{"id":37605,"date":"2024-09-13T13:34:32","date_gmt":"2024-09-13T05:34:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=37605"},"modified":"2024-09-13T13:34:32","modified_gmt":"2024-09-13T05:34:32","slug":"1789%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a5%e6%9d%a5%e7%be%8e%e5%9b%bd%e6%9c%80%e9%ab%98%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2%e7%ae%80%e5%8f%b2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=37605","title":{"rendered":"1789\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7b80\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90:\u82b1\u767d\u5386\u53f2\u4e16\u754c<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/q0.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/09c6964628cf4baeb4eff3381f63fad8.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1789 \u5e74\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u88ab\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba3\u5e03\u90e8\u5206\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u9662\u4e8e1790\u5e742\u67082\u65e5\u9996\u6b21\u5f00\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b56\u5212\/\u5ba1\u6838\uff1a\u9a6c\u4fee-A-\u9ea6\u91d1\u6258\u4ec0\uff08Matthew A. McIntosh\u516c\u5171\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6<\/p>\n<p>\u7b80\u4ecb<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u6839\u636e 1789 \u5e74\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u4e13\u95e8\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6cd5\u9662\uff1b\u6839\u636e 1789 \u5e74\u7684\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5e94\u7531\u516d\u540d\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u6210&#8211;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5176\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e5d\u540d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u4eba\u6570\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u4e8e 1790 \u5e74 2 \u6708 2 \u65e5\u9996\u6b21\u5f00\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6770\u4f0a\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u62c9\u7279\u91cc\u5947\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u57c3\u5c14\u65af\u6c83\u601d\u6cd5\u9662\uff081789-1801 \u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-center\"><img src=\"https:\/\/q2.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/a83554d9ad4b475ca340201575de68a7.jpeg\" 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src=\"https:\/\/q1.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/c6a251fb7c2f49379f00311c2ec80039.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece 1819 \u5e74\u5230 1860 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33 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Taney\uff09\u63a5\u66ff\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6d3e\u7cfb\u5173\u7cfb\u5341\u5206\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e0e\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u90fd\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u548c\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u7684\u662f\u5854\u5c3c\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9 &#8220;\u5fb7\u96f7\u5fb7-\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u8bc9\u6851\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u6848&#8221;\uff081857 \u5e74\uff09\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u5dde\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u5fb7\u96f7\u5fb7-\u65af\u79d1\u7279\uff08Dred Scott\uff09\u8d77\u8bc9\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u5c06\u4ed6\u5e26\u5230\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5dde\u548c\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5dde\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u7981\u6b62\u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff0c\u4e14\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u957f\u3002\u4f46\u5854\u5c3c\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u79cd\u65cf\u6210\u5458\u4e0d\u662f\u4e5f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u88c1\u5b9a\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u4f1a\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6784\u6210\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5b89\u90a3\u8d2d\u5730\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u5b9e\u884c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u300a\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u59a5\u534f\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u901a\u3001\u6000\u7279\u548c\u5bcc\u52d2\u6cd5\u9662\uff081864-1910 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\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u83ab\u91cc\u68ee-\u6000\u7279\uff08Morrison Waite\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e3a\u7531\u7981\u6b62\u79c1\u4eba\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5728 &#8220;\u666e\u83b1\u897f\u8bc9\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\u6848&#8221;\uff081896 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6885\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c14-\u5bcc\u52d2\uff08Melville Fuller\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u6761\u6b3e\u5e76\u4e0d\u7981\u6b62\u516c\u5171\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u65bd\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff08\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684 &#8220;\u9694\u79bb\u4f46\u5e73\u7b49 &#8220;\u4e00\u8bcd\uff09\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14-\u54c8\u5170\uff08John Marshall Harlan\uff09\u662f\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6000\u7279\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u5854\u592b\u8131\u6cd5\u9662\uff081910-1930 \u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u786e\u5b9a\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u62a4 &#8220;\u5951\u7ea6\u81ea\u7531&#8221;\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u548c\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65e8\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u5dde\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u6d1b\u8d6b\u7eb3\u8bc9\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff08Lochner v. New York\uff0c1905 \u5e74\uff09\u6848\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u9762\u5305\u5e08\u6bcf\u5468\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u6570\u7684\u7ebd\u7ea6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5728\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u8bc9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6848\uff081908 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u7981\u6b62 &#8220;\u9ec4\u72d7\u5408\u540c&#8221;\uff08\u7981\u6b62\u5de5\u4eba\u52a0\u5165\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u5408\u540c\uff09\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5728\u963f\u5fb7\u91d1\u65af\u8bc9\u513f\u7ae5\u533b\u9662\u6848\uff081923 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u6cd5\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1925 \u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728 &#8220;\u5409\u7279\u6d1b\u8bc9\u7ebd\u7ea6 &#8220;\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86 &#8220;\u7eb3\u5165 &#8220;\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08John Marshall\uff09\u5728\u5df4\u4f26\u8bc9\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u6469\u6848\uff081833 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u6240\u88c1\u5b9a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u53ea\u9650\u5236\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\uff1b\u4f46\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5177\u6709\u5c06\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4f46\u975e\u5168\u90e8\uff09\u6761\u6b3e\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u6548\u529b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b64\u7c7b\u5224\u51b3\u662f Gitlow \u6848\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0e\u5408\u5e76\u6709\u5173\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u88c1\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f11\u65af\u3001\u65af\u901a\u548c\u6587\u68ee\u6cd5\u9662\uff081930-1953 \u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-center\"><img src=\"https:\/\/q0.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/ba7aefead621485796b5df82eaedefe9.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c1932 \u5e74\u3002\/\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n<p>20 \u4e16\u7eaa 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u96c6\u56e2\u3002\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a &#8220;\u56db\u9a91\u58eb &#8220;\u7684\u56db\u4f4d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u662f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af-\u9ea6\u514b\u96f7\u8bfa\u5179\uff08James McReynolds\uff09\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb-\u8428\u745f\u5170\uff08George Sutherland\uff09\u3001\u5a01\u5229\u65af-\u8303-\u5fb7\u6587\u7279\uff08Willis Van Devanter\uff09\u548c\u76ae\u5c14\u65af-\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\uff08Pierce Butler\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e2d\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u5bf9\u624b&#8211;\u8def\u6613\u65af-\u5e03\u5170\u4ee3\u65af\u3001\u672c\u6770\u660e-\u5361\u591a\u4f50\u548c\u54c8\u4f26-\u65af\u901a\u5219\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a &#8220;\u4e09\u4e2a\u706b\u67aa\u624b&#8221;\uff0c\u800c\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u67e5\u5c14\u65af-\u57c3\u6587\u65af-\u4f11\u65af\u548c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6b27\u6587-\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u5219\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6447\u6446\u7968\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4f11\u65af\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\uff0c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7ad9\u5728 &#8220;\u4e09\u5251\u5ba2 &#8220;\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u800c\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u5219\u6447\u6446\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u884c\u8054\u90a6\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5 5 \u6bd4 4 \u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797-D-\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u5927\u8427\u6761\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u591a\u9879\u65b0\u653f\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5de5\u4e1a\u590d\u5174\u6cd5\u300b\u5728\u8c22\u514b\u7279\u5bb6\u79bd\u516c\u53f8\u8bc9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6848\uff081935 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u88ab\u4e00\u81f4\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u300a\u519c\u4e1a\u8c03\u6574\u6cd5\u300b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bc9\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u6848\uff081936 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u4e8e1937\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u91cd\u7ec4\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a &#8220;\u6cd5\u9662\u6253\u5305\u6cd5\u6848&#8221;\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u5c06\u6269\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e74\u6ee170\u5c81\u96f66\u4e2a\u6708\u4e14\u62d2\u7edd\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u73b0\u4efb\u6cd5\u5b98\u4efb\u547d\u4e00\u540d\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\uff1b\u6839\u636e\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4efb\u547d\u5c06\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u6cd5\u9662\u8fbe\u523015\u540d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u51cf\u8f7b\u5e74\u957f\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ba9\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5145\u5b9e\u5230\u6cd5\u9662\u4e2d\u6765\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u5f88\u5feb\u62db\u81f4\u4e24\u515a\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u5357\u65af-\u52a0\u7eb3\uff08John Nance Garner\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u81ea\u7f57\u514b\u7eb3\u6848\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5360\u4e0a\u98ce\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5e73\u8861\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u66fe\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u96c6\u56e2\u4e00\u8d77\u6295\u7968\u5ba3\u5e03\u65b0\u653f\u7acb\u6cd5\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u5f00\u59cb\u6295\u5411\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u6d1b\u8d6b\u7eb3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a &#8220;\u62ef\u6551\u4e5d\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8f6c\u6362&#8221;\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u8303-\u5fb7\u6587\u7279\uff08Van Devanter\uff09\u4e8e 1937 \u5e74\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u8428\u745f\u5170\uff08Sutherland\uff09\u4e8e\u6b21\u5e74\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\uff08Butler\uff09\u4e8e 1939 \u5e74 11 \u6708\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u52301941\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\u4e03\u4f4d\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u54c8\u5170-\u8d39\u65af\u514b-\u65af\u901a\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f11\u65af\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u65af\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u5357\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14\u8bc9\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u6848\uff081932 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u5dde\u524d\u6709\u5173\u76d6\u6069\u65af\u8bc9\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6848\uff081938 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u4e3a\u6218\u540e\u5b66\u6821\u53d6\u6d88\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u4f11\u65af\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6267\u638c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6&#8211;\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bc9\u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u516b\u4e2a\u524d\u90a6\u8054\u5dde\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u521d\u9009\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u5927\u9009\u4e00\u6837\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002[18] \u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u8bc9\u5965\u5c14\u8d56\u7279\u6848\uff081944\u5e74\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\u767d\u4eba\u521d\u9009\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3a\u524d\u90a6\u8054\u5dde\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u5265\u593a\u9ed1\u4eba\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u4ee5\u6765\u9996\u6b21\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u9ed1\u4eba\u9009\u6c11\u767b\u8bb0\u548c\u6295\u7968\u4eba\u6570\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1943 \u5e74\u81f3 1946 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5d\u4f4d\u73b0\u4efb\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e2d\u6709\u516b\u4f4d\u662f\u7531\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6b27\u6587-\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u548c\u63a5\u66ff\u4ed6\u7684\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7-\u5e0c\u8328-\u4f2f\u987f\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u65af\u901a\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u54c8\u91cc-\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u4efb\u547d\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7-\u6587\u68ee\uff08Fred M. Vinson\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\uff081953-1969 \u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-center\"><img src=\"https:\/\/q1.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/dfc141e65a914bbeba8d2c19d067dce5.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1958 \u5e74\u81f3 1962 \u5e74\u95f4\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u4e0a\u56fe\uff08\u5de6\u8d77\uff09\uff1a \u67e5\u5c14\u65af-E-\u7ef4\u7279\u514b\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0-M-\u54c8\u4f26\u4e8c\u4e16\u3001\u5c0f\u5a01\u5ec9-J-\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u3001\u6ce2\u7279-\u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279\u3002\u4e0b\uff08\u5de6\u4e00\uff09\uff1a \u5a01\u5ec9-O\uff1a \u5a01\u5ec9-O-\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u3001\u96e8\u679c-L-\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u3001\u5384\u5c14-\u6c83\u4f26\u3001\u8d39\u5229\u514b\u65af-\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u7279\u3001\u6c64\u59c6-C-\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u3002\/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n<p>1953 \u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u6000\u7279-\u6234\u7ef4-\u827e\u68ee\u8c6a\u5a01\u5c14\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u65f6\u4efb\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u5dde\u957f\u7684\u5384\u5c14-\u6c83\u4f26\u4e3a\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u6c83\u4f26\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52301969\u5e74\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002\u9664\u6c83\u4f26\u5916\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u8457\u540d\u6210\u5458\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u96e8\u679c-\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9-\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\uff08\u6cd5\u9662\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4efb\u804c\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u957f\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\uff09\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9-\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u9662\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6210\u5458\u662f\u8d39\u5229\u514b\u65af-\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u7279\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14-\u54c8\u4f26\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08\u9996\u4efb\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u54c8\u4f26\u7684\u5b59\u5b50\uff09\u3002\u6c83\u4f26\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6848\u4ef6\u662f\u5e03\u6717\u8bc9\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6848\uff08Brown v. Board of Education\uff0c1954 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\u4e00\u81f4\u5ba3\u5e03\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u65e9\u5148\u5728\u666e\u83b1\u897f\u8bc9\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\u6848\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u51e0\u9879\u4e0e\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u5728 &#8220;\u5409\u7279\u6d1b\u8bc9\u7ebd\u7ea6 &#8220;\u6848\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u624e\u6839\u7684 &#8220;\u7eb3\u5165 &#8220;\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u5728\u6069\u683c\u5c14\u8bc9\u7ef4\u7279\u5c14\u6848\uff081962 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u7977\u544a\u662f\u8fdd\u5baa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728 &#8220;\u963f\u5bbe\u987f\u5b66\u533a\u8bc9 Schempp &#8220;\u6848\uff081963 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u8bf5\u8bfb\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u56db\u3001\u7b2c\u4e94\u548c\u7b2c\u516d\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6269\u5927\u5e76\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u5211\u4e8b\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5728 &#8220;\u9a6c\u666e\u8bc9\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u6848&#8221;\uff081961 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u300a\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u88c1\u5b9a\u5728\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5f97\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u6cd5\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5409\u8fea\u6069\u8bc9\u6e29\u8d56\u7279\u6848\uff081963 \u5e74\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u8d2b\u56f0\u88ab\u544a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f8b\u5e08\u3002\u7c73\u5170\u8fbe\u8bc9\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u6848\uff081966 \u5e74\uff09\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u5728\u5ba1\u8baf\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u544a\u77e5\u5176\u6743\u5229\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8058\u8bf7\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff09\u3002(\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u5177\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5224\u51b3\u662f &#8220;\u683c\u91cc\u65af\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bc9\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5dde\u6848&#8221;\uff081965 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u5bf9\u9690\u79c1\u6743\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f2f\u683c\u6cd5\u9662\uff081969-1986 \u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5384\u5c14-\u6c83\u4f26\u7531\u6c83\u4f26-\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Warren E. Burger\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4ece 1969 \u5e74\u81f3 1986 \u5e74\u3002\u4f2f\u683c\u6cd5\u9662\u6700\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u662f\u5176\u5728 &#8220;\u7f57\u4f0a\u8bc9\u97e6\u5fb7\u6848&#8221;\uff081973 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u8be5\u88c1\u51b3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5815\u80ce\u662f\u53d7\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6709\u5173\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u5728\u83b1\u8499\u8bc9\u5e93\u8328\u66fc\u6848\uff08Lemon v. Kurtzman\uff0c1971 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u786e\u7acb\u4e86 &#8220;\u83b1\u8499\u68c0\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6&#8221;\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u7acb\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u7c73\u52d2\u8bc9\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u6848\uff081973 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u7981\u6b62\u6deb\u79fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684 &#8220;\u7c73\u52d2\u68c0\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u88c1\u51b3\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec &#8220;\u5730\u6807\u901a\u8baf\u8bc9\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde &#8220;\u4e00\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u5bf9\u4e00\u5bb6\u62ab\u9732\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u5dde\u4e13\u5458 H. Warrington Sharp \u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u5904\u4ee5\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u4f2f\u683c\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u5728 &#8220;\u5bcc\u5c14\u66fc\u8bc9\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u5dde &#8220;\u6848\uff081972 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u6682\u505c\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5404\u5dde\u901a\u5e38\u4efb\u610f\u4e14\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u540e\u5728\u683c\u96f7\u683c\u8bc9\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u5dde\u6848\uff081976 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6682\u505c\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bc9\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u6848\uff081974 \u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u5a01\u5ec9-\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\uff08William J. Brennan\uff09\u3001\u745f\u53e4\u5fb7-\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08Thurgood Marshall\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u4fdd\u7f57-\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u65af\uff08John Paul Stevens\uff09\u7b49\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ecd\u7136\u9886\u5bfc\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u4f2f\u683c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5a01\u5ec9-\u4f26\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08William Rehnquist\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7740\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63a8\u5411\u66f4\u4fdd\u5b88\u6216\u66f4\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96f7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279\u6cd5\u9662\uff081986-2005 \u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-center\"><img src=\"https:\/\/q5.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/d89e5c8b1ade472d834cfe1a3500cfbe.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c1998 \u5e74\u3002\/ \u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5a01\u5ec9-\u4f26\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08William Rehnquist\uff09\u4ece\u4f2f\u683c\u4e8e 1986 \u5e74\u9000\u4f11\u5f00\u59cb\u4efb\u804c\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3 2005 \u5e74 9 \u6708 3 \u65e5\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u96f7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u6761\u6b3e\u4e0b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6301\u6709\u9650\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bc9\u6d1b\u4f69\u5179\u6848\uff081995 \u5e74\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u8bc9\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u6848\uff081989 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u5ba3\u5e03\u711a\u70e7\u56fd\u65d7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53d7\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u674e\u8bc9\u9b4f\u65af\u66fc\u6848\uff081992 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u3001\u7531\u5b66\u751f\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u7977\u544a\u8fdd\u5baa\uff1b\u65af\u6ed5\u4f2f\u683c\u8bc9\u5361\u5c14\u54c8\u7279\u6848\uff082000 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u5ba3\u5e03\u7981\u6b62\u665a\u671f\u5815\u80ce\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e0\u6548\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u8bc9\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u6848\uff082003 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u7981\u6b62\u9e21\u5978\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002(\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u51b3\u662f &#8220;\u6587\u5316\u6218\u4e89 &#8220;\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u30022003 \u5e74\uff0c\u96f7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u652f\u6301\u5e73\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u683c\u62c9\u7279\u8bc9\u5e03\u6797\u683c\u6848\uff08Grutter v. Bollinger\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f 2000 \u5e74\u7684\u5e03\u4ec0\u8bc9\u6208\u5c14\u6848\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86 2000 \u5e74\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u540e\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u5dde\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba1\u7968\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e54\u6cbb-W-\u5e03\u4ec0\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c 43 \u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96f7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4ece\u65af\u8482\u82ac-\u5e03\u96f7\u8036\uff08Stephen Breyer\uff09\u4e8e 1994 \u5e74\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u804c\u5230\u96f7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279\u4e8e 2005 \u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f 180 \u591a\u5e74\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9732\u4e1d-\u8d1d\u5fb7\u5c14-\u91d1\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Ruth Bader Ginsburg\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u4fdd\u7f57-\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u65af\uff08John Paul Stevens\uff09\u4e24\u4f4d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9886\u5bfc\u7740\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u9635\u8425\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5b89\u4e1c\u5b81-\u65af\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\uff08Antonin Scalia\uff09\u548c\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u65af-\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\uff08Clarence Thomas\uff09\u4e0e\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u96f7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08Rehnquist\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u96c6\u56e2\u3002\u6851\u5fb7\u62c9-\u6234-\u5965\u5eb7\u7eb3\uff08Sandra Day O&#8217;Connor\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c-\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\uff08Anthony Kennedy\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684 &#8220;\u6447\u6446\u7968&#8221;\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u4f1a\u6297\u8bae\u8bf4 &#8220;\u6848\u4ef6\u662f\u6447\u6446\u7684&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u6cd5\u9662\uff082005 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff09<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-align-center\"><img src=\"https:\/\/q6.itc.cn\/images01\/20240324\/b1d893269ef546559b3a8c599ca83acd.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\uff08John G. Roberts\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\uff08John G. Roberts\uff09\u4e8e 2005 \u5e74 9 \u6708 29 \u65e5\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e 2005 \u5e74 10 \u6708 3 \u65e5\uff0c\u5373 2005-2006 \u5e74\u5ea6\u5f00\u5ead\u5f53\u5929\u9996\u6b21\u62c5\u4efb\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u30022005 \u5e74 10 \u6708 31 \u65e5\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb-W-\u5e03\u4ec0\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14-\u963f\u5229\u6258\u63a5\u66ff\u5373\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u6851\u5fb7\u62c9-\u6234-\u5965\u5eb7\u7eb3\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u539f\u672c\u5c06\u63a5\u66ff\u5979\uff09\uff0c\u963f\u5229\u6258\u4e8e 2006 \u5e74 1 \u6708 31 \u65e5\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6b7b\u5211\uff08\u582a\u8428\u65af\u8bc9\u9a6c\u4ec0\u6848\uff09\u3001\u5815\u80ce\uff08\u5188\u8428\u96f7\u65af\u8bc9\u5361\u5c14\u54c8\u7279\u6848\u548c\u591a\u5e03\u65af\u8bc9\u6770\u514b\u900a\u5987\u5973\u5065\u5eb7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6848\uff09\u3001\u8fdd\u53cd\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u6392\u9664\u6027\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u54c8\u5fb7\u900a\u8bc9\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5dde\u6848\uff09\u548c\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\u76d1\u7ba1\uff08\u516c\u6c11\u8054\u5408\u8bc9\u8054\u90a6\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6848\uff09\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u4e3b\u8981\u5411\u53f3\u8f6c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2007 \u5e74 11 \u6708 20 \u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u540c\u610f\u5ba1\u7406\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u8bc9\u6d77\u52d2\uff08District of Columbia v. Heller\uff09\u4e00\u6848\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u81ea 1875 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u9996\u6b21\u5c31\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u30022008 \u5e74 3 \u6708 18 \u65e5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u542c\u53d6\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u624b\u67aa\u7981\u4ee4\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002[21] 2008 \u5e74 6 \u6708 26 \u65e5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\uff1a&#8221;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u4e0e\u6c11\u5175\u670d\u5f79\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u67aa\u652f\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u67aa\u652f\u7528\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u5408\u6cd5\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u81ea\u536b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2009 \u5e74 8 \u6708 8 \u65e5\uff0c\u7d22\u5c3c\u5a05-\u7d22\u6258\u9a6c\u7ea6\u5c14\uff08Sonia Sotomayor\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u5df4\u62c9\u514b-\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\uff08Barack Obama\uff09\u63d0\u540d\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c\u63a5\u66ff\u5373\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u5927\u536b-\u82cf\u7279\uff08David Souter\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u4f4d\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4efb\u804c\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u30022010 \u5e74 5 \u6708 10 \u65e5\uff0c\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\u57c3\u7433\u5a1c-\u5361\u6839\u63a5\u66ff\u5373\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u4fdd\u7f57-\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u65af\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u5979\u4e8e 2010 \u5e74 8 \u6708 7 \u65e5\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u8ba4\u30022017 \u5e74 1 \u6708 31 \u65e5\uff0c\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7-\u7279\u6717\u666e\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\u5c3c\u5c14-\u6208\u8428\u5947\uff08Neil Gorsuch\uff09\u63a5\u66ff\u5df2\u6545\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5b89\u4e1c\u5b81-\u65af\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\uff08Antonin Scalia\uff0c2016 \u5e74 2 \u6708 13 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\u6708 26 \u65e5\u63d0\u540d\u827e\u7c73-\u79d1\u5c3c-\u5df4\u96f7\u7279\uff08Amy Coney Barrett\uff09\u63a5\u66ff\u5979\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u8ddd\u79bb 2020 \u5e74\u5927\u9009\u4e0d\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u30022022 \u5e74 6 \u6708 30 \u65e5\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u82ac-\u5e03\u96f7\u8036\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u5df2\u4e8e 2022 \u5e74 4 \u6708 7 \u65e5\u4ee5 53-47 \u7968\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u51ef\u5766\u5409-\u5e03\u6717-\u6770\u514b\u900a\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u804c\uff0c\u63a5\u66ff\u4ed6\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9732\u4e1d-\u8d1d\u5fb7\u5c14-\u91d1\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Ruth Bader Ginsburg\uff09\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u9886\u5bfc\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5b89\u4e1c\u5b81-\u65af\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\uff08Antonin Scalia\uff09\u548c\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u65af-\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\uff08Clarence 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