{"id":36762,"date":"2024-09-05T14:49:22","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T06:49:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=36762"},"modified":"2024-09-05T14:49:22","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T06:49:22","slug":"%e8%af%95%e8%ae%ba%e7%8a%b9%e5%a4%aa%e4%ba%ba%e4%b8%8e%e8%bf%91%e4%bb%a3%e4%b8%8a%e6%b5%b7%e7%bb%8f%e6%b5%8e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=36762","title":{"rendered":"\u8bd5\u8bba\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e0a\u6d77\u7ecf\u6d4e"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"article-section article-header\">\n<div class=\"article-section-container\">\n<div class=\"article-list\">\n<div><span class=\"article-label\">\u6765\u6e90:<\/span><span class=\"article-content\">\u53f2\u6797\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u4f5c\u8005:\u738b\u5065<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article-section article-body\">\n<div class=\"article-text main-text\">\n<p><img 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src=\"https:\/\/d.ifengimg.com\/w600_h736_ablur_q90_webp\/x0.ifengimg.com\/res\/2022\/0AF4E2B858A4782B1F70033D37E4EE137725F9B6_size288_w600_h736.jpg\" alt=\"\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u6c99\u900a\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4eec\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u6c99\u900a\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50<\/p>\n<p>\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u56e0\u6b64\u52a0\u5927\u4e86\u5bf9\u534e\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5230\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5bf9\u534e\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u989d\u5df2\u5360\u603b\u91cf\u768420\uff05\uff0c\u4ec5\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u6021\u548c\u6d0b\u884c\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn2\" 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href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u3002\u5230\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6709\u5e10\u53ef\u67e5\u7684\u4e0e\u65b0\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u4fdd\u6301\u7ecf\u5e38\u6279\u53d1\u4ee3\u9500\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u9e26\u7247\u5546\u53f7\u6709\u5b89\u548c(Anwoo)\u7b4950\u591a\u5bb6\u3002\u65b0\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u6570\u91cf\u5e73\u5747\u8fbe5\uff0c000\u591a\u7bb1\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u4f30\u8ba1\u4ece1840\u52301914\u5e74\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u901a\u8fc7\u9e26\u7247\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u9ad8\u8fbe140\uff0c593\uff0c780\u4e24\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5e74\u5229\u6da6\u4e5f\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8c\u767e\u4e07\u4e24\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u79ef\u6781\u4ece\u4e8b\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u5546\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u5f02\u519b\u7a81\u8d77\u7684\u54c8\u540c\u3002\u54c8\u540c1873\u5e74\u6765\u6caa\uff0c\u5148\u5728\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u540e\u8f6c\u5165\u65b0\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u4efb\u804c\u3002\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u52e4\u52c9\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u5934\u8111\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u9010\u6e10\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d44\u672c\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\u7b49\u7ecf\u5546\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u8d29\u5356\u9e26\u7247\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/eaff667b31a3c74e\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u54c8\u540c<\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u57281885\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0e\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u4e00\u8d77\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86&#8221;\u6d0b\u836f\u516c\u6240&#8221;\uff0c\u5373\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u6240\u3002\u5728&#8221;\u6d0b\u836f\u516c\u6240&#8221;\u6210\u7acb\u7ea620\u5e74\u95f4\u5171\u6210\u4ea440\u591a\u4e07\u7bb1\u9e26\u7247\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5e742\u4e07\u7bb1\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u548c\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u5404\u534a\u30021901\u5e74\u54c8\u540c\u6d0b\u884c\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7ecf\u8425\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u8feb\u5207\u8981\u6c42\u7981\u70df\u7684\u547c\u5401\u4e0b\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1906\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u4e86&#8221;\u4ee5\u5341\u5e74\u4e3a\u9650\uff0c\u5185\u5916\u9e26\u7247\u4e00\u5f8b\u7981\u7edd&#8221;\u7684\u8bcf\u4e66\uff0c1908\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u8bd5\u529e\u7981\u70df\u534f\u7ea6\u3002\u4f46\u54c8\u540c\u4ee5\u6295\u673a\u5bb6\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u8fd9\u573a\u7981\u70df\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u865a\u5f20\u58f0\u52bf\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u72b6\u51b5\u6349\u895f\u89c1\u8098\u7684\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u63a8\u884c&#8221;\u5bd3\u7981\u4e8e\u5f81&#8221;\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d22\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\u76841\u4e07\u7bb1\u9e26\u7247\u538b\u4f4f\u4e0d\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5229\u7528\u9e26\u7247\u5546\u7eb7\u7eb7\u629b\u552e\uff0c\u9e26\u7247\u4ef7\u683c\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u8d2d\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u9e26\u7247\u56e4\u79ef\u3002\u679c\u7136\u4e0d\u51fa\u54c8\u540c\u7684\u9884\u6599\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f70\u8f70\u70c8\u70c8\u7684\u7981\u70df\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c31\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u4e4b\uff0c\u800c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u4ef7\u683c\u56e0\u8d27\u7269\u5947\u7f3a\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u5468\u5185\u98da\u5347\u4e8630\uff05\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u66b4\u5229\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u4e0a\u6d77\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u5546\uff0c\u5982\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5bb6\u65cf\u3001\u57c3\u5179\u62c9\u5bb6\u65cf\u7b49\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u72b9\u592a\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u9b4f\u767d\u8482\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff1a&#8221;\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u662f\u5e26\u5934\u4ece\u4e8b\u5f53\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u9e26\u7247\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5546\u4e1a\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u3002&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/q0.itc.cn\/images01\/20240123\/d9da490035e04576b7e404cd01caa3b9.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7981\u70df\u4ee4\u65f6\u65ad\u65f6\u7eed\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7981\u70df\u8fd0\u52a8\u5fc5\u7adf\u5bf9\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u79df\u754c\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u4e0a\u6d77\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u7eb5\u9e26\u7247\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f25\u8865\u56e0\u8d38\u6613\u989d\u4e0b\u964d\u9020\u6210\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u4ecd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u9ad8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u5982\u79df\u754c\u5185\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u4ef7\u683c\u75311908\u5e74\u524d\u6bcf\u7bb1700\u4e24\u4e0a\u5347\u81f31915\u5e7411\u6708\u7684\u6bcf\u7bb19\uff0c012\u4e24\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u4f46\u523020\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u65e5\u8d8b\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u5546\u9010\u6e10\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5de8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\u6539\u800c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u5b83\u7ecf\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u5916\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u5546\u8fd8\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u5b83\u8d38\u6613\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5c31\u5728\u7ecf\u8425\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u8fdb\u53e3\u3002\u52301907\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u9e26\u7247\u8fdb\u53e3\u503c\u4e3a3\uff0c628\uff0c660\u4e24\uff0c\u800c\u68c9\u7eb1\u548c\u68c9\u5e03\u7684\u8fdb\u53e3\u503c\u5df2\u8fbe4\uff0c171\uff0c691\u4e24\uff1b1908\u5e74\u65f6\u65b0\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u9e26\u7247\u8fdb\u53e3\u503c\u4e3a4\uff0c780\uff0c404\u4e24\uff0c\u800c\u68c9\u7eb1\u3001\u68c9\u5e03\u8fdb\u53e3\u503c\u4e3a3\uff0c813\uff0c682\u4e24\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u706b\u6cb9\u3001\u9ebb\u888b\u7b49\u8fdb\u53e3\uff0c\u9e26\u7247\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u5360\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fdb\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u534a\u6570\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u52301918\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u68c9\u7eb1\u662f\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u9879\u76ee\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\u53c8\u59821854\u5e74\u7531\u82f1\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u5144\u5f1f(J.Arnhold &amp; P.Arnhold)\u548c\u5fb7\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5361\u8d1d\u5c14\u683c(P.Karberg)\u5408\u8d44\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u745e\u8bb0\u6d0b\u884c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u519b\u706b\u3001\u6728\u6750\u3001\u4e94\u91d1\u4ea4\u7535\u7b49\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u6781\u5176\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u63a7\u80a1\u5fb7\u5546\u53f8\u5c3c\u592b\u83b1\u5947\u7684\u7965\u6cf0\u6728\u884c\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6728\u6750\u8fdb\u53e3\u3002\u4e39\u9ea6\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7ef4\u5c14\u5e0c\u59c6\u00b7\u6885\u8036\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u5c0f\u578b\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4ece\u4e39\u9ea6\u8fdb\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u52301935\u5e74\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u5bb6\u62e5\u67091\uff0c800\u540d\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u5546\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5230\u6caa\u540e\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u5f53\u4e86\u5206\u5305\u5546\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5982\u6bdb\u76ae\u548c\u8c37\u7269\u7684\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5df2\u5168\u90e8\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u624b\u4e2d\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u9a6c\u8fea\u5c14\u5144\u5f1f(H.Madier &amp;J.Madier)\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u4fe1\u5b5a\u6d0b\u884c\u4ece1920\u81f31929\u5e74\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u6d0b\u884c\u4e2d\u51fa\u53e3\u534e\u4e1d\u6570\u989d\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bcf\u5e74\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u534e\u4e1d\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u5382\u4e1d\u3001\u571f\u4e1d\u548c\u5e9f\u4e1d\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u7ea6\u6709\u4e8c\u4e07\u5305\uff08\u6bcf\u5305\u91cd\u91cf\u4e00\u62c5\uff09\uff0c\u5c11\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\u4e5f\u5728\u4e00\u4e07\u5305\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u8425\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u5546\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u8d22\u4e4b\u9053\u548c\u6295\u8d44\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u4ece1869\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u516c\u5171\u79df\u754c\u5b9e\u884c&#8221;\u79df\u754c\u7ae0\u7a0b&#8221;\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e02\u653f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5de5\u90e8\u5c40\u6709\u6743\u5f81\u7a0e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u5f81\u6536\u571f\u5730\u6350\u7a0e\uff0c\u5de5\u90e8\u5c40\u4ece1865\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u884c\u571f\u5730\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece1869\u5e74\u8d77\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u6b63\u5f0f\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u6bcf\u9694\u51e0\u5e74\u8c03\u6574\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece1869\u5e74\u8d77\u81f31933\u5e74\u6b62\uff0c\u5730\u4ef7\u5927\u81f4\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e8619\u6b21\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u9694\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u5e74\u5c31\u91cd\u4f30\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u589e\u7a0e\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn10\" 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href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u867d\u7136\u4e0e\u5229\u5e02\u767e\u500d\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u76f8\u6bd4\u8fd8\u76f8\u5dee\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5176\u56de\u62a5\u7387\u5df2\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u53ef\u89c2\u4e86\u3002\u8fdb\u516520\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u968f\u7740\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u88ab\u8feb\u9000\u51fa\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u5bfb\u6c42\u65b0\u7684\u6295\u673a\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u9600\u5272\u636e\uff0c\u5185\u6218\u4e0d\u7edd\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5185\u5730\u5927\u91cf\u6e38\u8d44\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a\u6c42\u5b89\u5168\u800c\u6d8c\u5165\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u673a\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5c06\u5176\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u91cd\u70b9\u8f6c\u5230\u4e86\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u8425\u4e0a\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5de8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\uff0c\u52a0\u5927\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e0a\u6d77\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u79df\u5730\u9020\u5c4b\u30021926\u5e74\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5229\u7528\u5b89\u5229\u6d0b\u884c\u7684\u62b5\u62bc\u5730\u4ea7\u4e13\u95e8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u534e\u61cb\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e70\u5356\u548c\u81ea\u5efa\u516c\u5bd3\u5927\u697c\u51fa\u79df\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u76f8\u7ee7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8425\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea7\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e1c\u65b9\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u6c49\u5f25\u5c14\u767b\u4fe1\u6258\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e09\u65b0\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5f90\u5bb6\u6c47\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e2d\u548c\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fd8\u6295\u8d44\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8&#8211;\u4e1a\u5e7f\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u5ea6\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u52301941\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5404\u76f4\u5c5e\u516c\u53f8\u62e5\u6709\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5e10\u9762\u4ef7\u503c\u5df2\u8fbe8689\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6bd41921\u5e74\u76841330\u4e07\u5143\u589e\u52a0\u4e867359\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e0a\u53476\uff0e53\u500d\u30021941\u5e74\u7684\u623f\u79df\u6536\u5165\u603b\u6570\u4e3a688\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6bd41921\u5e74\u7684103\u4e07\u5143\u589e\u52a0\u4e86585\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e0a\u53475\uff0e68\u500d\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u867d\u7136\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\u540e\u53d8\u5356\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u89e3\u653e\u65f6\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u4ecd\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u6700\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5546\uff0c\u5171\u5360\u5730678\u4ea9\uff0c\u623f\u5c4b\u9762\u79ef54\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u6709\u623f\u5c4b\u8fd12000\u5e62\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6c99\u900a\u5927\u53a6\u3001\u6cb3\u6ee8\u5927\u697c\u3001\u534e\u61cb\u516c\u5bd3\u3001\u683c\u6797\u6587\u7eb3\u516c\u5bd3\u3001&#8221;\u4f0a\u6276\u53f8&#8221;\u522b\u5885\u3001\u7f57\u6839\u82b1\u56ed\u7b49\u516c\u5bd3\u3001\u82b1\u56ed\u6d0b\u623f\u3001\u91cc\u5f04\u3001\u5e02\u623f\uff0c\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u5168\u5e02\u8fd1\u767e\u5904\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u5546\u54c8\u540c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5927\u4ea8\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u8c0b\u804c\u65f6\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u5c31\u5df2\u5f00\u59cb\u6d89\u8db3\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e70\u5356\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79ef\u84c4\u8fdb\u884c\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u8d2d\u5730\u79df\u623f\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u7684\u5927\u73ed\u534f\u529e\u517c\u5730\u4ea7\u90e8\u7ba1\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u8425\u30021885\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e0a\u6d77\u79df\u754c\u5916\u4fa8\u7684\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u4e3e\u5bb6\u5916\u8fc1\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u79df\u754c\u5730\u4ea7\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u66b4\u8dcc\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u54c8\u540c\u5411\u6d0b\u884c\u5927\u73ed\u8fdb\u8a00\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u957f\u4e45\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8d81\u673a\u5927\u91cf\u8d2d\u5165\u3002\u679c\u4e0d\u51fa\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7adf\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u4e27\u6743\u8fb1\u56fd\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u6cd5\u65b0\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u79df\u754c\u91cd\u65b0\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u5730\u4ea7\u4ef7\u683c\u4e5f\u7531\u6b64\u56de\u5347\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u4e3a\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u8d5a\u53d6\u66b4\u5229500\u591a\u4e07\u4e24\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u540e\u8d31\u4ef7\u6536\u8fdb\u7684\u5730\u76ae\u4e5f\u90fd\u6da8\u4e86\u6570\u5341\u500d\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\u7531\u4e8e\u54c8\u540c\u5728\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u8425\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u624d\u534e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e3e\u6210\u4e3a\u79df\u754c\u91cc\u8d6b\u8d6b\u6709\u540d\u7684\u5730\u4ea7\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c&#8221;\u6df1\u8c19\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u7cbe\u719f\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5916\u4eba\u58eb\u83ab\u4e0d\u7fd5\u670d&#8221;\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn14\" 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href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u8425\u4e2d\uff0c\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u8fc7\u4eba\u4e00\u7b79\u7684\u6295\u673a\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u6d1e\u70db\u673a\u5148\uff0c\u4e70\u8fdb\u629b\u51fa\uff0c\u5927\u83b7\u5176\u5229\u3002\u52301931\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\u75c5\u901d\u65f6\uff0c\u54c8\u540c\u5df2\u62e5\u6709\u571f\u5730449\uff0e098\u4ea9\uff0c\u5e02\u623f812\u5e62\uff0c\u4f4f\u623f544\u5e62\uff0c\u529e\u516c\u5927\u697c24\u5e62\uff0c\u65c5\u9986\u996d\u5e974\u5e62\uff0c\u4ed3\u5e933\u5ea7\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5728&#8221;\u5bf8\u91d1\u4e4b\u5730&#8221;\u7684\u5357\u4eac\u8def\u62e5\u6709\u571f\u573016\u5757\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe111\uff0e578\u4ea9\uff0c\u5360\u5357\u4eac\u8def\u5730\u4ea7\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u768444\uff0e23\uff05\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\u5176\u4e2d\u5efa\u4e8e1904\u5e74\u7684\u7231\u4fea\u56ed\uff0c\u5360\u5730300\u4ea9\uff0c\u5c0f\u6865\u6d41\u6c34\uff0c\u5947\u5c71\u602a\u77f3\uff0c\u666f\u81f4\u4e4b\u4f73\u5c45\u4e0a\u6d77\u79c1\u4eba\u82b1\u56ed\u4e4b\u51a0\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a&#8221;\u6d77\u4e0a\u5927\u89c2\u56ed&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u548c\u54c8\u540c\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u5546\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u5982\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u5144\u5f1f\u3001\u5609\u9053\u91cc\u5bb6\u65cf\u3001\u57c3\u5179\u62c9\u5bb6\u65cf\u3001\u7d22\u798f\u5bb6\u65cf\u3001\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5bb6\u65cf\u7b49\u4e5f\u90fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u8425\u548c\u6295\u673a\u3002\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u5b89\u5229\u6d0b\u884c\u9664\u5728\u56db\u5ddd\u4e2d\u8def\u4e5d\u6c5f\u8def\u53e3\u5efa\u9020\u5b89\u5229\u5927\u697c\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u62e5\u6709\u4e0a\u6d77\u971e\u98de\u8def\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u5730\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/q0.itc.cn\/images01\/20240123\/be3d30d3cc13403db9c46a0e999aad56.jpeg\" 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href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u7d22\u798f\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e5f\u5728\u971e\u98de\u8def\u548c\u8fa3\u6590\u5fb7\u8def\u5efa\u9020\u91cc\u5f04\u548c\u82b1\u56ed\u6d0b\u623f\u3002\u598220\u4e16\u7eaa10\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7d22\u798f\u5bb6\u65cf\u5174\u5efa\u79c1\u56ed&#8221;\u6c99\u53d1\u82b1\u56ed&#8221;\uff08\u540e\u6539\u79f0\u4e0a\u65b9\u82b1\u56ed\uff09\uff0c\u4e0e\u65b0\u5eb7\u82b1\u56ed\u76f8\u6bd7\u8fde\u3002&#8221;\u56ed\u4e2d\u5e03\u5c40\u662f\u897f\u6d0b\u82b1\u56ed\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u6709\u55b7\u6c34\u6c60\u3001\u8349\u576a\uff0c\u82b1\u6728\u8471\u830f\uff0c\u5185\u666f\u4e0e\u590d\u5174\u516c\u56ed\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u57c3\u5179\u62c9\u5bb6\u65cf\u66f4\u662f\u4e8e1900\u5e74\u4ece\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u8f6c\u5411\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u7ecf\u8425\u3002\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u57c3\u5179\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u4eac\u8def\u3001\u4e5d\u6c5f\u8def\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u8def\u3001\u6c5f\u897f\u8def\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c100\u4e07\u4e24\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8212\u9002\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u971e\u98de\u8def\u7684\u5bb6\u5f88\u81ea\u8c6a\u5730\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7403\u5ba4\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u5ba4\u3002\u57c3\u5179\u62c9\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fd8\u662f\u767e\u8001\u6c47\u5927\u53a6\u7684\u8463\u4e8b\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn19\" 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href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\u72b9\u592a\u4ebaH\uff0e\u6d77\u4ea6\u59c6\u662f\u4f17\u4e1a\u516c\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5916\u80a1\u7ecf\u7eaa\u4eba\u5229\u5b89\u6d0b\u884c(Benjamin &amp; Potts Co.)\u7684\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u3002\u53c8\u59821930\u5e74\u81f31934\u5e74\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u4ee5\u76f4\u5c5e\u4f01\u4e1a\u6216\u9644\u5c5e\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5171\u53d1\u884c\u4e863628\u4e07\u5143\u516c\u53f8\u503a\u5238\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fd8\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u6c47\u548c\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u673a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u5de8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5bf9\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u5784\u65ad\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ece1939\u5e74\u8d77\u5c31\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5165\u4e86\u6295\u673a\u6027\u7684\u5916\u80a1\u4e70\u5356\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a&#8221;\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6743\u5a01&#8221;\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u4fdd\u9669\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\u30021863\u5e74\uff0c\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u548c\u5176\u5b834\u5bb6\u517c\u8425\u822a\u8fd0\u7684\u82f1\u5546\u7965\u6cf0\u3001\u5c65\u6cf0\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u3001\u6c47\u9686\u6d0b\u884c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4fdd\u5bb6\u884c(North-China Insurance Company)\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u822a\u8fd0\u4fdd\u9669\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4fdd\u5bb6\u884c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5341\u5206\u5174\u65fa\uff0c\u5229\u6da6\u6781\u539a\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80a1\u4e1c\uff0c\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u9664\u4e86\u6bcf\u5e74\u5750\u5f9710\uff05\u56fa\u5b9a\u5229\u606f\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u523060\uff0d80\uff05\u7684\u989d\u5916\u7ea2\u5229\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>\u65b0\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u4e5f\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4fdd\u9669\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u82f1\u5546\u5df4\u52d2\u6c34\u706b\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8(North British Fire &amp; Marine Insurance Co., Ltd)\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>1924\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53f8\u5e26(C.V.Starr)\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u7f8e\u4e9a\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u30021932\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u5e26\u53c8\u4e0e\u6d59\u6c5f\u5174\u4e1a\u94f6\u884c\u5408\u8d44\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6cf0\u5c71\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>\u53f8\u5e26\u53ca\u5176\u7f8e\u4e9a\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u65f6\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u4fdd\u9669\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u59821927\u5e74\u6625\u590f\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0a\u6e38\u6c34\u6d41\u6e4d\u6025\uff0c\u5230\u56db\u5ddd\u91cd\u5e86\u7684\u957f\u6c5f\u8f6e\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u6c89\u8239\u4e8b\u6545\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7f8e\u4e9a\u72ec\u5bb6\u7ecf\u8425\u8fd9\u9879\u6c34\u9669\u4e1a\u52a1\u5916\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e2d\u5916\u4fdd\u9669\u884c\u5bb6\uff0c\u65e0\u4eba\u6562\u4e8e\u95ee\u6d25\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/eb07bb96225a206b\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5927\u591a\u559c\u6b22\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u7b49\u5229\u6da6\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u6295\u673a\u6027\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u5165\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c \u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u8d44\u63a7\u80a1\u7b49\u5f62\u5f0f\u6295\u8d44\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u3002\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u5144\u5f1f\u548c\u5361\u8d1d\u5c14\u683c\u7684\u745e\u8bb0\u6d0b\u884c\u4e8e1895\u5e74\u30011903\u5e74\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u745e\u8bb0\u7eba\u7ec7\u5382\u548c\u745e\u5bb9\u673a\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5382\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u548c\u627f\u5efa\u8239\u53ea\u3001\u673a\u5668\u3001\u6c34\u78e8\u3001\u9505\u7089\u3001\u706b\u6cb9\u6cb9\u7f50\u7b49\u4ea7\u54c1\u30021912\u5e74\uff0c\u745e\u5bb9\u673a\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5382\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e07\u9686\u94c1\u5de5\u5382\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u9020\u8239\u80fd\u529b\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8239\u5382\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021936\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5382\u53c8\u4e0e\u82f1\u5546\u8036\u677e\u8239\u5382\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u82f1\u8054\u8239\u575e\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u8d44\u91d1\u8fbe1000\u4e07\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9020\u8239\u5382\u3002\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u517c\u5e76\u5b89\u5229\u6d0b\u884c\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u539f\u745e\u8bb0\u6d0b\u884c\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u4f01\u4e1a\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5229\u7528\u6295\u8d44\u63a7\u80a1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u996e\u6599\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u80a1\u82f1\u5546\u9ea6\u514b\u845b\u96f7\u6208\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u6b63\u5e7f\u548c\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8(Caldbeck Macgregor &amp; Co.)0\uff0e77\uff05\u548c\u4e39\u9ea6\u4eba\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u5564\u9152\u516c\u53f810\uff0e97\uff05\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u6b63\u5e7f\u548c\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f84\u4e2a\u8463\u4e8b\u4e2d\u5360\u6709\u4e00\u5e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u63a7\u80a1\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u5564\u9152\u5382\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fd8\u5bf9\u9020\u8239\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u91c7\u77ff\u3001\u94a2\u94c1\u3001\u7eba\u7ec7\u7b49\u5236\u9020\u884c\u4e1a\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\uff0c1936\u5e74\u5171\u8ba1\u6295\u8d44\u91d1\u989d\u8fbe897\uff0e1\u4e07\u5143\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\u7ecf\u8425\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u5546\u8fd8\u5174\u529e\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u822a\u8fd0\u4ed3\u50a8\u4e1a\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u65b0\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u5728\u5916\u767d\u6e21\u6865\u5317\u9038\u5efa\u6709\u5360\u57303\u4ea9\u591a\uff0c\u9ad8\u8fbe4\u5c42\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u571f\u6808\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u6d0b\u884c\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8fd8\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u8239\u961f\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u8fdc\u6d0b\u548c\u5185\u9646\u822a\u8fd0\u30021872\u5e74\uff0c\u8001\u6c99\u900a\u6d0b\u884c\u8ba4\u8d2d\u4e86\u534e\u6d77\u8f6e\u8239\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u8d81\u82f1\u5546\u4f1a\u5fb7\u4e30\u516c\u53f8\u6539\u7ec4\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u8d44\u63a7\u80a1\uff0c\u57285\u4eba\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e862\u5e2d\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u7531\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u548c\u6d77\u4ea6\u59c6\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u4f1a\u5fb7\u4e30\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u62d6\u9a73\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u8302\u6cf0\u6d0b\u884c\uff0c\u6d89\u8db3\u4e0a\u6d77\u822a\u8fd0\u4e1a\u3001\u6c34\u8def\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e1a\u548c\u4ed3\u50a8\u4e1a\u3002\u65e9\u57281890\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u5144\u5f1f\u5373\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u4e24\u8258\u65b0\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6e\u8239\uff0c\u603b\u5428\u6570\u4e3a2290\u5428\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u4ece\u4e0a\u6d77\u5230\u6c49\u53e3\u7684\u5185\u6cb3\u822a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u57e0\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u79df\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u533a\u57df\u7684\u9010\u6e10\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5174\u529e\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u5546\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2d\u95f4\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u30021923\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u5546\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u6ce8\u518c\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6838\u5b9a\u8d44\u672c100\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u59d4\u4efb\u5b89\u5229\u6d0b\u884c\u4e3a\u5168\u6743\u7ecf\u7406\uff0c\u7531H.E.\u5b89\u8bfa\u5fb7\u4efb\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\uff0c\u4e13\u8425\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u56f4\u5730\u533a\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u8fd0\u8f7d\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e5f\u6295\u8d44\u4e86\u82f1\u5546\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u4e0a\u6d77\u82f1\u5546\u7535\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u7b492\u5bb6\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u91d1\u989d\u8fbe300\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u5176\u5404\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u603b\u989d\u76841\/3\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u00b7\u7c73\u52d2(Solomon Miller)\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u7c73\u52d2\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>H\u00b7\u5609\u9053\u91cc\u6295\u8d44\u82f1\u5546\u7164\u6c14\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5e76\u957f\u671f\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u53f8\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u540d\u58f0\u663e\u8d6b\uff0c\u5b9e\u529b\u96c4\u539a\u7684\u585e\u6cd5\u8fea\u72b9\u592a\u5de8\u5546\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5904\u4e8e\u96be\u6c11\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4efb\u804c\u6d0b\u884c\u7b49\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u5f00\u529e\u5c0f\u5e97\uff0c\u7ecf\u5546\u8c0b\u751f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u5546\u5e97\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u4e0a\u95fb\u540d\u9050\u8fe9\u7684\u540d\u7279\u5546\u5e97\u3002\u5982\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u683c\u5229\u9ad8\u91cc\u00b7\u514b\u5170\u5df4\u8bfa\u592b(Gregori Klebanov)\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u9759\u5b89\u5bfa\u8def\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u897f\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u76ae\u8d27\u5e97\u3002\u610f\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u7f57\u5a01(Louis Rovere)\u4e8e1935\u5e74\u5728\u6cd5\u79df\u754c\u971e\u98de\u8def\u4e9a\u5c14\u57f9\u8def\uff08\u4eca\u9655\u897f\u5357\u8def\uff09\u53e3\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f0f\u897f\u83dc\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u914d\u4ee5\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5f0f\u897f\u9910\u7684\u7f57\u5a01\u996d\u5e97(CHEZ ROVERE),\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u6ee9\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684&#8221;\u6cd5\u5f0f\u897f\u83dc\u9986&#8221;\u3002\u996d\u5e97\u63a8\u51fa\u6cd5\u5f0f\u4f20\u7edf\u6c64\u83dc&#8221;\u6d0b\u8471\u6c64&#8221;\u6765\u4e0e\u6dee\u6d77\u8def\u4e0a\u4fc4\u4fa8\u7684&#8221;\u7f57\u5b8b\u6c64&#8221;\u4e00\u6bd4\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u987e\u5ba2\uff0c\u751f\u610f\u5341\u5206\u5174\u65fa\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u7f57\u5a01\u5c06\u5e97\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f90\u59d3\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u7ecf\u8425\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u5740\u65e0\u6cd5\u6536\u56de\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u996d\u5e97\u8fc1\u81f3\u4e9a\u57f9\u5c14\u8def\u8386\u77f3\u8def\uff08\u957f\u4e50\u8def\uff09\u53e3\uff0c\u6539\u540d&#8221;\u559c\u4e50\u610f&#8221;(CHEZ LOUIS)\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u6765\u540d\u58f0\u9e64\u8d77\u7684&#8221;\u7ea2\u623f\u5b50&#8221;\u897f\u83dc\u9986\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>\u53c8\u5982\u4eca\u5929\u5bb6\u55bb\u6237\u6653\u7684&#8221;\u8001\u5927\u660c&#8221;\uff0c\u5c31\u662f30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u5408\u8d44\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u3002\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f0f\u897f\u70b9\u3001\u86cb\u7cd5\u5de5\u827a\u7cbe\u7ec6\uff0c\u5976\u9999\u6d53\u90c1\uff0c\u677e\u8f6f\u80a5\u6da6\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u987e\u5ba2\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u62c9\u6bd4\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947\u5728\u971e\u98de\u8def\u675c\u7f8e\u8def\u53e3\u4e0a\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u513f\u7ae5\u7528\u54c1\u5546\u5e97\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u5267\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80af\u957f\u5927\u7684\u5b69\u5b50&#8221;\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u6f58&#8221;\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5438\u5f15\u987e\u5ba2\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6c88\u77f3\u8482(Sanztty)\u4ee5\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u97f3\u4f5c\u5e97\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u8def\u4e0a\u5f00\u4e86\u6709\u540d\u7684&#8221;\u6c88\u77f3\u8482&#8221;\u7167\u76f8\u9986\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a>\u971e\u98de\u8def\u4e0a\u7531\u5965\u5730\u5229\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f00\u7684\u83f2\u4e9a\u514b\u65af\u9910\u9986\u95fb\u540d\u9050\u8fe9\uff0c\u5b8b\u5e86\u9f84\u548c\u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u4e5f\u66fe\u5149\u987e\u8fc7\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8fd8\u79ef\u6781\u6295\u8d44\u5a31\u4e50\u4e1a\u3002\u5982\u7ef4\u514b\u591a\u00b7\u6c99\u900a\u5728\u9759\u5b89\u5bfa\u8def\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4ed9\u4e50\u821e\u5385\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u8def\u7ecf\u8425\u7740\u56fd\u6cf0\u5927\u620f\u9662\u3002\u6c99\u900a\u5bb6\u65cf\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u534e\u61cb\u5730\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u8679\u53e3\u6295\u8d44\u5174\u5efa\u4e86\u5a01\u661f\u5927\u620f\u9662\uff0c\u4e8e1931\u5e74\u5f00\u4e1a\u3002\u5fb7\u7c4d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5188\u52c3\u4e8e1933\u5e74\u5728\u675c\u7f8e\u8def\uff08\u4eca\u4e1c\u6e56\u8def\uff09\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u675c\u7f8e\u5927\u620f\u9662\u3002\u620f\u9662\u7cfb\u7816\u6728\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6709\u5ea7\u4f4d813\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u653e\u6620\u7f8e\u56fd\u516b\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u9e70\u72ee\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5f71\u7247\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6587\u827a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e91\u96c6\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5188\u52c3\u88ab\u5173\u8fdb\u4e86\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff0c\u620f\u9662\u7531\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u963f\u8fe6\u7acb\u514b\u7ecf\u8425\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u675c\u7f8e\u653e\u6620\u4e86\u300a\u590f\u4f2f\u9633\u300b\u7b49\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u82cf\u8054\u8fdb\u6b65\u5f71\u7247\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u72f1\u7684\u5188\u52c3\u7ee7\u7eed\u7ecf\u8425\u620f\u9662\u81f31948\u5e74\uff0c\u540e\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7ed9\u4e00\u767d\u4fc4\u5546\u4eba\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/wen.org.cn\/modules\/article\/view.article.php\/2810#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a><\/p>\n<p 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