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Madison\uff09\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u521d\u6b65\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u3001\u4e00\u9524\u5b9a\u97f3\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n<section><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u515a\u6d3e\u6597\u4e89\u6cd5\u5b98\u661f\u591c\u4efb\u547d<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\uff08William Marbury\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\u4e54\u6cbb\u57ce\uff08Washington Georgetown\uff09\u4e00\u4f4d41\u5c81\u7684\u5bcc\u5546\uff1b\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\uff08James Madison\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5f00\u56fd\u5143\u52cb\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u3002\u5bcc\u5546\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\uff1f\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8d77\u8bc9\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5462\uff1f\u8bf4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u6869\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u4e3a\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5927\u6848\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u575b\u4e2d\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u6597\u4e89\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u516d\u5e74\u7684\u53cd\u82f1\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ec8\u4e8e\u57281783\u5e74\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u548c\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u626c\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5408\u7406\u90e8\u5206\u30021787\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u7ecf\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5b9a\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d39\u57ce\uff08Philadelphia\uff09\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u5374\u662f\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u88ab\u5404\u5dde\u6279\u51c6\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e8e1787\u5e749\u670817\u65e5\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u8868\u51b3\u901a\u8fc7\u30021788\u5e746\u670821\u65e5New Hampshire\u6279\u51c6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u5dde[\u4e5d\u4e2a\u5dde]\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5927\u5dde\u4e8e1788\u5e746\u670825\u65e5\u548c1788\u5e747\u670826\u65e5\u6279\u51c6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u624d\u7b97\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u6279\u51c6\u30021789\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u544a\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6b63\u5f0f\u751f\u6548\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u5361\u7f57\u6797\u90a3\u4e8e1789\u5e7411\u670821\u65e5\u6279\u51c6\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0cRhode Island\u4e8e1790\u5e745\u670829\u65e5\u6279\u51c6\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\uff09\u30021789\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u544a\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5927\u9646\u519b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u534e\u76db\u987f\uff08George Washington\uff09\u5c06\u519b\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u88ab\u63a8\u9009\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/714fa19c02a11892\" \/><\/p>\n<section>\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u534e\u76db\u987f<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5386\u5c4a\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u534e\u76db\u987f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u65e0\u515a\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u201d\u3002\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6839\u672c\u5927\u6cd5\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u53ca\u5176\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5e76\u65e0\u53ea\u8a00\u7247\u8bed\u63d0\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u5148\u8d24\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u515a\u8425\u79c1\u3001\u6076\u6027\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5185\u9601\u4e2d\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6770\u5f17\u900a\uff08Thomas Jefferson\uff09\u548c\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u4e9a\u5229\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u6c49\u7c73\u5c14\u987f\uff08Alexander Hamilton\uff09\u4e24\u4eba\u653f\u89c1\u76f8\u5de6\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u52fe\u5fc3\u6597\u89d2\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d3e\u7cfb\u3002\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5bf9\u6b64\u6df1\u6076\u75db\u7edd\u3002\u5f53\u4e86\u4e24\u5c4a\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u76db\u987f\u8c22\u7edd\u653f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u518d\u4e09\u633d\u7559\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u553e\u624b\u53ef\u5f97\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u603b\u7edf\u5b9d\u5ea7\uff0c\u544a\u8001\u8fd8\u4e61\u30021796\u5e74\u79bb\u4efb\u65f6\uff0c\u534e\u76db\u987f\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u544a\u522b\u8bcd\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bed\u91cd\u5fc3\u957f\u5730\u8b66\u544a\u56fd\u6c11\uff1a\u201c\u515a\u6d3e\u7ec8\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u72e1\u733e\u5978\u8bc8\u3001\u91ce\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u3001\u6beb\u65e0\u539f\u5219\u7684\u4eba\u98a0\u8986\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u201d\u8b66\u544a\u5f52\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u5f52\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u5fb7\u9ad8\u671b\u91cd\u7684\u8001\u603b\u7edf\u56de\u8001\u5bb6\u79cd\u5730\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u575b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u653f\u515a\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u62e5\u62a4\u6c49\u7c73\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u4e00\u6d3e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u515a\uff08Federalist party\uff09\uff0c\u62e5\u62a4\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u7684\u4e00\u6d3e\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff08Democratic-republican party\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u662f1828\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7684\u524d\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0e1854\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5171\u548c\u515a\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u5927\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\u52a0\u5f3a\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\uff1b\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20\u7ef4\u62a4\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u540c\u60c5\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u867d\u7136\u5c06\u8054\u90a6\u6743\u9650\u660e\u6587\u5217\u4e3e\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u672a\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5404\u5dde\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u7ec3\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8c01\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u8c01\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u6709\u5229\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd8\u5f88\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u6df7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u4eba\u7968\u6700\u591a\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u4e3a\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u7ee7\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u56fd\u5143\u52cb\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff08John Adams\uff09\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u5176\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u4efb\u671f\u5373\u5c06\u671f\u6ee1\u76841800\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u4efb\u547d\u5e74\u4ec545\u5c81\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08John Marshall\uff09\u51fa\u4efb\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5219\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\u6295\u5165\u7ade\u9009\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u8fde\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u3000\u3000\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6765\u81ea\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\uff0c\u4e0e\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u7b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u6709\u540c\u4e61\u4e4b\u8c0a\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u957f\u4e8e\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u73af\u5883\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u540c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u53cd\u82f1\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u5fd7\u540c\uff0c\u9053\u5374\u4e0d\u5408\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6000\u7591\u5e73\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6267\u7740\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u90a3\u6837\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e0a\u535a\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u90a3\u6837\u624d\u534e\u6a2a\u6ea2\u3001\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u5f0f\u7684\u5168\u624d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5386\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u601d\u7ef4\u654f\u9510\uff0c\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u6781\u5f3a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u64c5\u957f\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6848\u60c5\u4e2d\u8fc5\u901f\u6293\u4f4f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8981\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/1883961e3d180aef\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff081755\u5e749\u670824\u65e5-1835\u5e749\u670824\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u3001\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u3001\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u7b49\u5f00\u56fd\u5143\u52cb\u548c\u5236\u5baa\u5148\u8d24\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u66fe\u5728\u534e\u76db\u987f\u6307\u6325\u7684\u5927\u9646\u519b\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u519b\u8854\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5c09\u7684\u526f\u519b\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08deputy judge advocate\uff09\u6218\u4e89\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u5927\u9646\u519b\u4e2d\u5404\u90a6\u6c11\u5175\u5efa\u5236\u5e9e\u6742\u3001\u5404\u884c\u5176\u662f\u3001\u7f3a\u67aa\u77ed\u7cae\u3001\u6307\u6325\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u6e83\u4e0d\u6210\u519b\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u800c\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6743\u5a01\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300220\u4f59\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u51fa\u4efb\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u6781\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u8054\u90a6\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u519b\u65c5\u7ecf\u5386\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\uff08\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u66fe\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u72ec\u7acb\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u95f9\u5b8c\u9769\u547d\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\u3002\uff09\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5148\u540e\u5e72\u8fc7\u6267\u4e1a\u5f8b\u5e08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5dde\u8bae\u5458\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u5916\u4ea4\u7279\u4f7f\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u7b49\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u52a1\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u653f\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u800c\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1800\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u53f2\u4e0a\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u9875\uff0c\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e8c\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u6208\u5c14\u4e0e\u5e03\u4ec0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5927\u6218\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u5185\u8ba7\u7a81\u8d77\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u8d25\u7ed9\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u3002\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u8d25\u6d82\u5730\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4e0d\u4f46\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u5b9d\u5ea7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u5236\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u80fd\u5426\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee5\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u515a\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u548c\u5e73\u4ea4\u63a5\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u6b7b\u5b58\u4ea1\u3002\u8fd8\u597d\uff0c\u5927\u6743\u5728\u63e1\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u91cd\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u821e\u5200\u5f04\u67aa\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u4ea4\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u201c\u5408\u6cd5\u6597\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d4b\u4e88\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6781\u529b\u4e89\u53d6\u63a7\u5236\u4e0d\u53d7\u9009\u4e3e\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u501f\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u5377\u571f\u91cd\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1801\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u51fa\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6279\u51c6\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4e8e2\u67084\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u5230\u804c\u8d74\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee3\u7406\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u9886\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u7684\u85aa\u4ff8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52301801\u5e743\u67083\u65e5\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u5c4a\u6ee1\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u8d81\u65b0\u603b\u7edf\u4e0a\u53f0\u548c\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\u53ec\u5f00\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u4e8e1801\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a1801\u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff08\u201cthe Judiciary act of1801\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6761\u4f8b\u5c06\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4eba\u6570\u4ece\u516d\u540d\u51cf\u4e3a\u4e94\u540d\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u51fa\u73b0\u5224\u51b3\u50f5\u6301\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u9879\u89c4\u5b9a\u5c06\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4f4d\u73b0\u804c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9000\u4f11\u6216\u75c5\u6545\u540e\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u6b63\u5f0f\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u4e00\u663e\u7136\u662f\u60f3\u51cf\u5c11\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u51fa\u4efb\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5c06\u8054\u90a6\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u7531\u6839\u636e\u300a1789\u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff08\u201cthe Judiciary act of1789\u201d\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u589e\u81f3\u516d\u4e2a\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u589e\u52a0\u4e8616\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u4e0b\u53f0\u7684\u201c\u8ddb\u9e2d\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5728\u5378\u4efb\u4e4b\u524d\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u673a\u5b89\u6392\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u201cthe Organic act for the district of Columbia\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u9996\u90fd\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\u5e02\uff0c\u5e76\u6388\u6743\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u7279\u533a\u518542\u540d\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08Justice of the peace\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u671f5\u5e74\u30021801\u5e743\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\u6e05\u4e00\u8272\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u51fa\u4efb\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8eab\u5217\u4efb\u547d\u540d\u5355\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c\u5373\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u5378\u4efb\u7684\u5f53\u5929\uff081801\u5e743\u67083\u65e5\uff09\u591c\u91cc\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u6362\u5c4a\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5306\u5306\u5fd9\u5fd9\u5730\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u5bf942\u4f4d\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u540e\u4eba\u628a\u8fd9\u6279\u6cd5\u5b98\u6316\u82e6\u4e3a\u5348\u591c\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08midnight judges\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<section><strong>\u00a0\u4e8c\u3001\u5b98\u8fd0\u53d7\u963b\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u544a\u4e0a\u6cd5\u9662<\/strong><\/section>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u6309\u7167\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u5e94\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\u3001\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u76d6\u5370\u4e4b\u540e\u9001\u51fa\u624d\u80fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u751f\u6548\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u662f\u65b0\u65e7\u603b\u7edf\u4ea4\u63a5\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7 \u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4e00\u9762\u8981\u5411\u65b0\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u4ea4\u63a5\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u53c8\u8981\u51c6\u5907\u4ee5\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4e3b\u6301\u65b0\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u804c\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u5fd9\u5f97\u4e00\u584c\u7cca\u6d82\u3001\u6655\u5934\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u56e0\u758f\u5ffd\u548c\u5fd9\u4e71\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u5341\u4e03\u4efd\u59d4\u4efb\u4ee4\u5728\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5378\u4efb\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u53d1\u9001\u51fa\u53bb\uff08\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u7ed9\u5176\u5f1f\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u62c5\u5fc3\u79cd\u79cd\u8d23\u602a\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u6211\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u6781\u5ea6\u5fd9\u4e71\u548c\u74e6\u683c\u7eb3\u5148\u751f[\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u7684\u52a9\u624b] \u4e0d\u5728\u201d\u81f4\u4f7f\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b7e\u5b57\u548c\u76d6\u7ae0\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u672a\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u9001\u51fa\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6070\u597d\u8eab\u5217\u8fd9\u62e8\u5012\u9709\u86cb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u63a5\u524d\u591c\u5927\u641e\u4ee5\u515a\u5212\u7ebf\u3001\u201c\u7a81\u51fb\u63d0\u5e72\u201d\u7684\u635f\u62db\u513f\uff0c\u65b0\u4e0a\u4efb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u603b\u7edf\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u65e9\u5df2\u6df1\u611f\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u5f53\u542c\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6cd5\u5b98\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u6ede\u7559\u5728\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7acb\u523b\u547d\u4ee4\u65b0\u4efb\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7 \u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6263\u62bc\u4e86\u8fd9\u6279\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\uff0c\u5e76\u793a\u610f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u201c\u5982\u540c\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u5e9f\u7eb8\u3001\u5783\u573e\u4e00\u6837\u5904\u7406\u6389\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6362\u5c4a\u524d\u591c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ee5\u7259\u8fd8\u7259\uff0c\u4e8e1802\u5e743 \u67088 \u65e5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a1802 \u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff08judiciary act of 1802\uff09\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u300a1801 \u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u4e2d\u589e\u8bbe\u8054\u90a6\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u7838\u4e8616 \u4f4d\u65b0\u4efb\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u996d\u7897\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u64a4\u9500\u4efb\u547d42 \u540d\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6311\u6218\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u6392\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5f00\u5ead\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u6539\u4e00\u5e74\u4e24\u6b21\u5f00\u5ead\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21\u5f00\u5ead\uff0c\u4f7f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ece1801 \u5e7412 \u6708\u52301803 \u5e742 \u6708\u671f\u95f4\u6682\u65f6\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u8fbe14 \u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u5f53\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u518d\u6b21\u5f00\u5ead\u65f6\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f1803 \u5e742 \u6708\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=2911086279,1650615485&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=666\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u5385\u91cc\u7684\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u96d5\u50cf<\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u867d\u7136\u5bb6\u8d22\u4e07\u8d2f\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e03\u54c1\u829d\u9ebb\u5b98\u5374\u60c5\u6709\u72ec\u949f\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u4e0d\u660e\u4e0d\u767d\u5730\u4e22\u5931\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b98\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u592a\u51a4\uff0c\u975e\u8981\u8ba8\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u62c9\u4e0a\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u4f4d\u540c\u75c5\u76f8\u601c\u7684\u96be\u5144\u96be\u5f1f\uff0c\u8058\u8bf7\u66fe\u4efb\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u5185\u9601\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\uff08attorney general\u3002\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\u867d\u7136\u662f1789 \u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5168\u804c\u7684\u5185\u9601\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7 \u6000\u7279\u4efb\u804c\u671f\u95f4\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u804c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5149\u6746\u513f\u53f8\u4ee4\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8[Justice department] \u8981\u52301870 \u5e74\u624d\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5230\u8fd9\u65f6\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\uff09\u7684\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7 \u674e\uff08Charles Lee\uff09\u4e3a\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u4e00\u5f20\u72b6\u7eb8\u628a\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u544a\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\uff08\u539f\u6587\u4e3a\u62c9\u4e01\u6587writ of mandamus\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd1\u8bad\u4ee4\u72b6\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u7f8e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6307\u6709\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u5bf9\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u673a\u6784\u3001\u6cd5\u4eba\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0b\u8fbe\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u5c65\u884c\u6cd5\u5b9a\u804c\u8d23\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff09\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6309\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ea4\u51fa\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u8d70\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4efb\u3002\u63a7\u65b9\u5f8b\u5e08\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u6839\u636e\u6e90\u81ea\u300a1789\u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff08the judiciary act of 1789\uff09\u7b2c13 \u6b3ed \u6761\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\u548c\u60ef\u4f8b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u5411\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4e0b\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u6216\u516c\u804c\u5b98\u5458\uff08persons holding office\uff09\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\u72b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u4e00\u770b\u5bf9\u624b\u6765\u5934\u4e0d\u5c0f\uff0c\u4fbf\u6765\u4e86\u4e2a\u5175\u6765\u5c06\u6321\u3001\u65d7\u9f13\u76f8\u5f53\uff0c\u8bf7\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u5185\u9601\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u83b1\u7ef4\u00b7 \u6797\u80af\uff08Levi Lincoln\uff09\u51fa\u4efb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u5f8b\u5e08\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6797\u80af\u5148\u751f\u771f\u4e0d\u6127\u662f\u73b0\u804c\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\uff0c\u529e\u6848\u6d3e\u5934\u5341\u8db3\uff0c\u63a5\u4e86\u6848\u5b50\u4ee5\u540e\u7adf\u7136\u8fde\u6cd5\u9662\u90fd\u61d2\u5f97\u53bb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u4e66\u9762\u4e89\u8fa9\u9001\u4ea4\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\uff08Marbury v. 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Locke\uff09\u3001\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\uff08Charles Louis de Secondat 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review\uff09<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6743\u4e0e\u5236\u8861\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6743\u529b\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u77f3\u3002<\/p>\n<section><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u5de7\u8131\u56f0\u5883\u7edd\u5999\u5224\u51b3\u4ee4\u4eba\u79f0\u5947<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>1803\u5e742\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5b98\u8ba45\u6bd40\u7684\u7968\u6570\uff08William Cushing\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u56e0\u75c5\u672a\u53c2\u52a0\u6295\u7968\uff09\u5bf9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\u4f5c\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4e3b\u6301\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/section>\n<section>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c<strong>\u7533\u8bc9\u4eba\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6743\u5229\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6<\/strong>\uff1f<\/section>\n<section>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c<strong>\u5982\u679c\u7533\u8bc9\u4eba\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6551\u6d4e\uff1f<\/strong><\/section>\n<section>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c<strong>\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u7533\u8bc9\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u662f\u8be5\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6765\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5c06\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u6d3e\u53d1\u7ed9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\uff1f<\/strong>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u672c\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u4e00\u7ecf\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u4efb\u547d\u5373\u4e3a\u4f5c\u51fa\uff1b\u4e00\u7ecf\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u52a0\u76d6\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u56fd\u73ba\uff0c\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u5373\u4e3a\u5b8c\u6210\u201d\u3002\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5148\u751f\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u5df2\u7531\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u52a0\u76d6\u4e86\u56fd\u73ba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u521b\u8bbe\u8be5\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u5b98\u5458\u4efb\u804c5\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u547d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u64a4\u9500\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u5b98\u5458\u5404\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u3002\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u62d2\u53d1\u4ed6\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u6cd5\u9662\u770b\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u6388\u6743\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6848\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4e5f\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u5bb3\u65f6\u90fd\u6709\u6743\u8981\u6c42\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9996\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\u5c31\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u88ab\u5ba3\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4eba\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fb5\u72af\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u5b83\u5f53\u7136\u5c31\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002\u201d\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u751a\u81f3\u4e0a\u7eb2\u4e0a\u7ebf\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u9664\u53bb\u6211\u4eec\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u803b\u8fb1\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u672c\u6848\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u4e0a\u505a\u8d77\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u601d\u8def\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u8bba\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5728\u56de\u7b54\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u5c31\u8be5\u5ba3\u5e03\u5e94\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5411\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u4e0b\u8fbe\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\uff0c\u8ba9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5b98\u590d\u539f\u804c\u3001\u8d70\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4efb\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u6b64\u7a81\u7136\u4e00\u8f6c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u8bc1\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c3\u6761\u7b2c2\u6b3e\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u4f7f\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u4f7f\u8282\u548c\u9886\u4e8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee5\u5dde\u4e3a\u4e00\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5177\u6709\u521d\u5ba1\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff08original 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\u00a0 \u00a0 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src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3246333342,1069750537&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto?w=1080&amp;h=720\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u5385\u5899\u4e0a\u523b\u7684\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684\u5224\u8bcd<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u6848\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u56fd\u4f1a\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a<\/strong><strong>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5baa\u6cd5\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5224\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0e\u7acb\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/strong>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u4e0d\u5f97\u968f\u610f\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u624d\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u4ef2\u88c1\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u6848\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a<\/strong><strong>\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/strong>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6709\u6743\u5224\u5b9a\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u8fdd\u5baa\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u4e88\u4ee5\u5236\u88c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c<strong>\u867d\u7136\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u5e94\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u62e5\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u5224\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002<\/strong>\u800c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u4e00\u7ecf\u505a\u51fa\u5373\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec8\u5ba1\u88c1\u51b3\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u5404\u5dde\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u201d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u6885\u68ee\uff08Alpheus T. Mason\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u6743\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u624b\u63e1\u5b9e\u6743\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u80fd\u4f7f\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u5dde\u957f\u4ee5\u53ca\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u4fef\u9996\u5c31\u8303\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u7684\u9ad8\u660e\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u4ed6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5929\u8863\u65e0\u7f1d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5ba3\u5e03\u300a1789 \u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u7b2c13 \u6b3e\u56e0\u8fdd\u5baa\u800c\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u81ea\u8eab\u6743\u9650\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u56fd\u4f1a\u627e\u4e0d\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u501f\u53e3\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u5f39\u52be\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u867d\u7136\u5ba3\u5e03\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6709\u6743\u5224\u5b9a\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5411\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u53d1\u51fa\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5efa\u8bae\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u53bb\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u63a7\u544a\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u540c\u6837\u627e\u4e0d\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u501f\u53e3\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8fc7\u4e0d\u53bb\uff0c\u4e5f\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6311\u6218\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u7b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u6240\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u4e86\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u3002\u4f46\u9053\u9ad8\u4e00\u5c3a\uff0c\u9b54\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e08\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u4fee\u6808\u9053\uff0c\u6697\u5ea6\u9648\u4ed3\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6b63\u540d\u4e89\u6c14\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u907f\u5f00\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u6240\u8bbe\u7684\u9677\u9631\uff0c\u628a\u5224\u51b3\u8f6c\u5411\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b70\u91cd\u5b70\u8f7b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6848\u4f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u7ffb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u82f1\u7f8e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7cfb\u9075\u5faa\u5148\u4f8b\uff08stare decisis\uff09\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6b64\u5224\u51b3\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u60ef\u4f8b\u88ab\u540e\u4eba\u6c38\u8fdc\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6848\u9ad8\u8e1e\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e4b\u9996\uff0c\u8fbe\u6570\u767e\u6b21\u4e4b\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b\u9010\u6e10\u786e\u7acb\u7684<strong>\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743<\/strong>\u5305\u62ec\u76f8\u5f53\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c<strong>\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u5b9a\u8005<\/strong>\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c<strong>\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u5dde\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u548c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u5b9a\u8005<\/strong>\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c<strong>\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u5ba1\u67e5\u5dde\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5211\u4e8b\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6cd5\u89c4\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u8981\u6c42<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6848\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u76f8\u6297\u8861\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f7f\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u4e24\u90e8\u95e8\u9f0e\u8db3\u800c\u7acb\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5a01\u671b\u4e0e\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u4f7f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6210\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u53f2\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5361\u591a\u4f50\uff08Benjamin N. Cardozo\uff09\u8d5e\u53f9\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u70d9\u4e0b\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5370\u8bb0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u5b83\u5c1a\u6709\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u4e4b\u65f6\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e4b\u70c8\u7130\u953b\u70bc\u4e86\u5b83\u3002\u201d\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4f20\u8bb0\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08Jean E. Smith\uff09\u8d5e\u626c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7 \u534e\u76db\u987f\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7 \u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5219\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6d85\u74e6\u6cb3\u5927\u8857\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u591c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\u6536\u573a\u540e\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u6781\u4e3a\u607c\u706b\u3002\u5728\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u3001\u5e73\u8d77\u5e73\u5750\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u51ed\u5565\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u8981\u51ed\u501f\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\u9ad8\u4eba\u4e00\u7b49\u5462\uff1f\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u8d4b\u4e88\u6cd5\u5b98\u66ff\u6267\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6267\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u65e0\u6743\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f5c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e73\u7b49\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6b32\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u534f\u4f5c\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u8861\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6388\u6743\u6cd5\u5b98\u51b3\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u53cd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5730\u76d8\u81ea\u884c\u5176\u662f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u6267\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u72ec\u65ad\u4e13\u884c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u4f7f\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u5236\u66b4\u8650\u7684\u673a\u6784\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u800c\u518d\u3001\u518d\u800c\u4e09\u5730\u5229\u7528\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u4f53\u5236\u5c31\u4f1a\u56e0\u515a\u6d3e\u6597\u4e89\u800c\u9677\u5165\u762b\u75ea\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u56fd\u4f1a\u80fd\u591f\u542f\u52a8\u5baa\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f39\u52be\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u524a\u5f31\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u53d1\u751f\u4f55\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e00\u573a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5371\u673a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u5728\u52ab\u96be\u9003\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c<strong>\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u5728\u4e8e\u59a5\u534f\u3002<\/strong>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u4e4e\u610f\u5916\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9886\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u89c1\u597d\u5c31\u6536\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u7eaf\u4ece\u515a\u6d3e\u5229\u76ca\u51fa\u53d1\u5229\u7528\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\u4e0e\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u6b7b\u62fc\u786c\u6297\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u5426\u51b3\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u66b4\u8650\u7684\u673a\u6784\u201d\u30021803 \u5e743 \u67082 \u65e5\uff0c\u5373\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6848\u7ed3\u675f\u516d\u5929\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5ba1\u7406Stuart v. Laird \u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u59a5\u534f\u9000\u8ba9\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u300a1802 \u5e74\u53f8\u6cd5\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u7684\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u6848\u4e4b\u540e\u768430\u4f59\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6cd5\u9662\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u52a8\u7528\u8fc7\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\u3002\u800c\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u57288 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