\u4f5c\u8005 | \u738b\u59dd\u82cf \u987e\u76c8\u9896<\/p>\n
\u6765\u6e90 | \u300a\u68c0\u5bdf\u98ce\u4e91\u300b\u6742\u5fd7<\/p>\n
2000\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7adf\u7136\u662f\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e00\u9524\u5b9a\u97f3\u3002\u6208\u5c14\uff08Al Gore\uff09\u5c3d\u7ba1\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u591a\u6570\u666e\u9009\u9009\u7968\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd9\u6837\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u8c01\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7adf\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u81ea\u5df1\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
1803\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08John Marshall\uff0c1755-1835\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u81f3\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bfe\u4e0a\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5348\u591c\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u547d<\/p>\n
\u57281800\u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff08John Adams\uff0c1735\uff0d1826\uff09\u672a\u83b7\u8fde\u4efb\uff0c\u8d25\u7ed9\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u6770\u5f17\u900a\uff08Thomas Jefferson\uff0c1743\uff0d1826\uff09\u3002\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u8d25\u6d82\u5730\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6362\u56de\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u7684\u52a3\u52bf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d4b\u4e88\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u63a7\u5236\u4e0d\u53d7\u9009\u4e3e\u76f4\u63a5\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u30021801\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u4efb\u547d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u51fa\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u968f\u5373\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The Organic Act for the District of Columbia\uff09,\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u9996\u90fd\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\u5e02\uff0c\u5e76\u6388\u6743\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u7279\u533a\u518542\u540d\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08Justice of the Peace\uff09\u30021801\u5e743\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u63d0\u540d\u4e86\u6e05\u4e00\u8272\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u51fa\u4efb\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u6b21\u65e5\u591c\u91cc\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u6362\u5c4a\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5306\u5306\u5fd9\u5fd9\u5730\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u5bf942\u540d\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6279\u6cd5\u5b98\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u620f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5348\u591c\u6cd5\u5b98\u201d\uff08midnight judges\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u68d8\u624b\u6848\u4ef6<\/p>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u6b63\u662f\u65b0\u65e7\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u4ea4\u63a5\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5fd9\u4e71\u96be\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u758f\u5ffd\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u672a\u80fd\u5728\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5378\u4efb\u4e4b\u524d\u53d1\u51fa\uff0c\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u539f\u544a\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6b21\u65e5\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u804c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5378\u4efb\u524d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5927\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u5f53\u542c\u95fb\u8fd8\u6709\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u6ede\u7559\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7acb\u523b\u547d\u4ee4\u65b0\u4efb\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\uff08James Madison\uff0c1751\uff0d1836\uff09\u6263\u62bc\u4e86\u8fd9\u6279\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u3002\u5e76\u793a\u610f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u50cf\u5e9f\u7eb8\u4e00\u6837\u5904\u7406\u6389\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u540e\u6765\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u88ab\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u63d0\u540d\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98, \u4f46\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u547d\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u4efb\u547d\u8fc7\u7684\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e09\u4eba\u3002\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5df2\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u6536\u5230\u6b63\u5f0f\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u62c9\u4e0a\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u5411\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6309\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ea4\u51fa\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u7acb\u523b\u8bf7\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u5185\u9601\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u83b1\u7ef4\u00b7\u6797\u80af\uff08Levi Lincoln\uff09\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u4e66\u9762\u8fa9\u62a4\u9001\u4ea4\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u79f0\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d89\u53ca\u515a\u6d3e\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u65e0\u6d89\u3002\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u63a5\u53d7\u63a7\u8fa9\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u6750\u6599\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u81f4\u51fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u89e3\u91ca\u6263\u62bc\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5bf9\u6b64\u8981\u6c42\u6beb\u4e0d\u7406\u776c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5c31\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff1a\u4ed6\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b7e\u53d1\u4e00\u4efd\u6267\u884c\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u5982\u679c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u62d2\u4e0d\u6267\u884c, \u4ed6\u4e5f\u6beb\u65e0\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5c06\u65e0\u4ece\u8c08\u8d77\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u62d2\u7edd\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u5408\u7406\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8bf7\u6c42, \u90a3\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u81ea\u7518\u5931\u8d25, \u7b49\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u540c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u89d2\u9010\u4e2d\u5168\u9762\u843d\u8d25\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6240\u4e0d\u7518\u5fc3\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e24\u96be\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u6210\u4e86\u4ee4\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6781\u4e3a\u5934\u75bc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u77f3\u6570\u9e1f\u4e4b\u7edd\u5999\u5224\u51b3<\/p>\n
\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u5c42\u5c42\u9012\u8fdb\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u6709\u6743\u5229, \u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u9879\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af, \u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u4e3a\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u6551\u6d4e?<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u786e\u5b9e\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u6551\u6d4e, \u662f\u5426\u5e94\u7531\u672c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u8fbe\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u4ee4?<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u9996\u5148\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u62c5\u4efb\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u5df2\u7ecf\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u52a0\u76d6\u4e86\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u56fd\u5370\uff0c\u5373\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b64\u9879\u4efb\u547d\u4e0d\u53ef\u64a4\u9500\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u53d1\u7ed9\u4ed6\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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