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src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/eef952509fa44d97b5870b0c41bc62aa.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u5b89\u606f\u7684\u6559\u5802<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/4ee589784b134081a23e407e0cd0bd25.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u675c\u4f0a\u65af\u5821\u6587\u5316\u66a8\u57ce\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/faca7703be11449597eff3e9c7250d95.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u675c\u4f0a\u65af\u5821\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u666f<\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u4e00\u751f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5730\u7406\u5236\u56fe\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u5723\u5730\u201d\u5730\u56fe\uff081537\uff0cHoly Land\uff0c\u5373\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\uff09\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\uff081538\uff0c\u53cc\u5fc3\u5f62\uff09\uff0c\u4f5b\u5170\u5fb7\u5730\u56fe\uff081540\uff0c\u4eca\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff09\u5404\u4e00\u5e45\uff1b\u6b27\u6d32\u5730\u56fe15\u5e45\uff081554\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5730\u56fe8\u5e45\uff081564\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u8fd8\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u4eea\uff081541\uff09\u548c\u5929\u7403\u4eea\uff081551\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6b63\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e031492\u5e74\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u8fbe\u4f3d\u9a6c1498\u5e74\u7ecf\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u822a\u884c\u5230\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u8239\u961f1522\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u4eba\u7c7b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u73af\u7403\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5730\u7403\u662f\u5706\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u822a\u6d77\u5927\u56fd\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u4e3a\u897f\u5c5e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5170\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u4e0e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u822a\u6d77\u754c\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u6839\u636e\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u5730\u7406\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u65e7\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u65b0\u5730\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1500\u5e74\u610f\u5927\u5229\u822a\u6d77\u5bb6\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5229\u54e5\u00b7\u97e6\u65af\u666e\u5947(Americus Vespucius\uff0c1454\u20141512)\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5357\u7f8e\u4e1c\u5317\u7ea61200\u5343\u7c73\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u63a8\u6d4b\u8fd9\u662f\u5757\u65b0\u5927\u9646\u30021507\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e00\u4f4d\u4fee\u58eb\u74e6\u5c14\u6cfd\u7f2a\u65af\uff08Martin Waldseem\u00fcller\uff09\u6839\u636e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5229\u54e5\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u5c06\u5357\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u6807\u660e\u4e3a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5229\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u56fe\u6d41\u4f20\u4e0d\u5e7f\u3002\u76f4\u52301538\u5e74\uff0c\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u5728\u4ed6\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u53cc\u5fc3\u5f62\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\u4e2d\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u7f8e\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u6807\u660e\u4e3a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5229\u52a0\u5730\u533a\u3002\u53d7\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u56fe\u3001\u5730\u7403\u4eea\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4e66\u5c06\u7f8e\u6d32\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5229\u52a0\u6d32\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u6d32\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7f8e\u6d32\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u6765\u5386\u3002\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u7531\u6b64\u58f0\u540d\u8fdc\u64ad\u3002\u5c31\u8fde\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u517c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u56fd\u738b\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u4e5f\u8ba2\u8d2d\u4ed6\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u65b0\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u5ffd\u7565\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u5e26\u7684\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u91c7\u7528\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5730\u56fe\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\uff08\u7ea6\u516c\u514390\u2014168\uff09\u662f\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u5728\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u57ce\u5c45\u4f4f\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u5f71\u54cd\u897f\u65b9\u4e0a\u5343\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6839\u636e\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7f16\u5236\u51fa\u65b0\u7248\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5730\u56fe\uff08\u56fe\u5e45159&#215;132\u5398\u7c73\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c3a1\uff1a436\u4e07\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5730\u56fe\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u505a\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u7ec6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\u548c\u5730\u56fe\u96c6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/72089ba5ef8e429babc3e898ce9efd4b.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u62581569\u5e74\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/3bffc4c56edb4f8e991086933f2f4231.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u62581587\u5e74\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/970254f0812d452ebfc618ccbd12e37c.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/4e116ce131144d56a73c641e867bb71a.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6295\u5f71\u7684\u5730\u56fe<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/94c4d7e41e344d18bee6e4b23bb99686.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6295\u5f71\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u9762\u79ef\u65e0\u53d8\u5f62\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u9002\u4e8e\u822a\u6d77<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180925\/efdee5ccf6064f6c8276f8f70b31df06.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5730\u56fe<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u56fd\u53e4\u4eba\u6709\u5929\u5706\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\uff08Pythagoras\uff09\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u5730\u7403\u662f\u7403\u5f62\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6839\u636e\u6708\u98df\u65f6\u6708\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u5f71\u662f\u5706\u5f62\u7684\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u662f\u7403\u5f62\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u5730\u7406\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u57c3\u62c9\u6258\u8272\u5c3c\uff08Eratosthenes of Cyrene\uff0c\u53c8\u8bd1\u57c3\u62c9\u6258\u65af\u7279\u5c3c\u6216\u5384\u62c9\u591a\u585e\uff09\u6839\u636e\u6b63\u5348\u5c04\u5411\u5730\u7403\u7684\u592a\u9633\u5149\u548c\u4e24\u89c2\u6d4b\u5730\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7b97\u51fa\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5468\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5e94\u7528\u7ecf\u7eac\u7f51\u6765\u7ed8\u5236\u5730\u56fe\uff08\u6211\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u7528\u65b9\u91cc\u7f51\uff09\uff0c\u521b\u7528\u201c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u201d\uff08geographica\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002\u516c\u5143726\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5510\u4ee3\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u884c\u4e3b\u6301\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u5929\u6587\u5927\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5317\u6781\u9ad8\u5ea6\u548c\u590f\u65e5\u65e5\u957f\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4e86\u5b50\u5348\u7ebf\u4e00\u5ea6\u4e4b\u957f\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5468\u957f\u3002\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u8239\u961f\u73af\u884c\u4e16\u754c\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u6000\u7591\u5730\u7403\u662f\u7403\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u5730\u7403\u662f\u7403\u5f62\uff0c\u800c\u5730\u56fe\u662f\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ed8\u5236\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5728\u300a\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u6307\u5357\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5706\u9525\u6295\u5f71\u548c\u7403\u9762\u6295\u5f71\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5730\u56fe\u6295\u5f71\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u628a\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u7eac\u7ebf\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u628a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c55\u7684\u66f2\u9762\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ec0\u4e48\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\uff0c\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u4f1a\u5931\u771f\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u5f62\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u89d2\u5ea6\u53d8\u5f62\u3001\u9762\u79ef\u53d8\u5f62\u548c\u957f\u5ea6\u53d8\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u65e9\u57281538\u5e74\u5c31\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u53cc\u5fc3\u5f62\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u4ed6\u5904\u4e8e\u5927\u822a\u6d77\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u7528\u65e7\u7684\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u4e0d\u4fbf\u4e8e\u822a\u6d77\u4eba\u5458\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u53e6\u8f9f\u8e4a\u5f84\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7b49\u89d2\u6b63\u5706\u67f1\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\uff0c\u540e\u4eba\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6cd5\uff08Mercator 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