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data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"104008\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=1001039694,2462059266&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=120&amp;f=JPEG?w=600&amp;h=791\" \/><\/section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><\/section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u539a\u79ef\u8584\u53d1\uff1a<\/strong><strong>\u4e2d\u897f\u5b66\u517b\u7684\u534a\u751f\u79ef\u6dc0\u4e0e\u4e00\u671d\u55b7\u8584<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u4e25\u590d\uff0c\u539f\u540d\u4e25\u4f20\u521d\uff0c1854\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u798f\u5efa\u5357\u53f0\u82cd\u971e\u6d32\uff08\u4eca\u798f\u5dde\u5e02\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5112\u533b\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u7956\u7c4d\u4faf\u5b98\u53bf\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e25\u4faf\u5b98\u3002\u81ea\u5176\u66fe\u7956\u8f88\u8d77\uff0c\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e16\u4ee3\u4e3a\u533b\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u4e25\u632f\u5148\u5bf9\u513f\u5b50\u6c42\u53d6\u529f\u540d\u5bc4\u4e88\u8f83\u9ad8\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4e25\u590d5\u5c81\u5165\u79c1\u587e\uff0c1863\u5e74\u8d77\u5e08\u4ece\u540c\u4e61\u8457\u540d\u5bbf\u5112\u9ec4\u5b97\u5f5d\u3002\u9ec4\u5b97\u5f5d\u201c\u4e3a\u5b66\u6c49\u5b8b\u5e76\u91cd\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6c49\u5b66\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u960e\u82e5\u74a9\u3001\u6234\u9707\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6e05\u4ee3\u8003\u636e\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bad\u8bc2\u3001\u8003\u636e\u7b49\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7ecf\uff1b\u5b8b\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7a0b\u6731\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u9646\u738b\u5fc3\u5b66\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u5bf9\u7ecf\u7c4d\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e49\u7406\u7684\u9610\u53d1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u517c\u5bb9\u5e76\u84c4\u7684\u6cbb\u5b66\u6001\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4e25\u590d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u7ec8\u8eab\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u53f2\u534e\u6148\uff08Benjamin Schwartz\uff09\u5c31\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4e25\u590d\u540e\u6765\u5bf9\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u548c\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u6027\u903b\u8f91\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u5c06\u6c49\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b8b\u5b66\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u201d[1]<\/p>\n<p>1866\u5e74\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u4e25\u632f\u5148\u67d3\u4e0a\u65f6\u75ab\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u9636\u6bb5\u4e5f\u544a\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u53bb\u4e16\u5bfc\u81f4\u5168\u5bb6\u9677\u5165\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7a98\u8feb\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff0c\u65e0\u529b\u518d\u8058\u5e08\u8ba9\u4e25\u590d\u5165\u587e\u5c31\u8bfb\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u53ea\u80fd\u53e6\u8c0b\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u5165\u8bfb\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u5802\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u8003\u5165\u65b0\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u798f\u5dde\u9a6c\u5c3e\u8239\u5382\u9644\u8bbe\u8239\u653f\u5b66\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u540d\u4e25\u5b97\u5149\uff0c\u5b57\u53c8\u9675\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u6d0b\u52a1\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u521b\u529e\u7684\u4e00\u6240\u65b0\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u8239\u653f\u5b66\u5802\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u9020\u8239\u548c\u9a7e\u8239\u7684\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u804c\u4e1a\u89c4\u5212\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u5e76\u975e\u79d1\u4e3e\u201c\u6b63\u9014\u201d\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8be5\u5b66\u6821\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f85\u9047\u8fd8\u662f\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e0d\u5c11\u5bd2\u95e8\u5e03\u8863\u5b50\u5f1f\u3002\u5728\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u201c\u4e2d\u4f53\u897f\u7528\u201d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6307\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8239\u653f\u5b66\u5802\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4ee5\u897f\u5b66\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u6388\u8bfe\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u8bf5\u8bfb\u5112\u5b66\u7ecf\u5178\u30021871\u5e74\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u4ee5\u6700\u4f18\u7b49\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u6bd5\u4e1a\u3002\u8fd95\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u822a\u6d77\u5b66\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e14\u8868\u73b0\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5168\u9762\u5730\u8bd1\u4ecb\u897f\u5b66\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u88ab\u6d3e\u4e0a\u519b\u8230\u8fdb\u884c\u968f\u8230\u5b9e\u4e60\u3002\u4ed6\u6e38\u5386\u4e86\u4e1c\u4e9a\u53ca\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u4f17\u591a\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65e5\u672c\u957f\u5d0e\u3001\u6a2a\u6ee8\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u6e2f\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd8\u6e38\u5386\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f00\u62d3\u4e86\u89c6\u91ce\u30021877\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6279\u516c\u6d3e\u7559\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u524d\u5f80\u82f1\u56fd\u683c\u6797\u5a01\u6cbb\uff08Greenwich\uff09\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u5b66\u9662\uff08Royal Naval College\uff09\u6df1\u9020\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u7684\u4e24\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u79ef\u6781\u5b66\u4e60\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u8bfe\u4f59\u8fd8\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u79d1\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u6df1\u5316\u4e86\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7406\u8bba\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\u5728\u7559\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fc5\u901f\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=3049940034,1272197282&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=676\" \/><\/p>\n<section>\u25b31878\u5e74\uff0c\u65f6\u5e7424\u5c81\u7684\u4e25\u590d\u6444\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece<\/section>\n<p>1879\u5e74\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u5b66\u6210\u5f52\u56fd\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u8239\u653f\u5b66\u5802\u548c\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u65b0\u521b\u7684\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u5b66\u5802\u62c5\u4efb\u6559\u4e60\uff08\u6559\u5458\uff09\u30021880\u5e74\u81f31900\u5e74\u768420\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u5747\u4efb\u804c\u4e8e\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u5b66\u5802\uff0c\u5374\u59cb\u7ec8\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u7684\u91cd\u7528\u30021889\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5347\u804c\u4e3a\u603b\u529e\uff08\u6821\u957f\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6539\u540d\u4e25\u590d\uff0c\u5b57\u51e0\u9053\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5347\u804c\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u65e0\u5b9e\u6743\uff0c\u5982\u9648\u5b9d\u741b\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u541b\u603b\u529e\u5b66\u5802\uff0c\u4e0d\u9884\u673a\u8981\uff0c\u5949\u804c\u800c\u5df2\u201d[2]\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u4e0e\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u7684\u4e0d\u548c\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u683c\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u610f\u8bc6\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u6027\u683c\u6e29\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u201c\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u53ea\u5b66\u4e60\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u79ef\u6781\u5f15\u5165\u897f\u5b66\u7684\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u201c\u60a3\u5176\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e4b\u8fd1\u4e5f\u201d[3]\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u6027\u60c5\u521a\u76f4\uff0c\u5b64\u50b2\u6c14\u76db\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed5\u9014\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u65e9\u6709\u9884\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u53c8\u9675\u624d\u5206\uff0c\u543e\u751a\u7231\u4e4b\uff0c\u800c\u6c14\u6027\u592a\u6d89\u72c2\u6613\u3002\u543e\u65b9\u6709\u9274\u4e8e\u5e7f\u4e1c\u751f\u4e4b\u4e56\u623e\uff0c\u76ca\u4e0d\u6562\u4e3a\u5ea6\u5916\u4e4b\u8bba\u3002\u4ea6\u5ff5\u8d1f\u6c14\u592a\u76db\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u7ec8\u5fc5\u65e0\u6210\uff0c\u5373\u53e4\u4eba\u4ea6\u7686\u7136\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[4]\u4ed5\u9014\u4e0d\u987a\u8ba9\u4e25\u590d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u4ed5\u8fdb\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u5148\u540e\u53c2\u52a0\u56db\u6b21\u4e61\u8bd5\uff0c\u5747\u4ee5\u843d\u7b2c\u544a\u7ec8\u3002\u4ed5\u9014\u574e\u5777\u4e0e\u79d1\u4e3e\u5931\u8d25\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u4e25\u590d\u5bf9\u5b98\u573a\u751f\u6001\u548c\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7ecf\u5386\u662f\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u548c\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e78\u800c1879\u5e74\u81f31894\u5e74\u8fd9\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8f83\u4e3a\u6e05\u95f2\u548c\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u804c\u573a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e3a\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u6559\u52a1\u4e4b\u4f59\u7814\u4e60\u897f\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5408\u9002\u7684\u73af\u5883\u30021881\u5e74\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u521d\u8bfb\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\uff08Herbert Spencer\uff09\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08<em>The Study of Sociology<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u53c8\u9009\u8bd1\u4e86\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08<em>Principles of Ethics<\/em>\uff09\uff08\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u7fa4\u8c0a\u7bc7\u300b\uff09\u548c\u767d\u829d\u6d69\uff08Walter Bagehot\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08<em>Physics and Politics<\/em>\uff09\uff08\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u683c\u81f4\u6cbb\u5e73\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u8bd1\u7a3f\u5747\u5df2\u6563\u4f5a\u30021893\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5b93\u514b\uff08A.Michie\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff08<em>Missionaries in China<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u4e25\u590d\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u672f\u7406\u8bba\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u8457\u8bd1\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u4ea7\u51fa\u4f5c\u4e86\u94fa\u57ab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f4\u52301894\u5e74\u7532\u5348\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u534a\u751f\u4e2d\u897f\u5b66\u517b\u7684\u79ef\u6dc0\u624d\u5728\u96c6\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8457\u8bd1\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u5927\u653e\u5f02\u5f69\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u5371\u673a\u7684\u63ed\u793a\u3001\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u6279\u5224\u632f\u804b\u53d1\u8069\uff1b\u5bf9\u56fd\u4e8b\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e0e\u6551\u56fd\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u55b7\u6d8c\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5171\u9e23\u3002\u81ea1895\u5e74\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u653f\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u666e\u53ca\u897f\u5b66\uff0c\u5ba3\u626c\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u7136\u800c\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8bd1\u8457\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u5171\u8bd1\u6709\u8d85\u8fc720\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1931\u5e74\u88ab\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u5217\u5165\u201c\u4e25\u8bd1\u540d\u8457\u4e1b\u520a\u201d\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u201c\u4e25\u8bd1\u516b\u79cd\u201d\uff09\u6700\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff1a\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u300a\u539f\u5bcc\u300b\u300a\u6cd5\u610f\u300b\u300a\u7fa4\u5b66\u8084\u8a00\u300b\u300a\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u8bba\u300b\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u8be0\u300b\u300a\u7a46\u52d2\u540d\u5b66\u300b\u300a\u540d\u5b66\u6d45\u8bf4\u300b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u96c6\u4e2d\u521d\u7248\u4e8e1898\u5e74\u81f31909\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e25\u590d\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5728\u542f\u8499\u7ef4\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u524d\u5217\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd1\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u53c8\u4ee5\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u4e3a\u5e7f\u5927\u6df1\u8fdc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9\u3001\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u4ec1\u4eba\u5fd7\u58eb\u7684\u6551\u56fd\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u800c\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u201c\u4fe1\u3001\u8fbe\u3001\u96c5\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u7531\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u00b7\u8bd1\u4f8b\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"104008\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u4ee5\u8bd1\u7ef4\u65b0\uff1a<\/strong><strong>\u5728\u8bd1\u4f5c\u4e2d\u666e\u53ca\u897f\u5b66\u4e0e\u63a8\u52a8\u53d8\u6cd5<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<p>1895\u5e74\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7532\u5348\u6218\u8d25\uff0c\u671d\u91ce\u9707\u8361\uff0c\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ea1\u56fd\u706d\u79cd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5371\u673a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u6df1\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u3001\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u7b49\u201c\u516c\u8f66\u4e0a\u4e66\u201d\uff0c\u7ef4\u65b0\u6d3e\u6b63\u5f0f\u767b\u4e0a\u5386\u53f2\u821e\u53f0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e25\u590d\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u7ef4\u65b0\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u4e00\u5b9a\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u9664\u4e00\u6b21\u8fc7\u65e9\u6d41\u4ea7\u7684\u201c\u5e94\u8bcf\u201d\u9762\u5723\u4e4b\u5916\u57fa\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u7231\u56fd\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u53d1\u6325\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8457\u8bd1\u666e\u53ca\u897f\u5b66\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u73af\u2014\u2014\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u8499\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u6b32\u662f\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u5371\u673a\u52a0\u91cd\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u4e2d\u897f\u5b66\u517b\u53c8\u652f\u6301\u7740\u4ed6\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u5bc6\u96c6\u53d1\u58f0\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u7532\u5348\u6625\u534a\uff0c\u6b63\u5f53\u4e1c\u4e8b\u768b\u5140\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u89c9\u4e00\u65f6\u80f8\u4e2d\u6709\u7269\uff0c\u683c\u683c\u6b32\u5410\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6709\u300a\u539f\u5f3a\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6551\u4ea1\u51b3\u8bba\u300b\u8bf8\u4f5c\uff0c\u767b\u5e03\u300a\u76f4\u62a5\u300b\u3002\u201d[5]1895\u5e742\u6708\u81f35\u6708\u95f4\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u63a5\u8fde\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u300a\u76f4\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u8bba\u4e16\u9053\u4e4b\u4e9f\u300b\u300a\u539f\u5f3a\u300b\u300a\u8f9f\u97e9\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6551\u4ea1\u51b3\u8bba\u300b\u56db\u7bc7\u653f\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u65f6\u5c40\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u4e60\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u826f\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u4e16\u9053\u4e4b\u4e9f\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u4e00\u9488\u89c1\u8840\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u524d\u5371\u673a\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u6587\u660e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u5371\u673a\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u7167\u7269\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4ed6\u80af\u5b9a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u5219\u9edc\u4f2a\u800c\u5d07\u771f\uff0c\u4e8e\u5211\u653f\u5219\u5c48\u79c1\u4ee5\u4e3a\u516c\u201d[6]\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u987e\u5f7c\u884c\u4e4b\u800c\u5e38\u901a\uff0c\u543e\u884c\u4e4b\u800c\u5e38\u75c5\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u5f02\u8033\u3002\u201d[7]\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u501f\u52a9\u897f\u5b66\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6551\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u300a\u539f\u5f3a\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u501f\u9274\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u5f3a\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u6c11\u529b\u3001\u6c11\u667a\u3001\u6c11\u5fb7\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5316\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u59a5\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u201c\u662f\u6545\u56fd\u4e4b\u5f3a\u5f31\u8d2b\u5bcc\u6cbb\u4e71\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u6c11\u529b\u3001\u6c11\u667a\u3001\u6c11\u5fb7\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u5f81\u9a8c\u4e5f\u3002\u5fc5\u4e09\u8005\u65e2\u7acb\u800c\u540e\u5176\u653f\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e4b\u3002\u201d[8]\u5728\u300a\u8f9f\u97e9\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u501f\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u800c\u300a\u6551\u4ea1\u51b3\u8bba\u300b\u662f\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e9f\u9664\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1897\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u4e0e\u738b\u4fee\u690d\u3001\u590f\u66fe\u4f51\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u5171\u540c\u521b\u529e\u65b0\u5f0f\u62a5\u520a\u2014\u2014\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u4ee5\u5ba3\u626c\u7ef4\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u662f\u65e5\u62a5\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u589e\u8bbe\u65ec\u62a5\uff0c\u53d6\u540d\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u53d1\u520a\u8bcd\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u520a\u7684\u521b\u529e\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ba9\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u4e86\u89e3\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u65f6\u4e8b\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e4b\u60c5\u201d\u201c\u901a\u4e2d\u5916\u4e4b\u60c5\u201d[9]\u3002\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u968f\u7740\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u57281898\u5e749\u6708\u505c\u520a\uff0c\u81ea\u521b\u520a\u81f3\u505c\u520a\u5171\u520a\u767b\u793e\u8bba\u65f6\u8bc442\u7bc7\uff0c\u7ecf\u8003\u8bc1\u5176\u4e2d27\u7bc7\u51fa\u81ea\u4e25\u590d\u4e4b\u624b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u521b\u4f5c\u9ad8\u4ea7\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u6bd4\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u653f\u8bba\u6587\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8bd1\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u8bd1\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u5f15\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u7684\u826f\u65b9\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u8ba9\u4e25\u590d\u4e00\u4e3e\u6210\u540d\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u65f6\u4eba\u6551\u4ea1\u56fe\u5b58\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u30021897\u5e74\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u6240\u9009\u8bd1\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\uff08Thomas Henry Huxley\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8bba\u6587\u300b\uff08<em>Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u7ae0\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u60ac\u758f\u300b\u520a\u767b\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\u7b2c2\u30014\u30015\u30016\u518c\uff0c\u540e\u5176\u6b63\u5f0f\u7248\u672c\u4e8e1898\u5e74\u7ed3\u96c6\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u7531\u5434\u6c5d\u6ca6\u4f5c\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u4e0a\u300a\u8bd1\u4f8b\u8a00\u300b\u3002\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u7684\u539f\u4f5c\u672c\u662f\u5bf9\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u5c06\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff08Charles Robert Darwin\uff09\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u7269\u754c\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u9075\u5faa\u201c\u4f18\u80dc\u52a3\u6c70\u3001\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u800c\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee5\u6b32\u671b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u7ade\u4e89\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u5728\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8bba\u6587\u300b\u7684\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u540e\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u91cd\u70b9\u6279\u5224\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=4029517968,1191778895&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=120&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=500\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\u25b3\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\uff1a\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b<\/section>\n<p>\u4e25\u590d\u662f\u660e\u663e\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7559\u5b66\u82f1\u56fd\u59cb\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u6240\u9009\u8bd1\u7684\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u4e8e1897\u5e74\u4ee5\u201c\u529d\u5b66\u7bc7\u201d\u4e3a\u540d\u520a\u767b\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u95fb\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\u7b2c1\u30013\u548c4\u518c\uff0c\u5176\u8db3\u672c\u300a\u7fa4\u5b66\u8084\u8a00\u300b\u53c8\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u6587\u660e\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e66\u5c40\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u5728\u300a\u7fa4\u5b66\u8084\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u3002\u5728\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u52a0\u63a9\u9970\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u76f8\u5173\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u539f\u4f5c\u7684\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9690\u53bb\u4e86\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u3002\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u539f\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6279\u5224\u88ab\u5927\u5e45\u524a\u51cf\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u8be5\u8bd1\u4f5c\u7684\u81ea\u5e8f\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u8d5e\u540c\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u5c14\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u5929\u6f14\u81ea\u7136\u8a00\u5316\uff0c\u8457\u4e66\u9020\u8bba\uff0c\u8d2f\u5929\u5730\u4eba\u800c\u4e00\u7406\u4e4b\uff0c\u6b64\u4ea6\u665a\u8fd1\u4e4b\u7edd\u4f5c\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[10]\u5728\u9644\u4e8e\u6bcf\u8282\u8bd1\u6587\u540e\u7684\u201c\u6848\u8bed\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u591a\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u6279\u9a73\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u4f46\u4e25\u590d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5168\u662f\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u7684\u4fdd\u7fa4\u8bba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8d5e\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u54cd\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u8be5\u4e66\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff0c\u66f4\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4ef7\u503c\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u74dc\u5206\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u5f25\u6f2b\u7740\u4ea1\u56fd\u706d\u79cd\u7684\u5fe7\u60a3\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u5f3a\u4fdd\u79cd\u201d\u7684\u6709\u529b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u501f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9\u3001\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56f0\u5c40\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u82e5\u4e0d\u81ea\u5f3a\u4fbf\u4f1a\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u706d\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u65cf\u8981\u5bcc\u5f3a\uff0c\u5219\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u9769\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u73af\u5883\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u53c8\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6b66\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u4e00\u7ecf\u51fa\u7248\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u7545\u9500\u4e66\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5171\u9e23\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u4e16\u9752\u5e74\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u542f\u8499\u6027\u8bfb\u7269\u3002\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u3001\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u7b49\u7ef4\u65b0\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u56e0\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u5bf9\u4e25\u590d\u5927\u52a0\u8d5e\u8a89\uff1b\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u8bfe\u5802\uff1b\u201c\u5929\u6f14\u201d\u201c\u7269\u7ade\u201d\u201c\u5929\u62e9\u201d\u7b49\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e00\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u70ed\u8bcd\uff1b\u9c81\u8fc5\u3001\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7b49\u90fd\u66fe\u56de\u5fc6\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u5e74\u5c11\u65f6\u9605\u8bfb\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5929\u6f14\u8bba\u300b\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u8fd8\u901a\u8fc7\u8bd1\u8457\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u5f3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u30021901\u5e74\u81f31902\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u5c06\u82f1\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\uff08Adam Smith\uff09\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5de8\u8457\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08<em>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations<\/em>\uff09\uff08\u7b80\u79f0\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba\u300b<em>The Wealth of Nations<\/em>\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u539f\u5bcc\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u516b\u518c\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u5357\u6d0b\u516c\u5b66\u8bd1\u4e66\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u5728\u8bd1\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u501f\u52a9\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u519c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5e94\u91cd\u89c6\u5546\u4e1a\u5e76\u987a\u5e94\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u653f\u7b56\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u5bcc\u56fd\u4e4b\u7b56\u201d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9f13\u52b1\u6c11\u95f4\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5f00\u5c55\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u7b49\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63aa\u65bd\u90fd\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u5916\u901a\u5546\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d77\u5173\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u4e3b\u5f20\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u62a8\u51fb\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5916\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u8f83\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1903\u5e74\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u8bd1\u4f5c\u300a\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u8bba\u300b\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u8bd1\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7a46\u52d2\uff08John Stuart Mill\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b\uff08<em>On Liberty<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u636e\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5e94\u7528\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u300a\u8bd1\u8005\u5e8f\u300b\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u5176\u7ffb\u8bd1\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u62d2\u65a5\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u6b65\u4eba\u58eb\u4e3b\u5f20\u6beb\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u501f\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5bf9\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff08\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u4f5c\u201c\u81ea\u7e47\u201d\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u7834\u9664\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u66f2\u89e3\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u5927\u4f53\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u5bf9\u601d\u60f3\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002\u5728\u300a\u8bd1\u51e1\u4f8b\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u4e89\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u547c\u58f0\uff1a\u201c\u8d35\u65cf\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff0c\u5219\u6c11\u5bf9\u8d35\u65cf\u800c\u4e89\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u4e13\u5236\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff0c\u5219\u6c11\u5bf9\u541b\u4e0a\u800c\u4e89\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u4e43\u81f3\u7acb\u5baa\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u5bf9\u800c\u4e89\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u2026\u2026\u4e43\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u56fd\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u6d41\u4fd7\u3002\u201d[11]\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4e89\u53d6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6697\u542b\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u5c01\u5efa\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u3002<\/p>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=2860858492,308629500&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=250&amp;h=500\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\u25b3\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u8bba\u300b\u4e0a\u7684\u7248\u6743\u58f0\u660e<\/section>\n<p>\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u8bd1\u4f5c\u300a\u6cd5\u610f\u300b\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u7ed8\u5236\u4e86\u84dd\u56fe\u30021904\u5e74\u81f31909\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u610f\u300b\u5206\u4e03\u518c\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u662f\u4e25\u590d\u7531\u82f1\u8bed\u8f6c\u8bd1\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\uff08Montesquieu\uff09\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6cd5\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff08<em>De l&#8217;esprit deslois<\/em>\uff09\uff08\u539f\u4f5c\u517131\u5377\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\u51fa29\u5377\uff09\u3002\u539f\u4f5c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f97\u5931\u5229\u5f0a\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u548c\u201c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u201d\u5b66\u8bf4\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u5e76\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u541b\u4e3b\u638c\u63e1\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u63d0\u51fa\u5e94\u5f53\u501f\u9274\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u548c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0b\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u5957\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4ed6\u5021\u5bfc\u91cd\u89c6\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u8981\u7acb\u5584\u56fd\u3001\u5229\u6c11\u3001\u5408\u7406\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u8981\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\uff0c\u7834\u9664\u5c01\u5efa\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u50ed\u8d8a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u7279\u6743\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u300a\u6cd5\u610f\u300b\u6b63\u5f53\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u800c\u4e3b\u52a8\u62c9\u62e2\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u548c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6682\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bba\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u548c\u6548\u679c\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u548c\u6cd5\u5236\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u6539\u9769\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u8499\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3238438320,1361847609&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=796\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\u25b3\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u610f\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861909\u5e74\u7248<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"104008\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><\/section>\n<section 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data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"104008\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section 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