{"id":33076,"date":"2024-11-07T08:46:58","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T00:46:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=33076"},"modified":"2024-11-07T09:46:30","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T01:46:30","slug":"%e9%82%a2%e6%89%bf%e5%90%89%ef%bc%9a%e9%87%8d%e6%ba%af%e7%be%8e%e5%88%a9%e5%9d%9a%e7%9a%84%e8%a7%82%e5%bf%b5%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%ef%bc%9a-%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%83%e4%b8%83%e5%85%ad%e8%87%b3%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=33076","title":{"rendered":"\u91cd\u6eaf\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\uff1a \u4e00\u4e03\u4e03\u516d\u81f3\u4e00\u4e03\u516b\u4e03"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u7f16\u8005\u6309<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6731\u514b\u66fc\uff08Michael Zuckerman\uff09\u6559\u6388\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u7687\u7687\u5de8\u8457\u65f6\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u7528\u4e86\u6781\u5176\u8d5e\u53f9\u7684\u8bed\u8c03\uff1a\u5982\u6b64\u7cbe\u5999\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u5b8c\u5907\u81ea\u6d3d\u3002\u800c\u8981\u5b8c\u5168\u3001\u7cbe\u51c6\u5730\u8bc4\u8bba\u8fd9\u672c\u540d\u8457\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u662f\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6089\u5fc3\u53d1\u6398\u7684\u4ece1776\u5e74\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u3001\u52301787\u5e74\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u65f6\u671f\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u8bfb\u8005\u5e26\u5165\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7cbe\u5f69\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6587: \u90a2\u627f\u5409\u00a0 \u6765\u6e90:\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff08Gordon S. Wood\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\uff1a1776\u20141787\u300b\uff08<em>The Creation of the American Republic<\/em>, 1776-1787\uff09\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u5b83\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u4e03\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5230\u4e00\u4e03\u516b\u4e03\u5e74\u8d39\u57ce\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u6df1\u523b\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u89e6\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u6587\u5316\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u786e\u7acb\u4e24\u767e\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4e4b\u9645\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u4e03\uff09\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u53f2\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u520a\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u300a\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff08<em>The William and Mary Quarterly<\/em>\uff09\u4e13\u95e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u4e86\u5341\u4e8c\u4f4d\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u56de\u987e\u4f0d\u5fb7\u8fd9\u90e8\u5927\u4f5c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u201c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u54ea\u672c\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u2018\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5178\u2019\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u201d\u300a\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u5b63\u520a\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u606d\u606d\u656c\u656c\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6b64\u4e66\u80af\u5b9a\u7b97\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u540c\u95e8\u201d\u3001\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u53f2\u95fb\u540d\u7684\u6770\u514b\u00b7\u62c9\u8003\u592b\uff08Jack Rakove\uff09\u540c\u5728\u53d7\u9080\u4e4b\u5217\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e66\u8bc4\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u656c\u754f\u5730\u56de\u5fc6\u5f53\u5e74\u5bfc\u5e08\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d1d\u6797\uff08Bernard Bailyn\uff09\u5e26\u4ed6\u53bb\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u53c2\u9605\u4f0d\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff1a\u201c\u81ea\u90a3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u91cd\u65b0\u7ffb\u9605\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u300b\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7ec6\u81f4\u7cbe\u5999\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5341\u5206\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u5374\u4f9d\u65e7\u65e0\u6cd5\u51cf\u5c11\u6211\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u5d07\u656c\u4e4b\u60c5\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d1d\u6797\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff08<em>Ideological Origins of the American Revolution<\/em>, 1967\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u7eed\u7bc7\uff0c\u800c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5c06\u4f0d\u5fb7\u501f\u4ee5\u8363\u81ba\u666e\u5229\u7b56\u5956\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff08<em>The Radicalism of the American Revolution<\/em>, 1992\uff09\u65a5\u4e3a\u201c\u53e4\u602a\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u201d\u7684\u8352\u8bde\u4e4b\u4f5c\u548c\u201c\u7cbe\u81f4\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08the genteel radicalism\uff09\u3001\u7d20\u4ee5\u5021\u5bfc\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6731\u514b\u66fc\uff08Michael Zuckerman\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u8d5e\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u9e3f\u7bc7\u5de8\u5236\u201c\u4e00\u4e1d\u4e0d\u82df\u5730\u53d1\u6398\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u901d\u53bb\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/9be6067c8eb54bbb87396bb2ba9bed6a_th.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\uff1a1776\u20141787\u300b\uff08University of North Carolina Press, 1998\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u65e8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7ebf\u7d22\u5728\u4e8e\u628a\u63e1\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\u201d\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u63ed\u793a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u770b\u4f3c\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u4eba\u975e\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u82f1\u738b\u538b\u8feb\u800c\u88ab\u201c\u903c\u4e0a\u6881\u5c71\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bd4\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u4eab\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u53cd\u6297\u82f1\u56fd\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8c03\u52a8\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\u7684\u597d\u5947\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u9020\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u5728\u9769\u547d\u524d\u5915\u4e0d\u65ad\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u63f4\u5f15\u3001\u6458\u6284\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u8f89\u683c\u6d3e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6458\u6284\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7247\u9762\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u8fdb\u8f89\u683c\u6d3e\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u5fc3\u6000\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u800c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6240\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u5f15\u8ff0\u3001\u6458\u6284\u548c\u7ffb\u5370\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8fd9\u6279\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u6d41\u653f\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u573a\u63a8\u7ffb\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5176\u9769\u547d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u634d\u536b\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/094e854358d541d88ee234f77f035c66_th.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5bf9\u8f89\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5176\u5e08\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d1d\u6797\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u6709\u7740\u600e\u6837\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u201d\u8d1d\u6797\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u300b\u7684\u5f00\u573a\u767d\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6784\u601d\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u8d1d\u6797\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5435\u5435\u95f9\u95f9\u3001\u55a7\u56a3\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u53d1\u6398\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u7126\u8651\u548c\u62c5\u5fe7\u3001\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u9634\u8c0b\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8feb\u5207\u4e4b\u60c5\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u89c2\u5ff5\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u573a\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u8d1d\u6797\u5c06\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\u201d\uff08an age of ideology\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u201c\u9020\u53cd\u201d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u3001\u8bd5\u56fe\u7834\u574f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u6000\u7591\u53c8\u90fd\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u8bda\u800c\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/749c372a422a411581a847d7342690fa_th.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d1d\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u300b\uff08Belknap Press; Enlarged 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src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/e3dacf7dfd5a47758e5925dea219035b_th.jpeg\" 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Rodgers\uff09\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u53f2\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5206\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u8be0\u91ca\u4e86\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u4f0d\u5fb7\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e03\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u5230\u4e00\u4e03\u516b\u4e03\u5e74\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7f14\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u521b\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u540c\u6837\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u800c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4e5f\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u5766\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u52a8\u7b14\u64b0\u5199\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66\u7684\u6700\u521d\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u5bf9\u4f0d\u5fb7\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u540e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4eba\u4e8b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f89\u683c\u6d3e\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f46\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f31\u5316\u5730\u65b9\u957f\u5b98\u548c\u5dde\u957f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u786e\u4fdd\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u8fdb\u884c\u9891\u7e41\u8f6e\u6362\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u5f39\u52be\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e5f\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u786e\u7acb\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u7684\u539f\u5219\u2014\u4e3a\u9632\u6b62\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u4e00\u4eba\u4e4b\u624b\u800c\u88ab\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u4e00\u4ee3\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u2014\u76f8\u4e92\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u4ee3\u8868\u89c6\u4e3a\u884c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6307\u793a\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e89\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e61\u6751\u57fa\u5c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6027\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff08actual representation\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u81e3\u6c11\u56e0\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u800c\u7518\u613f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\uff08virtual representation\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u65e5\u6e10\u51fa\u73b0\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u4eba\u4f9d\u7167\u8f89\u683c\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u8bd5\u56fe\u6548\u4eff\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u5408\u5236\u7684\u5171\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5e73\u8861\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u5e9c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e24\u9662\u5236\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8ba9\u201c\u8bda\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u5e73\u6c11\u548c\u201c\u667a\u6167\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d35\u65cf\u90fd\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u3001\u6267\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u6743\u529b\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5e76\u987a\u85e4\u6478\u74dc\u5730\u6316\u6398\u51fa\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7f14\u9020\u4e4b\u521d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8f89\u683c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/f47c135703974a3bb4196e2060e0c900_th.jpeg\" 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Beard and Mary Beard\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u300b\uff08<em>The Rise of American Civilization<\/em>, 1927\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u6885\u91cc\u5c14\u00b7\u8a79\u68ee\uff08Merrill Jensen\uff09\u7684 \u300a\u90a6\u8054\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff08<em>The Articles of Confederation<\/em>, 1940\uff09\u90fd\u5c06\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ab\u904f\u5236\u3001\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u9769\u547d\u201d\u88ab\u51fb\u9000\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/60de655244c84c3a9ff5c7430d11f32a_th.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5c14\u5fb7\u592b\u5987\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u300b\u4e0e\u6885\u91cc\u5c14\u00b7\u8a79\u68ee\u7684\u300a\u90a6\u8054\u6761\u4f8b\u300b<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u548c\u533a\u57df\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4ece\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u8fc7\u5934\u201d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f3a\u8c03\u5efa\u56fd\u4e00\u4ee3\u662f\u5728\u6781\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e2d\u6478\u7d22\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u5960\u5b9a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e03\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\u6253\u7834\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8840\u7f18\u7ebd\u5e26\u4e00\u5200\u4e24\u65ad\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u8f89\u683c\u6d3e\u6807\u4e3e\u7684\u662f\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u603b\u7ed3\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e6\u52e4\u52b3\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e3a\u80ae\u810f\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u54c1\u884c\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u5962\u9761\u6325\u970d\u3001\u552f\u5229\u662f\u56fe\u3001\u5351\u8eac\u5c48\u819d\u3001\u6deb\u79fd\u5815\u843d\u50cf\u764c\u75c7\u4e00\u822c\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u518d\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u53a6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u884c\u5c06\u5d29\u584c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u7834\u800c\u540e\u7acb\u7684\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u52e4\u52b3\u3001\u8282\u4fed\u3001\u81ea\u5236\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4f0d\u5fb7\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u6070\u662f\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u652f\u67f1\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5efa\u56fd\u4e4b\u7236\u4eec\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u7acb\u5baa\u8fa9\u8bba\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u57cb\u4e0b\u4f0f\u7b14\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5404\u6d3e\u52bf\u529b\u5f88\u96be\u5c31\u5efa\u7acb\u600e\u6837\u7684\u65b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u613f\u6467\u6bc1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u7834\u574f\u81ea\u7136\u5dee\u5f02\u6216\u6b63\u5f53\u52aa\u529b\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u975e\u8981\u9020\u5c31\u4e00\u4e2a\u62c9\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u3001\u673a\u4f1a\u5747\u7b49\u7684\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u548c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u4e3a\u5408\u7406\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u50cf\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\u6f58\u6069\u3001\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u626c\u3001\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u62c9\u4ec0\u7b49\uff0c\u5219\u8bd5\u56fe\u7f14\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u6253\u7834\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u50cf\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7aed\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6a21\u4eff\u82f1\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e24\u9662\u5236\uff0c\u5bf9\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5fc3\u6000\u8b66\u60d5\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u65b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7167\u65e7\u8ff7\u604b\u5962\u4f88\u3001\u6c89\u8ff7\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u800c\u660e\u4e89\u6697\u6597\uff0c\u800c\u9634\u8c0b\u8be1\u8ba1\u3001\u70ab\u8000\u4e0e\u5e73\u5eb8\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u968f\u7740\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6210\u529f\u800c\u8fdc\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/de963ae83df7470489dd573b86eef1de.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6f58\u6069\u300a\u5e38\u8bc6\u300b<\/p>\n<p>\u5168\u4e66\u6700\u540e\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u7126\u70b9\u843d\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e03\u516b\u4e03\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u56f4\u7ed5\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u50cf\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u633d\u6551\u8054\u76df\u3001\u5f3a\u5316\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u5c06\u5341\u4e09\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5408\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u8bae\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u65a5\u8d23\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u5357\u90e8\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6f20\u89c6\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u590d\u8c03\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4e49\u65e0\u53cd\u987e\u5730\u7ad9\u5230\u4e86\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5929\u6027\u731c\u5fcc\u591a\u7591\u3001\u8086\u610f\u4efb\u6027\u3001\u201c\u96be\u4f3a\u5019\u3001\u7231\u62b1\u6028\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u9769\u547d\u8d70\u5165\u62c9\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u5f00\u59cb\u65e0\u6cd5\u65e0\u5929\uff0c\u6ee5\u7528\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e00\u5ea6\u4f7f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5371\u5728\u65e6\u5915\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u591f\u6fc0\u8fdb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6210\u4e86\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\uff1b\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c31\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u770b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/img.mp.itc.cn\/upload\/20170412\/affb9443d5e14270a14e4ccd62f227ec.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff08Vintage; Reprint edition\uff0c1993\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4f0d\u5fb7\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u662f\u9769\u547d\u4e00\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5efa\u7acb\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5e73\u8861\u4e24\u9662\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8fa9\u8bba\u548c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u65e2\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\u5bf9\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5b8c\u5168\u63a7\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4e5f\u517c\u987e\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5c42\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62d4\u6709\u667a\u6167\u548c\u6770\u51fa\u4eba\u54c1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u8fdb\u5165\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1b\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u8bae\u4f1a\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4eba\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u65a5\u5987\u5973\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fd8\u662f\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u7537\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8de8\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5df2\u7136\u662f\u5341\u5206\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5987\u5973\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u987e\u53ca\u8eab\u5904\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u5ba1\u89c6\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c31\u6f58\u6069\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u786e\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e86\u300a\u5e38\u8bc6\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5374\u5f88\u5c11\u8ba8\u8bba\u6f58\u6069\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u59cb\u7ec8\u900f\u8fc7\u50cf\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u6ee4\u955c\u5ba1\u89c6\u9769\u547d\u540e\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u786e\u5c06\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u7269\u7a7f\u63d2\u5176\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8a00\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4ed6\u6240\u7740\u58a8\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u6392\u65a5\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u8f89\u683c\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u53c8\u4e3a\u54ea\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u6240\u63a5\u7eb3\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\uff08\u5f8b\u5e08\u3001\u5b98\u5458\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u7eb3\u4ec0\uff08Gary B. Nash\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u63d0\u5021\u201c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u201d\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8bd5\u56fe\u6311\u6218\u7684\u201c\u5efa\u56fd\u4e4b\u7236\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f1f\u4eba\u6240\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u201d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u8981\u95ee\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6240\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u6743\u8d35\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6587\u732e\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5e97\u4e3b\u3001\u624b\u827a\u4eba\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u666e\u7f57\u5927\u4f17\u53d1\u58f0\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u5f84\u53cd\u800c\u9887\u6709\u5fae\u8bcd\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u65f6\u6bb5\u50cf\u5efa\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8ba9\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u626e\u6f14\u5982\u6b64\u5173\u952e\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u6837\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u821e\u53f0\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u53f2\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f7f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u8fa9\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u6700\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u60dc\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5173\u6ce8\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5fc3\u6001\u800c\u65e0\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u820d\u672c\u9010\u672b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c2\u70b9\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u5f15\u6765\u5173\u6ce8\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u4eba\u4eec\u6b23\u8d4f\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u6211\u4e0e\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6731\u514b\u66fc\u5750\u5728\u5bbe\u5927\u4e00\u95f4\u5496\u5561\u9986\u91cc\u95f2\u8c08\uff0c\u5076\u7136\u95ee\u53ca\u4f0d\u5fb7\u8fd9\u90e8\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5de8\u8457\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5df2\u7136\u9000\u4f11\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u6731\u514b\u66fc\u6559\u6388\u4f9d\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d5e\u540c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e0e\u540c\u6837\u53d7\u9080\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5728\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6731\u514b\u66fc\u6559\u6388\u8c08\u8d77\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u300b\uff0c\u5374\u5fc3\u60a6\u8bda\u670d\u5730\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u6b64\u4e66\u867d\u7136\u4ecd\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u7b14\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u6bd4\u6b64\u524d\u66f4\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\u66f4\u52a0\u517c\u987e\u4e0b\u5c42\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdb\u6b65\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u6b64\u4e66\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u5b8f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u7ec8\u7a76\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5f97\u8d77\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u4e66\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ee5\u5236\u5ea6\u5236\u7ea6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ec6\u5bc6\u590d\u6742\u3001\u66f2\u6298\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u501f\u6b64\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002\u4f55\u8c13\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u5199\u4f5c\u600e\u6837\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5219\u89c1\u4ec1\u89c1\u667a\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u540c\u610f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u53f2\u5199\u4f5c\u4e2d\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6211\u60f3\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5373\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u53f2\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u5e45\u5386\u53f2\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e5f\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u56de\u5230\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u6700\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u516b\u5e74\u91cd\u5370\u7248\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u81ea\u9648\u5199\u4f5c\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u60f3\u8fc7\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e0e\u8d1d\u6797\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6e0a\u6e90\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ce2\u8003\u514b\uff08J. G. A. Pocock\uff09\u5728\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u520a\u5370\u7684\u300a\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u91cc\u65f6\u523b\u300b\uff08<em>Machiavellian Moment,<\/em>1975\uff09\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u7f57\u6770\u65af\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u53d1\u8868\u89c6\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee5\u6bd4\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f2\u5b66\u548c\u4ee5\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u8328\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u5b66\u6d3e\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff08Daniel Rodgers,\u201c<em>Republicanism: The Career of a Concept\u201d<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u300b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5706\u6ee1\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u521d\u8877\u3002\u800c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e54\u4f0a\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u666e\u5c14\u6bd4\u66fe\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4e5f\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u6b64\u70ed\u7231\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7f16\u8005\u6309 \u5c31\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6731\u514b\u66fc\uff08Michael Zuckerman\uff09\u6559\u6388\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7f14 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[7695,1376,13444],"views":283,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33076"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=33076"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44049,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33076\/revisions\/44049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=33076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=33076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=33076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}