{"id":3029,"date":"2022-07-06T12:50:32","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T04:50:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=3029"},"modified":"2025-09-13T06:14:23","modified_gmt":"2025-09-12T22:14:23","slug":"%e9%99%88%e7%82%af%e6%98%8e%e4%b8%8e%e8%81%94%e7%9c%81%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=3029","title":{"rendered":"\u9648\u70af\u660e\u4e0e\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u6765\u6e90: \u6559\u80b2\u6f2b\u8c08<\/p>\n

\u300e\u7136\u4e3a\u56fd\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u4f4d\u5728\u91ce\uff0c\u52a1\u8fbe\u6b64\u5236\uff08\u81ea\u6cbb\u7701\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff09\u800c\u540e\u5df2\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

— \u9648\u70af\u660e\u3000(1922)<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\u8ffd\u6c42\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u4e0a\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u7b80\u6982\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u516d\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a<\/p>\n

\uff081\uff09\u620a\u620c\u7ef4\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a81898\u25001911\uff0c<\/p>\n

\uff082\uff09\u8f9b\u4ea5\u5171\u548c\u9769\u547d1911\uff0c<\/p>\n

\uff083\uff09\u4e94\u56db\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a81919\uff0c<\/p>\n

\uff084\uff09\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a81920\u25001926\uff0c<\/p>\n

\uff085\uff09\u56fd\u6c11\u9769\u547d1926\u25001949\uff0c<\/p>\n

\uff086\uff09\u5171\u4ea7\u9769\u547d1949\u3002<\/p>\n

\u620a\u620c\u7ef4\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u5180\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u660e\u6cbb\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u300c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u300d\u653f\u4f53\uff1b\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u745e\u58eb\u7b49\u56fd\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u300c\u5171\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u300d\u653f\u5236\u30021920\u5e74\u6e56\u5357\u5236\u5b9a\u7701\u5baa\u4e3a\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u4e86\u5148\u950b\u3002\u4e03\u5e74\u540e\uff081926\uff09\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u5317\u4f10\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u6e56\u5357\uff0c\u7ed9\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u540e\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u6e56\u5357\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e8e\u6e56\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u3001\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n

\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u300c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300d\u5462\uff1f\u6839\u636e\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u5178\u91cc\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u300c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300d\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u300c\u5206\u6743\u300d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002(Power is shared between the central government and the local governments)\u800c\u5176\u7279\u8272\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u300d\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c(A federal government with strong centralized powers)\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u300c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3002\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u300c\u8054\u90a6\u300d\u5236 (\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\u7b49\u56fd)\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\uff0c\u519b\u4e8b(\u56fd\u9632)\uff0c\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u672c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u6c11\u6743\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u8d1f\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u6743\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u600e\u6837\u5272\u5206\u653f\u6743\u4e8e\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u300d\u5462\uff1f \u901a\u5e38\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u300c\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u300d\u91cc\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\u603b\u62ec\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u300e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5212\u5206\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u4f9d\u636e\u56fd\u5baa\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4f9d\u636e\u7701\u5baa\uff0c\u5404\u6cbb\u5176\u4e8b\u3002\uff08\u8fd9\u4e0e\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u300d\u91cc\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\uff09\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u5dde\uff09\u5b98\u540f\u7531\u5730\u65b9\u4eba\u6c11\u9009\u51fa\uff0c\u5411\u5730\u65b9\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\uff08\u8054\u90a6\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u7531\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u9009\u51fa\uff0c\u5411\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u56fd\u5baa\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u5baa\u4e0e\u5dde\u5baa\u6709\u62b5\u89e6\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5219\u4ee5\u56fd\u5baa\u4e3a\u4f9d\u5f52\u3002\u8d1f\u8d23\u89e3\u91ca\u56fd\u5baa\u4e4b\u8fd0\u7528\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u300e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300f\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\u5f88\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u65bd\u884c\u4e86\u6709\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u300c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u300d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cd5\u6cbb\u653f\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u662f\u300e\u5206\u6743\u300f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u300e\u72ec\u7acb\u300f<\/p>\n

\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u5e38\u88ab\u6307\u65a5\u4e3a\u519b\u9600\u5272\u636e\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u62e5\u5175\u81ea\u4fdd\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u5168\u662f\u4e24\u56de\u4e8b\uff1b\u800c\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u300d\u662f\u4f1a\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u5728\u519b\u9600\u5272\u636e\u5404\u7701\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u300c\u5e9f\u7763\u88c1\u5175\u300d\uff0c\u8d70\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u8def\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5b9e\u6743\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\uff08\u8054\u90a6\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1b\u82e5\u679c\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6b66\u529b\u6765\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u65b0\u519b\u9600\u6216\u62e5\u6709\u519b\u6743\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u65e7\u519b\u9600\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd8\u662f\u5f04\u6210\u96c6\u6743\u4e13\u6a2a\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

1921\u5e746\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u90fd\u7763\u5362\u6c38\u7965\u901a\u7535\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u300e\u5148\u4ee5\u7701\u5baa\u5b9a\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7ee7\u4ee5\u56fd\u5baa\u4fdd\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u65e7\u89c2\u300f\u3002\u70af\u660e\u9996\u5148\u901a\u7535\u8d5e\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u76f2\u8bba\u4e4b\u58eb\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee5\u4e3b\u5f20\u300c\u5206\u6cbb\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u7834\u574f\u300c\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u66fe\u4e0d\u77e5\u300c\u5206\u6cbb\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u96c6\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u672c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79f0\u4e4b\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e8e\u300c\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\u4f55\u4e0e\uff1f\u5317\u7f8e\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u6210\u4f8b\u4ff1\u5728\uff0c\u5c82\u5bb9\u6307\u9e7f\u4e3a\u9a6c\uff01\u6c11\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6b63\u5750\u76f2\u8bba\u8005\u8bef\u89e3\u300c\u96c6\u6743\u300d\u4e3a\u300c\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u91ce\u5fc3\u8005\u9042\u5047\u300c\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\u4ee5\u593a\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7701\u3002\u300c\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u300c\u96c6\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5206\u6743\u300d\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u300c\u5206\u88c2\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u300c\u72ec\u7acb\u300d\u3002\u5b9e\u884c\u300c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u300d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\u7b49\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u300c\u7edf\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u5206\u88c2\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u72ec\u7acb\u300d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001 \u600e\u6837\u5b9e\u884c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb<\/p>\n

\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0e\u6b27\u7f8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u4eff\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3002\u5efa\u8bbe\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u671d\u4e00\u5915\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u4eff\u6548\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9002\u5b9c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u60c5\uff1f\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u8fbe\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u5b9e\u884c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u9648\u70af\u660e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7591\u60d1\u6709\u4e0b\u8bc4\u8bed\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7136\u6709\u56e0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7531\u7edf\u4e00\u800c\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u9042\u81f4\u7591\u56fd\u6c11\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u5efa\u8bbe\u5171\u548c\uff0c\u6b64\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u90fd\u7531\u9886\u8896\u6240\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53ca\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u968f\u9886\u5bfc\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u51b5\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u5bcc\u4e8e\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e4b\u5efa\u7b51\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c24\u4e3a\u9002\u5f53\u3002\u76d6\u73b0\u72b6\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u975e\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u800c\u7136\uff0c\u4e43\u7531\u5171\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u7acb\u800c\u81f4\u3002\u6545\u6709\u7591\u53ca\u56fd\u6c11\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u5171\u548c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u514d\u8bec\u7f54\u4e4b\u89c1\u3002\u3014\u9648\u70af\u660e1927\uff0c2\u3015<\/p>\n

1920\u5e7411\u6708\u9648\u70af\u660e\u7387\u9886\u7ca4\u519b\u56de\u7ca4\uff0c\u63a8\u5012\u76d8\u8e1e\u5e7f\u4e1c\u56db\u5e74\u591a\u7684\u6842\u7cfb\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u5e76\u8fdb\u800c\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n

\uff081\uff09\u5236\u5b9a\u7701\u5baa\uff1b<\/p>\n

\uff082\uff09\u5b9e\u65bd\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u5e7f\u4e1c\u6a21\u8303\u7701\uff0c\u4ee5\u300c\u6a21\u8303\u8d77\u4fe1\u300d\u6765\u53f7\u53ec\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u5e74\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u5468\u9ca0\u751f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u7701\uff0c\u60f3\u9075\u5949\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u80fd\u5706\u6ee1\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u7701\u5185\u4e0d\u53ef\u6709\u5916\u529b\u4e4b\u76d8\u8e1e\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u7701\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u987b\u80fd\u7edf\u4e00\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u672c\u7701\u65e0\u8feb\u8fd1\u4e4b\u5916\u60a3\u53ef\u865e\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\u662f\u7701\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u5df2\u5177\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u5bb9\u6c11\u610f\u5145\u5206\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u4f59\u5730\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e94\u662f\u672c\u7701\u8d22\u529b\u8db3\u4ee5\u81ea\u7ed9\uff0c\u80fd\u4e3a\u5baa\u653f\u5b9e\u884c\u4e0a\u79cd\u79cd\u5fc5\u8981\u4e4b\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u5468\u6c0f\u53c8\u6307\u51fa\u5f53\u5e74\u5021\u8a00\u5236\u5baa\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7701\u5206\uff0c\u5982\u6e56\u5357\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u7b49\u7701\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e94\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u6240\u7f3a\uff0c\u800c\u552f\u6709\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e00\u7701\u300e\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5177\u5907\u8fd9\u4e94\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u300f\u3002\u3014\u5468\u9ca0\u751f1922\uff0c7\uff0d8\u3015<\/p>\n

\u8457\u540d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u6388\u675c\u5a01\u4e8e1919\u25001921\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bb2\u5b66\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u5230\u5404\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u70af\u660e\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5efa\u8bbe\u6a21\u8303\u7701\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u52a0\u8d5e\u8bb8\u3014\u675c\u5a01\uff081\uff091921\uff0c213\u3015\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bf4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u5e7f\u4eba\u4f17\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u98ce\u4fd7\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5dee\u5f02\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5bcc\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6b63\u9002\u5b9c\u4e8e\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u76f8\u4eff\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5236\u3014\u675c\u5a01\uff082\uff091921\uff0c177\u3015\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1921\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u4e54\u67cf\u6c0f(Rodney Gilbert) \u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u70af\u660e\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u600e\u6837\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u63a8\u8fdb\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u300c\u96c6\u4f53\u610f\u5fd7\u300d(Collective will)\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u4e61\u6751\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c5\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u4e61\u6751\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u6f14\u8fdb\u800c\u6210\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u7528\u300c\u7531\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u300d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u518d\u4e0d\u80fd\u91c7\u7528\u300c\u7531\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u300d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u66fe\u8bd5\u7528\u591a\u6b21\u300c\u7531\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u300d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u6b21\u7ec8\u4e8e\u906d\u5230\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u4e0a\u5b9e\u884c\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u6751\u4e2d\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u7a0e\u6536\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u529e\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5404\u53bf\u53bf\u957f\u4e0e\u7701\u8bae\u5458\u4ea6\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u4e3e\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u7701\u8bae\u5458\u5171\u4e3e\u7701\u957f\u3002\u5e7f\u4e1c\u90bb\u8fd1\u5404\u7701\u4eba\u6c11\u5c06\u89c1\u8303\u8981\u6c42\u5b9e\u884c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u904d\u53ca\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7701\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u8054\u5408\u51e0\u7701\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300c\u8054\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u300d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7701\u5c06\u53ef\u9010\u65e5\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4fbf\u53ef\u8fbe\u5230\u300c\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516b\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff081921\u5e749\u6708\uff09\u5e7f\u4e1c\u6c11\u9009\u53bf\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5b8c\u6210\uff1b11\u6708\uff0c\u6c11\u9009\u53bf\u957f\u5b8c\u6210\uff1b12\u6708\u7701\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u5baa\u3002\u5728\u70af\u660e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e24\u5e74\u591a\uff081920\uff0d1923\uff09\u6a21\u8303\u7701\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5728\u6539\u9769\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u632f\u5174\u5b9e\u4e1a\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u516c\u8def\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u8d22\u653f\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u7981\u70df\u7981\u8d4c\uff0c\u9769\u65b0\u8b66\u653f\u5404\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u6c11\u9009\u7701\u957f\uff0c\u5219\u5c1a\u672a\u529e\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5230\u4e861923\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8d3f\u4e70\u6ec7\u6842\u519b\uff0c\u5165\u4fb5\u5e7f\u4e1c\uff0c\u8feb\u8d70\u9648\u70af\u660e\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5efa\u8bbe\u6a21\u8303\u7701\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u76d8\u5d29\u6e83\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001 \u9648\u70af\u660e\u7684\u300a\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u300b<\/p>\n

1921\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5f53\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7684\u7701\u8bae\u4f1a\u5728\u8d77\u8349\u7701\u5baa\u65f6\uff0c\u7701\u957f\u9648\u70af\u660e\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u300c\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u540e\u67651922\u5e745\u6708\u624d\u516c\u5f00\u8f7d\u4e8e\u9999\u6e2f\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5404\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u62a5\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u9646\u7eed\u767b\u8f7d\u3014\u6ce8\uff1a\u9648\u70af\u660e\u7684\u300c\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u300d\uff0c\u52301922\u5e745\u6708\u624d\u62ab\u9732\u4e8e\u9999\u6e2f\u62a5\u7ae0\uff08\u534e\u5b571922\u30025\u300216\u250017\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90fd\u5e02\uff0c\u66f4\u8981\u8fdf\u4e9b\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff08\u987a\u59291922\u30027\u300210\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u957f\u6c99\uff08\u5927\u516c1922\u30027\u300216\uff09;\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u4e4b\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u7ae0\uff08\u5357\u534e1922\u30027\u300218\uff1b\u58eb\u85111922\u30027\u300221\uff09\u3002\u3015<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u300c\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7684\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8005\u4e4b\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u52a8\u63d0\u6848\u300d\uff08Political Initiative\uff09\u3002\u5176\u539f\u672c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u5411\u897f\u5357\u5404\u7701\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u540c\u60c5\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u5404\u7701\u548c\u653f\u6d3e\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u732e\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u89c5\u5f97\u5171\u540c\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u5168\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5efa\u7acb\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u300d\u653f\u5236\u4e4b\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u662f\u7531\u6e05\u672b\u89e3\u653e\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u5404\u884c\u7701\u6240\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\uff1b\u800c\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u300d\u4e4b\u5236\uff0c\u672c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u300c\u5f92\u4ee5\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u6743\u5c1a\u672a\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u6076\u5404\u7701\u4e4b\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u601d\u4ee5\u5175\u529b\u5236\u670d\u4e4b\u3002\u5404\u7701\u60a3\u4e2d\u592e\u4e4b\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u601d\u4ee5\u5175\u529b\u62b5\u6297\u4e4b\uff0c\u5175\u9769\u65e2\u8d77\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u7eb7\u4e71\uff0c\u4e43\u4e0d\u53ef\u6536\u62fe\u77e3\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

\u300e\u63d0\u6848\u300f\u6700\u540e\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u76f8\u4eff\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u91c7\u4e8c\u9662\u5236\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7531\u5404\u7701\u9009\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u5404\u7701\uff1b\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u7531\u5168\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u9009\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u6c11\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5927\u7701\u4e0e\u5c0f\u7701\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u8f83\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\uff08\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u5dde\u4e0d\u8bba\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u9009\u51fa\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u4e24\u4eba\uff1b\u800c\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u4f9d\u636e\u6bcf\u5dde\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5206\u914d\u800c\u9009\u51fa\uff0c\u6545\u5927\u5dde\u5982\u52a0\u5c3c\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6709\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u4eba\uff0c\u5c0f\u5dde\u5982\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u6743\u804c\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u300e\u63d0\u6848\u300f\u6307\u660e\u91c7\u53d6\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u5217\u4e3e\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u6982\u62ec\u300d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8f83\u4e3a\u5bbd\u5927\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7701\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5374\u53d6\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5217\u4e3e\u300d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u6743\u9650\u8f83\u4e3a\u5bbd\u5927\u3002\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7701\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u60f3\u7ed9\u4e2d\u592e\u8f83\u4e3a\u5bbd\u5927\u7684\u6743\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u56fd\u5baa\u5c1a\u672a\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u4fbf\u6025\u7740\u5728\u7701\u5baa\u4e0a\u5148\u5217\u4e3e\u4e0b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7701\u804c\u6743\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u6709\u300c\u975e\u5e38\u300d\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\uff0c\u5317\u6709\u300c\u975e\u6cd5\u300d\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u5f90\u4e16\u660c\uff0c\u70af\u660e\u4e3a\u907f\u7528\u603b\u7edf\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4ee5\u300c\u6267\u653f\u5236\u6613\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u5317\u65b9\u5bb9\u6613\u5408\u4f5c\u300d\u3002\u53ef\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u5176\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u4e2d\u63a8\u4e3e\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e3a\u603b\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u6bb5\u797a\u745e\u4e3a\u526f\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u300c\u4eca\u65e5\u5fe0\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u5929\u4e0b\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u9886\u8896\u4e4b\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u53ca\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u65f6\u5c40\u4e4b\u529b\u8005\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u4e2d\u5c71\uff0c\u5408\u80a5\u4e24\u516c\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u5e74\u8206\u8bba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u7684\u53cd\u54cd\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u53ef\u7531\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\u3002\u65e0\u515a\u65e0\u6d3e\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u534e\u5b57\u65e5\u62a5\uff0c\u8fde\u8f7d\u4e86\u4e03\u5929\u793e\u8bba\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u987e\u543e\u4eca\u4ece\u5177\u4f53\u4e0a\u89c2\u5bdf\u9648\u6848\u3002\u5219\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7f8e\u5236\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u6539\u5584\u4e4b\uff0c\u53d8\u901a\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u65f6\u52bf\u4e4b\u65b0\u8981\u6c42\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u6c11\u679c\u6b32\u6551\u56fd\uff0c\u6b63\u5f53\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u64cd\u5927\u5200\u9614\u65a7\uff0c\u4ece\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u8c0b\u6839\u672c\u4e4b\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u30141922\u5e745\u670822\u250029\u65e5\u3015<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0d\u5230\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\u76841924\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u4e00\u62a5\u7eb8\u5f88\u611f\u6168\u7684\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u300e\uff081921\u5e74\uff09\u5b9e\u4e3a\u8054\u6cbb\u6d3e\u5168\u76db\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u9648\u70af\u660e\u53d1\u8868\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u91c7\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u63a8\u5b59\u6587\uff0c\u6bb5\u797a\u745e\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e3a\u884c\u653f\u9996\u9886\uff0c\u679c\u80fd\u89c1\u4e4b\u5b9e\u884c\u3002\uff08\u5219\uff09\u5168\u56fd\u53ef\u4e0d\u7528\u5175\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u300f\u3014\u534e\u5b571924\u300211\u30027\u3015<\/p>\n

\u9999\u6e2f\u4e00\u5bb6\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u5728\u5176\u53d6\u9898\u300c\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u505a\u4e0b\u53bb\uff1f\u300d\u7684\u793e\u8bba\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u663e\u7136\uff08\u9648\u70af\u660e\uff09\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u4eff\u6548\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u9020\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u975e\u8bae\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5927\u5bb6\u80fd\u771f\u5207\u53bb\u5b9e\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u3002\u666e\u5c14\u66fe\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u300c\u611a\u4eba\u624d\u53bb\u4e89\u8fa9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6709\u51b3\u5fc3\u53bb\u5b9e\u884c\u3002\u6570\u661f\u671f\u524d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5434\u4f69\u5b5a\u5bf9\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u5df2\u8868\u8d5e\u540c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u505a\u4e0b\u53bb\uff1f\u300f\u3002\u3014\u58eb\u85111922\u30027\u300220\u3015\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u9648\u70af\u660e\u300c\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u300d\u539f\u6587:<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565<\/p>\n

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\u4eca\u8ff0\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

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