671b\u7684\u300c\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e4b\u8bda\u300d\u63a8\u884d\u81f3\u300c\u4eba\u81e3\u6000\u6b64\u5fc3\u4ee5\u4e8b\u541b\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u4e0d\u656c\u5176\u4e8b\u8005\u4e5f\u300d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u867d\u7136\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5e76\u65e0\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u663e\u7136\u5c06\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u6559\u7684\u5929\u9053\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\uff0c\u6545\u533e\u989d\u9898\u4e3a\u300c\u94a6\u5d07\u5929\u9053\u300d\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u53c8\u5c06\u4e4b\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u9053\u6559\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u571f\u5141\u8bb8\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4fe1\u5949\u7684\u662f\u6cf0\u897f\u4e4b\u795e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5609\u8bb8\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u88e8\u76ca\u826f\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4ea6\u9898\u3008\u90fd\u95e8\u5efa\u5802\u7891\u8bb0\u3009\u4e00\u7bc7\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u56e0\u5236\u65b0\u5386\u800c\u8499\u6e05\u671d\u60e0\u5141\u5efa\u9020\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u662d\u660e\u6b63\u6559\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u5ba3\u626c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e43\u4e3a\u6e05\u671d\u6b63\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n
\u800c\u6b64\u5802\u4fe8\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u5317\u4eac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u91cd\u9547\uff0c\u6bcf\u9022\u4e3b\u65e5\u77bb\u793c\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e5d\u57ce\u56db\u4e61\u4e4b\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u4ff1\u81f3\u5802\u4e2d\u77bb\u793c\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e8e\u5927\u5802\u9662\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u63a5\u5f85\u5ba2\u5385\uff0c\u53c8\u6d3e\u6559\u58eb\u591a\u540d\uff0c\u63a5\u5f85\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u6155\u9053\u671b\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u5723\u7ecf\u9053\u7406\u3002[27]\u4e00\u822c\u5c45\u6c11\u5bf9\u6b64\u6559\u5802\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u5947\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u6210\u7fa4\u7ed3\u961f\u5982\u6f6e\u6c34\u822c\u6d8c\u8fdb\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u7779\u6b64\u6559\u5802\u4e4b\u9762\u8c8c\u3002[28]<\/p>\n
\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4ea6\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u4e0e\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u70ed\u5207\u5730\u5411\u7687\u5e1d\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u788d\u96be\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5728\u6a0a\u56fd\u6881(A. Favier)\u7684\u300a\u71d5\u4eac\u5f00\u6559\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u4e91\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u82e5\u671b\u5207\u671b\u7687\u4e0a\u5949\u6559\uff0c\u4e00\u65e5\u5bc6\u594f\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u591a\u65b9\u82e6\u8c0f\uff0c\u4e0a\u66f0\uff1a\u739b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b50\u4e4b\u6240\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee4\u6715\u4e0d\u89e3\u3002\u5b50\u4e3a\u4fee\u58eb\uff0c\u800c\u5374\u4e0d\u6b32\u6715\u4f5c\u4fee\u8350\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u6715\u82e5\u5f3a\u5b50\u4ece\u6715\uff0c\u5b50\u80fd\u4ece\u4e4e\uff1f\u5219\u6715\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ea6\u72b9\u5b50\u4e5f\u3002\u7136\u800c\u739b\u6cd5\u7231\u6715\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u4ec0\u7f8e\u3002\u5207\u5072\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u6715\u7518\u53d7\u7109\uff01\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4ed8\u4e4b\u65e0\u53ef\u5982\u4f55\u800c\u5df2\u3002[29]<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u89c1\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u867d\u5ba0\u4fe1\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6301\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u662f\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u60f3\u8fd0\u7528\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6765\u5de6\u53f3\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b9e\u7f18\u6728\u6c42\u9c7c\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u7cbe\u4e8e\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\u800c\u83b7\u81f4\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u66f4\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5ba0\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u56e0\u4eba\u5bb9\u6559\u300d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eb5\u4f7f\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5e76\u65e0\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5c06\u4e4b\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u9053\u6559\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u571f\u5141\u8bb8\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u6b63\u6559\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u5bb9\u8bb8\u548c\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u5185\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5373\u627f\u8499\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u8d50\u5730\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u4e14\u56e0\u5728\u671d\u5ef7\u4efb\u804c\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u7f51\u8def\uff0c\u6545\u83b7\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u5949\u6559\u5b98\u540f\u4e0e\u5b5d\u5e84\u6587\u7687\u592a\u540e\u7684\u6350\u8d44\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u5176\u540e\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u8d50\u4ee5\u300c\u94a6\u5d07\u5929\u9053\u300d\u4e4b\u533e\u989d\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6cbb\u5386\u529f\u7ee9\u4e4b\u7531\uff0c\u8d50\u4eb2\u4e66\u4e4b\u5802\u989d\u300c\u901a\u7384\u4f73\u5883\u300d\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u3008\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u7891\u6587\u3009\u4e00\u7bc7\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u300c\u7687\u4e0a\u6555\u5efa\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u94a6\u8912\u5723\u6559\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u672a\u6709\uff0c\u6545\u5404\u7701\u4e4b\u5b98\u7ec5\u58eb\u5eb6\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u7fa1\u6155\uff0c\u800c\u4e89\u5148\u5165\u6559\u7109\u300d\uff0c[30]\u5f71\u54cd\u6240\u53ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5f97\u4ee5\u987a\u5229\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u884c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8003\u300b\u6240\u8ff0\uff1a\u300c\u51e1\u6b64\u6570\u7aef\uff0c\u54c4\u4f20\u8fdc\u8fd1\uff0c\u901a\u56fd\u7686\u77e5\uff0c\u5927\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u884c\u6559\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u987a\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6559\u52a1\u5174\u9686\uff0c\u6709\u6708\u5f02\u65e5\u65b0\u4e4b\u8c61\u3002\u897f\u58eb\u5728\u5404\u7701\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5747\u5f97\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u4e4b\u4f18\u5f85\uff0c\u76d6\u7686\u77e5\u4e3a\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4e4b\u5f92\u4fa3\u4e5f\u3002\u300d[31]<\/p>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u534e\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fee\u4f1a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u7531\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a(Franciscans)\u548c\u9053\u660e\u4f1a(Dominicans)\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\u5730\u533a\u662f\u9053\u660e\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u5927\u672c\u8425\uff0c\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u3001\u5c71\u897f\u548c\u9655\u897f\u7b49\u5730\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[32]\u5e7f\u4e1c\u672c\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4f20\u6559\u91cd\u9547\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u968f\u7740\u5927\u6279\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8fdb\u4eac\u4e3a\u671d\u5ef7\u6240\u7528\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u9042\u53d6\u4ee3\u5e7f\u4e1c\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u6559\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u6e05\u671d\u6559\u53cb\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1a\u4eba\u6570\u6700\u591a\u662f\u9996\u5584\u4e4b\u533a\u7684\u76f4\u96b6\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u6c5f\u5357\uff0c\u518d\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u70ed\u5fc3\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6d4e\u5357\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u4f1a\u58eb\u5b89\u5f53(Anthony de Santa Maria, 1602\uff0d1669)\u81f3\u6d4e\u5357\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u6210\u6548\u5a53\u7136\uff0c\u53d7\u6d17\u4e4b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8fbe\u4e94\u5343\u4eba\u4e4b\u591a\u3002[33]\u987a\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7a46\u8fea\u6211(P.Jacobus Motel)\u81f3\u6e56\u5317\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e8e\u6b66\u660c\u5e9c\u5efa\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe\u4e8c\u5343\u4e8c\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u3002[34]\u66fe\u5728\u56db\u5ddd\u4e3a\u5f20\u732e\u5fe0\u6548\u529b\u7684\u5229\u7c7b\u601d(Louis Buglio, 1606\uff0d1682)\u3001\u5b89\u6587\u601d(Gabriel de Magalhaens, 1609\uff0d1677)\uff0c[35]\u987a\u6cbb\u4e09\u5e74(1646)\u88ab\u8083\u738b\u8c6a\u683c\u4fd8\u864f\u81f3\u4eac\u57ce\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u8205\u5185\u5927\u81e3\u4f5f\u56fd\u7eb2\u5e9c\u4e0a\u4efb\u804c\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u673a\u7f18\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u516b\u5e74(1651)\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e8e\u4eac\u57ce\u4e1c\u533a\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6559\u5802(\u5373\u4e1c\u5802)\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74(1655)\uff0c\u56e0\u534f\u52a9\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u4fee\u5386\u6709\u529f\uff0c\u8499\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u8d50\u623f\u5b85\u4e00\u6240\u3001\u94f6\u7c73\u82e5\u5e72\u3002[36]<\/p>\n
\u6709\u5173\u6b64\u65f6\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6210\u957f\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0e\u660e\u672b\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6559\u58eb\u536b\u5321\u56fd(Martino Martini,1614\uff0d1661)\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e66\uff0c\u8fc4\u5929\u542f\u4e03\u5e74(1627)\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u603b\u6570\u8fbe\u4e09\u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u6c5f\u897f\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u3001\u5c71\u897f\u3001\u9655\u897f\u548c\u5357\u4eac\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u7b49\u5730\u3002\u5d07\u796f\u4e5d\u5e74(1636)\u4f20\u6559\u5730\u533a\u66f4\u904d\u53ca\u798f\u5efa\u3001\u6cb3\u5357\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe\u56db\u4e07\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u53ca\u81f3\u987a\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f97\u5230\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u5916\u7701\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u987a\u5229\u63a8\u5c55\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u65e5\u6709\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u6d4e\u5357\u3001\u6dee\u5b89\u3001\u626c\u5dde\u3001\u9547\u6c5f\u3001\u6c5f\u5b81\u3001\u82cf\u5dde\u3001\u5e38\u719f\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u5efa\u5b81\u3001\u5ef6\u5e73\u3001\u6c40\u5dde\u3001\u5357\u660c\u3001\u5efa\u660c\u3001\u8d63\u5dde\u3001\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u6842\u6797\u3001\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u4fdd\u5b81\u3001\u6b66\u660c\u3001\u897f\u5b89\u3001\u592a\u539f\u3001\u7edb\u5dde\u3001\u5f00\u5c01\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6bd5\u5609(Jean-Dominique Gabiani, 1623\uff0d1696)\uff0c\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\u300c\u987a\u6cbb\u516b\u5e74(1651)\u81f3\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5e74(1664)\u5341\u56db\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5165\u6559\u9886\u6d17\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u5341\u4e07\u96f6\u56db\u5343\u4e5d\u767e\u516b\u5341\u540d\u3002\u300d[37]\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5f97\u5ba0\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u671f\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e5f\u52a0\u589e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u5173\u7cfb\u6e10\u758f\u3001\u5386\u72f1\u53d7\u5bb3<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u56db\u5e74(1657)\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u6539\u6614\u65e5\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f5b\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e3b\u56e0\u4e43\u662f\u987a\u6cbb\u7684\u5ba0\u5983\u8463\u9102\u6c0f\u597d\u4f5b\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u9042\u53d7\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u5ba3\u53ec\u61a8\u749e\u6027\u806a(\u660e\u89c9\u7985\u5e08)\u3001\u7389\u6797\u7407(\u5927\u89c9\u7985\u5e08)\u3001\u6728\u9648\u5fde(\u5f18\u89c9\u7985\u5e08)\u7b49\u540d\u50e7\u5165\u4eac\uff0c\u53c2\u7985\u8bba\u4f5b\uff0c\u8fc7\u4ece\u751a\u5bc6\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u503e\u5fc3\u4e8e\u4f5b\u6cd5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4e86\u7ed3\u5c18\u7f18\u800c\u51fa\u5bb6\u4e3a\u50e7\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c[38]\u6240\u4ee5\u548c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6e10\u884c\u6e10\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6548\u529b\u6e05\u5ef7\u4e8c\u5341\u8f7d\uff0c\u5176\u529f\u53a5\u4f1f\uff0c\u800c\u6728\u9648\u5fde\u7b49\u540d\u50e7\uff0c\u5bf9\u6e05\u5ef7\u5b9e\u65e0\u529f\u7ee9\u53ef\u8a00\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u540e\u6765\u5bf9\u6728\u9648\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5ba0\u7737\u751a\u4e8e\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e8c\u8005\u52bf\u529b\u6d88\u957f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n
(\u4e00)\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5bf9\u4e8c\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u300c\u82e5\u671b\u672c\u53f8\u94ce\uff0c\u7136\u987a\u6cbb\u4e0d\u89c6\u4e3a\u53f8\u94ce\uff0c\u800c\u89c6\u4e3a\u5185\u5ef7\u884c\u8d70\u4e4b\u8001\u81e3\uff0c\u82e5\u671b\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6562\u4ee5\u53f8\u94ce\u81ea\u5c45\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u6728\u9648\u4ee5\u7985\u4e3a\u672c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5176\u89c1\u53ec\u5373\u4e3a\u7985\uff1b\u82e5\u671b\u4ee5\u6559\u4e3a\u672c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5176\u89c1\u7528\u5374\u4e0d\u5728\u6559\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u82e5\u671b\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u6e05\u5e1d\u89c6\u4e3a\u671d\u5ef7\u547d\u5b98\u3002\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e4b\u77e5\u9047\uff0c\u867d\u53ef\u8c13\u5343\u8f7d\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u5f97\u4e4b\u8363\u5178\u9686\u76db\u81f3\u6781\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u6709\u6728\u9648\u5fde\u7b49\u6240\u65e0\u8005\uff0d\u8bf0\u5c01\u4e09\u4ee3\u53ca\u836b\u4e00\u4e49\u5b59\u5165\u592a\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u540c\u4e00\u8d50\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u6728\u9648\u7b49\u4e4b\u8d50\u53f7\u662f\u5f18\u6559\uff0c\u82e5\u671b\u4e4b\u8d50\u53f7\u662f\u8d4f\u529f\uff0c\u8d4f\u5176\u6cbb\u5386\u4e4b\u529f\u4e5f\u300d\u3002[39]\u5f88\u663e\u7136\u6e05\u5ef7\u6240\u8d50\u8005\u4e3a\u300c\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u76d1\u6b63\u300d\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u975e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u6559\u58eb\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u53d7\u5404\u9879\u6069\u793c\uff0c\u5219\u591a\u662f\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5c01\u8d60\u4ee5\u53ca\u8003\u8bfe\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u6cbb\u5386\u4e4b\u8363\u4f9d\u4f8b\u6240\u8d50\u52a0\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u7279\u65e8\u836b\u4e00\u4e49\u5b59\u5165\u592a\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u66f4\u5370\u8bc1\u6e05\u5ef7\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6559\u58eb\u770b\u5f85\u82e5\u671b\u4e4b\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u8bc1\u636e\u3002[40]<\/p>\n
(\u4e8c)\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e4b\u5916\u5b66\u4ea6\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5916\u5b66\u4e43\u5b97\u6559\u4ee5\u5916\u4e4b\u5b66\u95ee\u4e5f\u3002\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4ee5\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\u4e3a\u5916\u5b66\uff0c\u6728\u9648\u7b49\u4eba\u4ee5\u5112\u5b66\u4e3a\u5916\u5b66\uff0c\u300c\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\u4e3a\u56fd\u6240\u6025\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5e1d\u6240\u597d\uff0c\u6545\u8a00\u4e4b\u65e0\u5473\uff1b\u5112\u8005\u4e4b\u5b66\u4e3a\u5e1d\u6240\u4e60\uff0c\u6545\u8bdd\u80fd\u6295\u673a\u3002\u4e14\u4e5f\u82e5\u671b\u4ee5\u5916\u5b66\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u6b32\u4e0e\u8c08\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u52bf\u9006\uff1b\u6728\u9648\u4ee5\u7985\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u80fd\u4e0e\u8c08\u5916\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u52bf\u987a\uff0c\u6545\u7ed3\u679c\u6728\u9648\u80dc\u4e5f\u300d\u3002[41]<\/p>\n
(\u4e09)\u5c31\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u7279\u8d28\u8a00\uff0c\u6728\u9648\u7b49\u4eba\u4e4b\u5e94\u5bf9\u8f83\u80fd\u8fce\u5408\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u6df1\u5f97\u7687\u5e1d\u4e4b\u6b22\u5fc3\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u806a\u654f\u597d\u5b66\u3001\u4ec1\u539a\u5bbd\u5b8f\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u300c\u6027\u683c\u66b4\u70c8\u300d\u3001\u300c\u653e\u7eb5\u51b2\u52a8\u300d\u3001[42]\u300c\u9f99\u6027\u96be\u6484\u300d\u3002[43]\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4e4b\u77e5\u9047\u4e43\u5728\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u4e8c\u5341\u5c81\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u662f\u65f6\u7687\u5e1d\u5e74\u7eaa\u5c1a\u8f7b\uff0c\u9887\u80fd\u865a\u5fc3\u63a5\u7eb3\u5176\u529d\u8c0f\uff1b\u800c\u6728\u9648\u7b49\u6240\u9047\u8005\u4e3a\u4e8c\u5341\u5c81\u4ee5\u540e\u6027\u60c5\u521a\u70c8\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u300c\u67d4\u300d\u8f83\u80fd\u514b\u521a\u3002\u7985\u5e08\u61a8\u749e\u53ec\u5bf9\u65f6\u76db\u8d5e\u7687\u5e1d\u662f\u300c\u91d1\u8f6e\u738b\u8f6c\u4e16\uff0c\u5919\u690d\u5927\u5584\u6839\u3001\u5927\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u5929\u7136\u79cd\u6027\uff0c\u6545\u4fe1\u4f5b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5316\u800c\u81ea\u5584\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b66\u800c\u81ea\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5929\u4e0b\u81f3\u5c0a\u4e5f\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u8bf4\u4ec0\u8c00\uff0c\u4e3a\u5e1d\u6240\u559c\uff1b\u53cd\u89c2\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5e38\u8a00\u300c\u6deb\u4e50\u5371\u9669\u6700\u5927\u300d\u6765\u529d\u8c0f\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u524d\u8005\u8a00\u7518\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8a00\u82e6\uff0c\u7518\u5219\u4e50\u4ece\uff0c\u82e6\u5219\u96be\u53d7\u3002[44]\u6240\u4ee5\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u540e\u6765\u597d\u4f5b\u800c\u9010\u6e10\u758f\u8fdc\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u516b\u5e74(1661)\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u51fa\u75d8\u907d\u5d29\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b50\u7384\u70e8\u55e3\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e74\u4ec5\u516b\u5c81\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u81e3\u7d22\u5c3c\u3001\u82cf\u514b\u8428\u54c8\u3001\u904f\u5fc5\u9686\u3001\u9ccc\u62dc\u8f85\u653f\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u671d\u5ef7\u653f\u52a1\u4ff1\u7531\u56db\u5927\u81e3\u628a\u6301\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5eb7\u7199\u521d\u5e74\u56db\u5927\u81e3\u8f85\u653f\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u56e0\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e15\u53d8\uff0c\u5411\u6765\u5907\u53d7\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5ba0\u4fe1\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4e0e\u5728\u987a\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\u987a\u5229\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6253\u538b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5e74(1664)\u4e03\u6708\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u6768\u5149\u5148\u5411\u793c\u90e8\u4e0a\u3008\u8bf7\u8bdb\u90aa\u6559\u72b6\u3009\uff0c\u544a\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u300c\u5047\u4ee5\u4fee\u5386\u4e3a\u540d\uff0c\u9634\u884c\u90aa\u6559\uff0c\u5ef6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u9006\u8c0b\u6e10\u5f20\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u300a\u65f6\u5baa\u5386\u300b\u9762\u6562\u4e66\u300e\u4f9d\u897f\u6d0b\u65b0\u6cd5\u300f\u4e94\u5b57\uff0c\u6697\u7a83\u6b63\u6714\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0a\u897f\u6d0b\uff0c\u660e\u767d\u793a\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u6e05\u5949\u897f\u6d0b\u4e4b\u6b63\u6714\uff0c\u6bc1\u706d\u6211\u56fd\u300d\u3002[45] \u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u9042\u9512\u94db\u5165\u72f1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u804c\u8854\u5c3d\u5931\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u62df\u51cc\u8fdf\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u672a\u6599\u7fcc\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\uff0c\u4eac\u5e08\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u5730\u9707\uff0c\u4e14\u8fde\u65e5\u4f59\u9707\u4e94\u6b21\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc3\u60f6\u6050\uff0c\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u661f\u53d8\u5730\u9707\u793a\u8b66\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u4e0b\u8bcf\u6069\u8d66\u6709\u51a4\u6291\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e03\u300c\u5bbd\u4ec1\u4e4b\u5178\u300d\uff0c[46 ]\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5f97\u83b7\u8d66\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u9047\u5386\u72f1\u4e4b\u707e\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u300c\u731d\u60a3\u75ff\u75f9\uff0c\u53e3\u820c\u7ed3\u585e\u300d\uff0c[47]\u4e8e\u5eb7\u7199\u4e94\u5e74(1666)\u4e03\u6708\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u5bd3\u6240\uff0c\u4eab\u5e74\u4e03\u5341\u4e94\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed<\/p>\n
\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u6765\u534e\u6559\u58eb\u88ab\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e3a\u300c\u5de8\u4eba\u4e00\u4ee3\u300d\uff0c[48]\u4ed6\u4eec\u9053\u5fb7\u5b66\u95ee\u51fa\u4f17\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5177\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u70ed\u5ff1\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u727a\u7272\u5949\u732e\u7684\u5fc3\u5fd7\uff0c\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4ea6\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e\u660e\u5929\u542f\u4e8c\u5e74(1622)\u5165\u4eac\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u660e\u3001\u6e05\u4e24\u4e2a\u671d\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5ea6\u8fc7\u56db\u5341\u56db\u5e74\u7684\u60a0\u60a0\u5c81\u6708\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u53f2\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53f2\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5411\u6765\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5929\u8c61\u548c\u738b\u671d\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5386\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u5386\u4e66\u6709\u65e0\u5dee\u9519\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u59d3\u738b\u671d\u662f\u5426\u987a\u5e94\u5929\u610f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u752b\u5b9a\u4eac\u5e08\u7684\u6ee1\u6e05\uff0c\u4e9f\u987b\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5386\u6cd5\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u5ba3\u544a\u5176\u5f97\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7cbe\u4e8e\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u9a6c\u4e0a\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u5ef6\u63fd\u800c\u83b7\u91cd\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u7684\u5ba0\u4fe1\u3002\u5728\u4e92\u4fe1\u4e92\u5229\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u91c7\u53d6\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u987a\u6cbb\u5143\u5e74(1644)\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u638c\u7406\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u638c\u5929\u6587\u3001\u5386\u6cd5\u3001\u6c14\u8c61\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5728\u534e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8054\u7edc\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u6e05\u5ef7\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5404\u56fd\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4f20\u5e03\u897f\u5b66\u4e0e\u897f\u6559\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c[49]\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f20\u6559\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5f97\u4ee5\u987a\u5229\u63a8\u5c55\uff0c\u7f14\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u6069\u5ba0\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u77e5\u9047\u4e8e\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\uff0c\u541b\u81e3\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e4b\u53cb\u8c0a\uff0c\u4e3a\u5386\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u6240\u7f55\u89c1\uff0c\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e4b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ea6\u541b\u81e3\u3001\u4ea6\u5e08\u3001\u4ea6\u53cb\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u9664\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\u4e4b\u793c\uff0c\u51e1\u6709\u542f\u594f\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0d\u5faa\u5e38\u4f8b\uff0c\u51c6\u8fdb\u5165\u5185\u5ef7\u9762\u9648\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u88ab\u5c0a\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u739b\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c\u626e\u6f14\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u4e0a\u9648\u8c0f\u8be4\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u5c61\u6b21\u5e26\u4e8c\u4e09\u8fd1\u81e3\uff0c\u5fae\u670d\u6b65\u884c\uff0c\u4e34\u5e78\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4e0e\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u548c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e92\u52a8\u4e4b\u6df1\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u52a8\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u662f\u60c5\u8c0a\u518d\u6df1\u539a\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7684\u541b\u81e3\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u5907\u53d7\u4f18\u5bb9\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u624d\u80fd\u6301\u4e45\u3002\u5f53\u987a\u6cbb\u5e1d\u56e0\u5ba0\u5983\u8463\u9102\u6c0f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u503e\u5fc3\u4e8e\u4f5b\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u540d\u50e7\u53c2\u7985\u8bba\u4f5b\uff0c\u8fc7\u4ece\u751a\u5bc6\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u548c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u6e10\u884c\u6e10\u8fdc\uff0c\u4e43\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u671d\u5ef7\u6548\u529b\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u56e0\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u9512\u94db\u5165\u72f1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u51cc\u8fdf\u81f4\u6b7b\uff0c\u7a0d\u540e\u867d\u5f97\u5e78\u514d\uff0c\u7ec8\u5728\u56db\u80a2\u9ebb\u75f9\u3001\u53e3\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a00\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u5947\u7684\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u80dc\u550f\u5618\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u90d1\u6dd1\u83b2 \u4e00\u3001\u524d\u8a00 \u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65b0\u822a\u8def\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u822a\u8def\u5927\u5f00\uff0c\u5f00\u62d3\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5546\u4e1a\u52bf\u529b\u5411\u4e1c\u65b9\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u98ce\u6f6e\uff0c\u6b64 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10],"tags":[3785,7582],"views":432,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29363"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=29363"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29381,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29363\/revisions\/29381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=29363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=29363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=29363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}