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\u4e00\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u52a8\u673a<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u8bb0\u8005\u3002\u76ee\u51fb\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u5171\u6709\u4e94\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56db\u4f4d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u7f8e\u8054\u793e\u8bb0\u8005\u53f6\u5179\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14(C. Yates McDaniel)\u3001\u300a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u6bcf\u65e5\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u7279\u6d1b\u7b80\u00b7\u65af\u63d0\u5c14(Archibald Trojan Steele)\u3001\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u63d0\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u675c\u4e01(Frank Tillman Durdin\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u8482\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u5fb7\u4e01)\u3001\u6d3e\u62c9\u8499\u65b0\u95fb\u6444\u5f71\u793e\u8bb0\u8005\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5b5f\u80af(Arthur Menken\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u95e8\u80af)\u3002\u2464\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u3002\u2465\u53e6\u6709\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u8bb0\u8005\u54c8\u7acb\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u672c\u5fb7(Hallett Edward Abend\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u57c3\u90a6\u5fb7)\u548c\u300a\u5bc6\u52d2\u6c0f\u8bc4\u8bba\u62a5\u300b\u4e3b\u7f16\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14(John B. Powell)\uff0c\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\u867d\u4e0d\u5728\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u4f46\u4ea6\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u662f\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u4eba\u5458\uff1a\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u4e8c\u7b49\u79d8\u4e66\u7231\u5229\u751f(John Moore Allison\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u963f\u5229\u68ee)\u3001\u526f\u9886\u4e8b\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u57c3\u65af\u76ae(James Espy)\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u9ea6\u514b\u6cd5\u6069(A. A McFadyen)\u30021938\u5e741\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u897f\u65b9\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4ece\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fd4\u56de\u5357\u4eac(\u53e6\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4e8e1\u67089\u65e5\u8fd4\u56de\u5357\u4eac)\u3002\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a(Nelson T. Johnson)\u3001\u9a7b\u65e5\u5927\u4f7f\u683c\u9c81(Joseph C. Grew)\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u9ad8\u65af(C. E. Gauss)\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\u5747\u4e0d\u5728\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u8f83\u591a\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8d6b\u5c14(Cordell Hull)\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u65af\u798f(Franklin Roosevelt)\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u6709\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u548c\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba3\u793a\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u6b66\u5b98\u5361\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u7ef4\u5c14(Cabot Coville)\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u4e9a\u6d32\u8230\u961f\u53f8\u4ee4\u54c8\u5229\u00b7\u96c5\u7eb3\u5c14(Harry E. Yarnell\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4e9a\u5948\u5c14\u3001\u4e9a\u5185\u5c14)\u7b49\uff0c\u5bf9\u5357\u4eac\u5f62\u52bf\u4ea6\u5341\u5206\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u662f\u4ee5\u5357\u4eac\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(1937\u5e7411\u670829\u65e5\u5ba3\u544a\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6b21\u5e742\u6708\u6539\u7ec4\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6551\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a)\u548c\u7ea2\u5341\u5b57\u4f1a\u5357\u4eac\u5206\u4f1a(1937\u5e7412\u670813\u65e5\u6210\u7acb)\u6210\u5458\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u9662(\u5373\u9f13\u697c\u533b\u9662)\u3001\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u91cc\u683c\u65af(Charles H. Riggs\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u6797\u67e5\u7406)\u3001\u820d\u5c14\u00b7\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb(Miner Searle Bates\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u8d1d\u8328)\u3001\u5218\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb(Lewis S. C. Smyth\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u65af\u8fc8\u601d)\u3001C. S.\u7279\u91cc\u9ed8(C. S. Trimmer)\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u900a(Robert O. Wilson)\u3001\u683c\u857e\u4e1d\u00b7\u9c8d\u5c14(Grace Bauer\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u9c8d\u6069\u5178)\u3001\u4f0a\u5a03\u00b7\u6d77\u56e0\u5179(Iva Hynds)\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u4f26(James H. McCallum\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u9ea6\u514b\u4f26)\u3001\u660e\u59ae\u00b7\u9b4f\u7279\u7433(Minnie Vautrin\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u534e\u7fa4)\u7b49\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u591a\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7cfb\u53d7\u5404\u5dee\u4f1a(Missionary Society\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u5404\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u5982\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u4f1a\u7b49)\u6d3e\u9063\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u4e13\u804c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u91d1\u9675\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5982\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u798f\u65af\u7279(Ernest H. Forster)\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u5409(John G. Magee)\u3001\u666e\u62c9\u9ed8\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u58eb(W. Plummer Mills\uff0c\u6709\u8d44\u6599\u8bd1\u4e3a\u7c73\u5c14\u65af)\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u83f2\u5947(George A. Fitch\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u8d39\u5434\u751f)\u3001\u4f11\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7d22\u6069(Huberbt L. Sone\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b8b\u7166\u4f2f)\u7b49\u3002\u2466\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u827e\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279(Albert N. Steward\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u53f2\u5fb7\u851a)\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u9ad8\u6f6e\u671f\u8fc7\u540e\u6765\u5230\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u8bb0\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u7559\u9a7b\u6216\u8fdb\u5165\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u5927\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

1.\u804c\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42\u3002A. T.\u65af\u63d0\u5c14\u662f\u300a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u6bcf\u65e5\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u6d3e\u9a7b\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u8bb0\u8005\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u6d4e\u5357\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u9006\u7740\u5954\u9003\u7684\u4eba\u6d41\u4e8e12\u67082\u65e5\u6765\u5230\u5357\u4eac\u3002\u65af\u63d0\u5c14\u5357\u4e0b\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u5df2\u201c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5b8c\u86cb\u201d\uff0c\u2467\u4f46\u8fd9\u6ca1\u6709\u963b\u788d\u4ed6\u6df1\u5165\u9669\u5730\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb0\u8005\u4ea6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u804c\u4e1a\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u5982\u5b5f\u80af\u4e0e\u675c\u4e01\u5728\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e1c\u8def\u7684\u6218\u6597\u73b0\u573a\uff0c\u76ee\u51fb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u548c\u727a\u7272\u3002\u2468<\/p>\n

2.\u4fdd\u62a4\u6559\u4f1a\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f20\u64ad\u6559\u4e49\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u591a\u7b03\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u798f\u65af\u7279\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u524d\u81f4\u4fe1\u5bb6\u4eba\uff0c\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u7948\u7977\uff0c\u505a\u57fa\u7763\u4fe1\u5f92\u7406\u5e94\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u5fe0\u5b9e\u89c1\u8bc1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u65e0\u52a9\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u201d\u2469\u5c31\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u524d\u768412\u670812\u65e5\u4e0a\u5348\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd8\u5728\u9f13\u697c\u6559\u5802\u505a\u4e86\u5e03\u9053\u3002(11)\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u9ad8\u6f6e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u4e5f\u201c\u6bcf\u5929\u6216\u9694\u65e5\u201d\u51fa\u53bb\u5de1\u89c6\u6559\u4f1a\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002(12)<\/p>\n

3.\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u6d3e\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u91cd\u8fd4\u5357\u4eac\u65f6\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u8c03\u67e5\u7f8e\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u53d7\u635f\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u9876\u4f4f\u65e5\u65b9\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u5185\u67b6\u8bbe\u201c\u914d\u5907\u64cd\u4f5c\u5458\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u53f0\u201d\u3002(13)\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u7231\u5229\u751f\u548c\u6797\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u8d77\u8c03\u67e5\u65e5\u519b\u4ece\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u63b3\u8d70\u5987\u5973\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u6253\u8033\u5149\u7684\u4fae\u8fb1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u4ee3\u8868\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u65e5\u65b9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u538b\u529b\u3002(14)<\/p>\n

4.\u6551\u52a9\u5357\u4eac\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u5f18\u626c\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u5b89\u6392\u4fa8\u6c11\u64a4\u9000\u65f6\uff0c\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u5f53\u5373\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u79bb\u5f00\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u548c\u90bb\u5c45\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6211\u3002\u201d(15)\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u524d\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u544a\u8bc9\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u5371\u9669\u4e2d\u201c\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6218\u6597\u201d\u3001\u201c\u634d\u536b\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u4eba\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e0e\u9707\u64bc\u201d\u3002(16)1937\u5e7412\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u53d1\u5e03\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u64a4\u79bb\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u505a\u6700\u540e\u6289\u62e9\uff0c\u798f\u65af\u7279\u548c\u9a6c\u5409\u9009\u62e9\u7559\u4e0b\u3002\u798f\u65af\u7279\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u5e94\u6709\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u4eba\u58eb\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e2d\u7acb\u533a\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u987a\u5229\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u60df\u4e00\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e5f\u80fd\u9f13\u821e\u62a4\u58eb\u548c\u536b\u751f\u5458\u4eec\u5fe0\u4e8e\u804c\u5b88\u3002\u201d(17)\u5357\u4eac\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u5927\u591a\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u77e5\u540d\u9ad8\u6821\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u52bf\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c40\u52bf\u6709\u8f83\u654f\u9510\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5728\u590d\u6742\u5c40\u52bf\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u9002\u5f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u4e0e\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u65e5\u672c\u52bf\u529b\u6298\u51b2\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4e86\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u6551\u52a9\u5e73\u53f0\u548c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u6551\u63f4\u6548\u679c\uff0c(18)\u5145\u5206\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u8840\u8165\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u52a8\u673a\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u91cd\u5408\u7684\u3002\u5982\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e0d\u4ec5\u79ef\u6781\u4fdd\u62a4\u6559\u4f1a\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u9645\u6551\u63f4\u7684\u4e3b\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u6c11\u65bd\u66b4\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53ca\u4f20\u64ad<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u516d\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

1.\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u6863\u6848\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u4eba\u58eb\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u5236\u6b62\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u6551\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u65f6\u505a\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u6536\u96c6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u76ee\u51fb\u8bc1\u8a00\uff0c\u7ed3\u96c6\u4e3a\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u6863\u6848\u300b(Documents of the Nanking Safty Zone)\uff0c1939\u5e74\u7531\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u5f90\u6dd1\u5e0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6536\u5f5569\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u4f7f\u9886\u9986\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u4f2a\u5357\u4eac\u81ea\u6cbb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7b49\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u6587\u4e66\uff1b\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7f8e\u3001\u5fb7\u3001\u82f1\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u534f\u52a9\u5bf9\u65e5\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff1b\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u6240\u72b6\u51b5\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\uff1b1937\u5e7412\u670815\u65e5\u52301938\u5e742\u67087\u65e5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u548c\u9644\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u7684444\u4e2a\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e94\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5236\u6b62\u65e5\u519b\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u641c\u6355\u548c\u5c60\u6740\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\uff0c\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u65e5\u65b9\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u62ef\u6551\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u6863\u6848\u5bf9\u65e5\u519b\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5c60\u6740\u8bb0\u8f7d\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5978\u3001\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u7eb5\u706b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u96be\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u3001\u71c3\u6599\u3001\u836f\u54c1\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5176\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5c40\u9650\u3002(19)<\/p>\n

2.\u201c\u8036\u9c81\u6587\u732e\u201d(Yale University Divinity School Library Special Collections)\u3002\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u5148\u540e\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c1920\u5e74\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u4f1a\u6d3e\u9063\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u540e\u5728\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u83b7\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u66fe\u4e24\u6b21\u56e0\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\u4e3a\u5357\u4eac\u5e02\u6c11\u670d\u52a1\u88ab\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6388\u52cb\u3002(20)\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63ed\u9732\u66b4\u884c\u771f\u76f8\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1\u201d\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6c11\u201c\u6709\u6743\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7bc7\u7ae0\u201d\uff0c(21)\u7531\u5176\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5360\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u73b0\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u4e8e\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u7edf\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u8036\u9c81\u6587\u732e\u201d\u3002\u6587\u732e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5728\u5b81\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e0e\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u7ae0\u5f00\u6c85\u6559\u6388\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u8036\u9c81\u6587\u732e\u201d\u540c\u65f6\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5916\u591a\u5bb6\u5a92\u4f53\u6240\u5199\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u6863\u6848\u300b\u3001\u300a\u62c9\u8d1d\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u3001\u300a\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u798f\u65af\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u6444\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u8054\u5408\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6709\u5173\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u5357\u4eac\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5dee\u4f1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u62a5\u544a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6551\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u58eb\u4e0e\u65e5\u65b9\u7684\u6765\u5f80\u7535\u6587\u3002\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u6218\u524d\u5c31\u4e2d\u65e5\u5173\u7cfb\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u505a\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd8\u79d8\u5bc6\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u5360\u9886\u5357\u4eac\u540e\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8d29\u6bd2\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72ec\u5360\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u65e5\u519b\u5360\u9886\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6ca6\u9677\u540e\u5357\u4eac\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u201c\u8036\u9c81\u6587\u732e\u201d\u662f\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5357\u4eac\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u96c6\u4f53\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u524d\uff0c\u7559\u5b88\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u5411\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u5927\u4f7f\u548c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5357\u4eac\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002(22)\u8fd4\u56de\u5357\u4eac\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c8\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u76ee\u51fb\u8bc1\u8bcd\u548c\u5206\u6790\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u4e0e\u65e5\u65b9\u51fd\u7535\u5f80\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u591a\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u5907\u4efd\uff0c\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5730\u5411\u56fd\u5185\u53d1\u9001\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u6709\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u3001\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8d6b\u5c14\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u793a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u65e5\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002(23)<\/p>\n

4.\u300a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u6bcf\u65e5\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bfb\u8005\u6587\u6458\u300b\u3001\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\u7b49\u7f8e\u56fd\u62a5\u520a\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u7531\u524d\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u64b0\u5199\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u6839\u636e\u5357\u4eac\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\u3001\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u62a5\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n

5.\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u5ba3\u8a93\u8bc1\u8bcd\u53ca\u63a5\u53d7\u8d28\u8bc1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u30021946\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4e1c\u4eac\u5ba1\u5224\u5f00\u5ead\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u3001\u9a6c\u5409\u4e09\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a7\u65b9\u8bc1\u4eba\u51fa\u5ead\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u3001\u63a7\u65b9\u5f8b\u5e08\u548c\u8fa9\u62a4\u65b9\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u8d28\u8bc1\uff0c\u5bf9\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bc1\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u9a73\u65a5\u8fa9\u62a4\u65b9\u5f8b\u5e08\u5bf9\u63a7\u65b9\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u6545\u610f\u6b6a\u66f2\u548c\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u3001\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb\u3001\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u3001\u9ea6\u514b\u4f26\u7684\u5ba3\u8a93\u8bc1\u8bcd\u88ab\u6cd5\u5ead\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u4e66\u8bc1\u3002(24)<\/p>\n

6.\u5176\u4ed6\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u7530\u4f2f\u70c8(H. J. Timperley)1938\u5e74\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248What War Means\uff0cthe Japanese Terror in China(\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u8bd1\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5916\u4eba\u76ee\u7779\u4e2d\u4e4b\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u51fa\u7248)\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u56db\u5904\u5954\u8d70\uff0c\u5141\u8bfa\u63d0\u4f9b\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb\u4fe1\u4ef6\u3001\u6816\u971e\u5c71\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u65e5\u8bb0\uff0c\u9a6c\u5409\u3001\u798f\u65af\u7279\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u5c1a\u672a\u6253\u5370\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u7a3f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u548c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u3002(25)\u9a6c\u5409\u62cd\u6444\u4e86\u8bb0\u5f55\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u7531\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u79d8\u5bc6\u5e26\u51fa\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u653e\u6620\uff0c\u5e76\u8f97\u8f6c\u9001\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb1938\u5e74\u6625\u5e26\u9886\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u5357\u4eac\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u7530\u91ce\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u51fa\u7248War Damage in the Nanking Area\uff0cDecember\uff0c1937 to March\uff0c1938(\u4e2d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u6218\u7978\u5199\u771f\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5730\u533a\u6218\u4e89\u707e\u7978\u300b)\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8c03\u67e5\u662f\u5728\u65e5\u519b\u548c\u4f2a\u81ea\u6cbb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u773c\u76ae\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u201c\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u91cc\u6240\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u9020\u6210\u751f\u547d\u8d22\u4ea7\u635f\u5931\u603b\u6570\u7684\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e8c\u201d\uff0c(26)\u4f46\u4ecd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f88\u591a\u5b9d\u8d35\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14\u3001\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u548c\u5361\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u5357\u4eac\u89c6\u5bdf\u62a5\u544a\u4e5f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ea6\u53d7\u5230\u65e5\u519b\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u906d\u53d7\u751f\u547d\u5a01\u80c1\u30021937\u5e7412\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u91cc\u641c\u5bfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u4f4f\u623f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u6797\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u518d\u5bf9\u65e5\u519b\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u5176\u628a\u5e73\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u4eba\u6293\u8d70\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u4e09\u6b21\u7528\u523a\u5200\u5a01\u80c1\u5e76\u6bb4\u6253\u3002(27)\u9ea6\u514b\u4f26\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u58eb\u5175\u523a\u4f24\u8116\u5b50\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u906d\u9047\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u4eba\u58eb\u662f\u52c7\u6562\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u987e\u53ca\u81ea\u8eab\u5b89\u5371\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u800c\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u53ea\u5360\u5357\u4eac\u57ce\u533a\u9762\u79ef\u76841\/8\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8dd1\u6765\u6c42\u6551\u7b49\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u62c5\u5fc3\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8f7b\u6613\u4e0d\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u79bb\u5f00\u5357\u4eac\u57ce\u3002(28)<\/p>\n

\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u7a0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u9075\u5b88\u65e5\u519b\u201c\u89c4\u77e9\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u65e5\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u201c\u966a\u540c\u201d\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5176\u5b9e\u65e9\u7ecf\u201c\u6e05\u7406\u201d\u3002(29)\u800c\u5f53\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u8fd4\u56de\u5357\u4eac\u3001\u8c03\u67e5\u65e5\u519b\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5e26\u8d70\u4e2d\u56fd\u5987\u5973\u52a0\u4ee5\u5978\u6c61\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u6bb4\u6253\u7684\u201c\u7231\u5229\u751f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u3002(30)<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9f13\u697c\u6cbf\u7740\u4e2d\u5c71\u8def(\u4eca\u4e2d\u5c71\u5317\u8def)\u524d\u5f80\u4e0b\u5173\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u548c\u7801\u5934\uff0c\u662f\u5357\u4eac\u5185\u5916\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u5b54\u9053\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u5916\u7f18\uff0c\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u7a0d\u7a0d\u8d85\u51fa\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u3002\u9a6c\u5409\u66fe\u51fa\u57ce\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u4eba\u58eb\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u5357\u4eac\u90ca\u533a\u6c5f\u5357\u6c34\u6ce5\u5382\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u4f38\u51fa\u7684\u89e6\u89d2\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u6297\u65e5\u6839\u636e\u5730\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd\u30021939\u5e74\uff0c\u5ef6\u5b89\u65f6\u4e8b\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u7f16\u5370\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca6\u9677\u533a\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5185\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e09\u7f16\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e00\u76ee\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5411\u65e5\u65b9\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e66\u4f5c\u5e8f\u300a\u7814\u7a76\u6ca6\u9677\u533a\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u9898\u5199\u4e66\u540d\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u6ca6\u9677\u533a\u300b\u3002(35)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62a5\u9053\u4f20\u64ad\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u82cf\u8054\u7b49\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002(36)1938\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u7684\u4f69\u5fb7\u52d2\u5c06\u8428\u91d1\u7279\u795e\u752b\u7684\u4fe1\u5bc4\u7ed9\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u8c6a\u5c14\uff0c\u6b64\u4fe1\u9644\u4e0a\u4e86\u8d39\u5434\u751f1937\u5e74\u7684\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u65e5\u8bb0\uff0c\u8c6a\u5c14\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u6d88\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u3002\u201d(37)\u5fb7\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u548c\u65af\u63d0\u5c14\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u7531\u9a7b\u5317\u5e73\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u5bc4\u5f80\u5fb7\u56fd\u9a7b\u6c49\u53e3\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u3002(38)\u9a6c\u5409\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u548c\u89e3\u8bf4\u8bcd\uff0c\u88ab\u6536\u5165\u300a\u62c9\u8d1d\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u548c\u7f57\u68ee\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u3002\u7f57\u68ee\u8fd8\u7279\u5730\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u89c2\u770b\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f71\u7247\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u90e8\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6587\u732e\u201d\u3002(39)\u82cf\u8054\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u63f4\u5f15\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u6bcf\u65e5\u7535\u8baf\u62a5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u675c\u4e01\u90fd\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3002\u675c\u4e01\u5199\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u519b\u5360\u9886\u5357\u4eac\u4e4b\u540e\u76842\u5929\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u5f3a\u66b4\u5987\u5973\u3001\u6740\u5bb3\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67aa\u6740\u5df2\u6210\u4fd8\u864f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6050\u6016\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u8857\u9053\u4e0a\u904d\u5e03\u5c38\u4f53\u3002\u201d(40)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5927\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3b\u6d41\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u5dee\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\uff0c\u5df2\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\u3002\u300a\u5916\u4eba\u76ee\u7779\u4e2d\u4e4b\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\u300b\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u662f\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u7248\u7684\uff0c\u53d1\u884c\u91cf\u8fbe30\u4e07\u518c\uff1b(41)\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u5ba3\u90e8\u56fd\u9645\u5ba3\u4f20\u5904\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u674e\u590d(Earl H. Leaf)\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u54c8\u8499\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u5e03\u96f7\u8fea\u5c0f\u59d0\u53d6\u5f97\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u7b56\u5212\u5728\u7f8e\u653e\u6620\u9a6c\u5409\u7535\u5f71\u3002(42)<\/p>\n

\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u7684\u8d74\u7f8e\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u30021938\u5e743\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u5357\u4eac\u8f97\u8f6c\u62b5\u8fbe\u52a0\u5dde\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e24\u4e09\u573a\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u770b\u4e86\u5f71\u7247\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8f70\u52a8\u3002\u201d\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u300a\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u94b1\u5fb7\u52d2\u53ca\u6b27\u6587\u00b7\u62c9\u94c1\u6469\u5c14\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u30024\u6708\uff0c\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u62b5\u8fbe\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\uff0c\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u526f\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8c6a\u6069\u8d1d\u514b(Stanley Hornbeck)\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u7f8e\u5927\u4f7f\u738b\u6b63\u5ef7\u7b49\uff0c\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0b\u9662\u5916\u4ea4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u6218\u65f6\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\u7b49\u653e\u6620\u4e86\u5f71\u7247\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u8fd8\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u7b49\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e86\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002(43)<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u539f\u672c\u731c\u6d4b\u5360\u9886\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u65e5\u519b\u5c06\u6062\u590d\u65e5\u5e38\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u7528\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u597d\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u884c\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u201d\uff0c(44)\u4f46\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5c60\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65af\u63d0\u5c14\u79bb\u5f00\u5357\u4eac\u65f6\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u67095000\u201420000\u540d\u519b\u4eba\u88ab\u5c60\u6740\u3002(45)\u201c\u6700\u540e\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u6cbf\u5cb8\u9644\u8fd1\u57ce\u5899\u524d\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u7684\u4e00\u4f19\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u6709300\u4eba\u3002\u90a3\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u5806\u4e86\u6ca1\u819d\u9ad8\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u3002\u201d\u201c\u4ece\u4e0b\u5173\u51fa\u57ce\u65f6\uff0c\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ece\u5806\u79ef\u4e865\u82f1\u5c3a\u539a\u7684\u5c38\u9ab8\u4e0a\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u5361\u8f66\u548c\u5927\u70ae\u4e5f\u8fd9\u6837\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u201d(46)\u65af\u63d0\u5c14\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u88ab\u675c\u4e01\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u7ecf\u7f34\u68b0\u3001\u51c6\u5907\u6295\u964d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\u5df2\u662f\u6c42\u52a9\u65e0\u95e8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u641c\u6355\u5e76\u5904\u51b3\u3002\u2026\u2026\u670920000\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u662f\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u201d(47)<\/p>\n

1938\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u533b\u751f\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a17\u5c81\u7537\u5b69\u7684\u8bc1\u8a00\uff1a1937\u5e7412\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u7ea610000\u540d15\u5c81\u523030\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7537\u4eba\u88ab\u5e26\u5230\u8f6e\u6e21\u7801\u5934\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u6c5f\u5824\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c3\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b7b\u91cc\u9003\u751f\u3002\u8fd910000\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea66000\u4eba\u662f\u58eb\u5175\uff0c4000\u4eba\u662f\u5e73\u6c11\u3002(48)<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u5c11\u653e\u4e0b\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u641c\u51fa\u5e76\u6740\u5bb3\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u6837\u88ab\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u519b\u4eba\u53ea\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u58eb\u5766\u627f\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u4f1a\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u5904\u7f6e\u89e3\u9664\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u627e\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u653e\u4e0b\u6b66\u5668\u8eb2\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e24\u4e2a\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u3002\u2026\u2026\u540e\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u5929\u91cc\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\uff01\u201d(49)<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u30021938\u5e741\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u5411\u5357\u4eac\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f7f\u9986\u901a\u62a5\u5f97\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u60c5\u62a5\uff1a\u201c\u7d27\u968f\u65e5\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u5185\u5916\u516c\u5f00\u5730\u9157\u9152\u3001\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u5f3a\u5978\u3001\u62a2\u52ab\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u5341\u5206\u9707\u60ca\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u672a\u80fd\u5bf9\u519b\u5b98\u4eec\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6f20\u7136\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u4e8e\u628a\u653e\u7eb5\u58eb\u5175\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u519b\u961f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u81f4\u7535\u4e1c\u4eac\u8981\u6c42\u63a7\u5236\u519b\u961f\u611f\u5230\u7edd\u671b\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u5efa\u8bae\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u516c\u5e03\u4e8b\u6001\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5229\u7528\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u4fc3\u4f7f\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u519b\u961f\u3002\u201d2\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u73b0\u573a\u7684\u7231\u5229\u751f\u7b49\u4eba\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u662f\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u906d\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u6740\u622e\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u51c6\u786e\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f46\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc72\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5904\u51b3\u3002\u201d(50)<\/p>\n

\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0a\u5347\u30021938\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6c49\u53e3\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u520a\u7269\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u65e5\u519b\u81f3\u5c11\u6740\u5bb3\u4e868\u4e07\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u201d(51)1938\u5e744\u6708\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f\uff1a\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u6148\u5584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ea2\u534d\u5b57\u4f1a\u4ece1\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u52304\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u533a\u63a9\u57cb1793\u5177\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d80%\u662f\u5e73\u6c11\uff1b\u5728\u57ce\u5916\uff0c\u63a9\u57cb39589\u5177\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u7ea62.5%\u662f\u5e73\u6c11\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u5173\u548c\u4e0a\u65b0\u6cb3\u5730\u533a\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u751f\u547d\u635f\u5931\u3002\u201d(52)<\/p>\n

\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c1938\u5e74\u521d\u7f8e\u519b\u60c5\u62a5\u673a\u6784\u6240\u7834\u8bd1\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5916\u4ea4\u7535\u6587\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5c60\u6740\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5916\u76f8\u5e7f\u7530\u5f18\u6bc51\u670817\u65e5\u5728\u5411\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u7f8e\u4f7f\u9986\u53d1\u51fa\u8bad\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u82f1\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u7530\u4f2f\u70c8\u7684\u7535\u8baf\u7a3f\u3002\u8be5\u7535\u8baf\u7a3f\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u81ea\u4ece\u51e0\u5929\u524d\u56de\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u6211\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u53ca\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u6240\u72af\u66b4\u884c\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u76ee\u51fb\u8005\u7684\u53e3\u8ff0\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u4fe1\u8a89\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\u53ca\u7ee7\u7eed\u5176\u66b4\u884c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u4f7f\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u963f\u63d0\u62c9\u53ca\u5176\u5308\u5974\u4eba\u3002\u81f3\u5c1130\u4e07\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e73\u6c11\u906d\u5230\u5c60\u6740\u3002\u201d(53)\u636e\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u6b64\u4e43\u201c30\u4e07\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u6027\u66b4\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5730\u72f1\u822c\u7684\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u76ee\u51fb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7537\u5973\u60b2\u60e8\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\uff1a\u7537\u4eba\u88ab\u5e26\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5f52\u8def\uff0c\u548c\u5987\u5973\u5728\u6050\u6016\u4e2d\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u521b\u4f24\uff0c\u54ea\u4ef6\u4e8b\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u60b2\u75db\u3002(54)\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u533b\u751f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u548c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u8981\u505a\u51e0\u5341\u53f0\u624b\u672f\u7684\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u7ecf\u5e38\u8981\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u53bb\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u503c\u591c\u73ed\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u907f\u96be\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u4f461937\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u4ecd\u7ffb\u5899\u5f3a\u5978\u4e8616\u540d\u5987\u5973\u3002(55)1938\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d40\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\u3001\u8116\u5b50\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u780d\u4e864\u5200\u7684\u5987\u5973\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff1a1937\u5e7412\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u8be1\u79f0\u627e\u4eba\u5e2e\u519b\u5b98\u6d17\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u5c066\u4e2a\u5987\u5973\u4ece\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u5e26\u8d70\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u767d\u5929\u6d17\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u665a\u4e0a\u88ab\u8f6e\u5978\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d5\u4eba\u6bcf\u665a\u88ab\u5f3a\u597810\u201420\u6b21\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u6bcf\u665a\u8981\u88ab\u5f3a\u597840\u6b21\u5de6\u53f3\u3002(56)<\/p>\n

1937\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5987\u5973\u544a\u8bc9\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\uff1a\u4ece12\u5c81\u7684\u5c11\u5973\u523060\u5c81\u7684\u8001\u59aa\u90fd\u88ab\u5f3a\u5978\u3002\u4e08\u592b\u4eec\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u5367\u5ba4\uff0c\u6000\u5b55\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u88ab\u523a\u5200\u5256\u8179\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u7948\u7977\u201c\u8981\u662f\u6709\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6050\u6016\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u5230\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u697c\u91cc\u6311\u9009\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u201c\u88ab\u6293\u8d70\u7684\u5987\u5973\u4eec\u54ed\u558a\u7740\u201d\u3002(57)\u5979\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u5728\u6293\u4e0d\u5230\u5e74\u8f7b\u59d1\u5a18\u65f6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u627e\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7537\u5b69\u3002(58)<\/p>\n

\u5f3a\u5978\u7ed9\u5987\u5973\u4eec\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e86\u88ab\u5f3a\u5978\u81f4\u6b7b\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8336\u9986\u8001\u677f\u768417\u5c81\u7684\u5973\u513f\u88ab7\u540d\u65e5\u672c\u58eb\u5175\u8f6e\u5978\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e12\u670818\u65e5\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5728\u5e73\u5b89\u5df7\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u59d1\u5a18\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u58eb\u5175\u5f3a\u5978\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002\u201d(59)\u5f3a\u5978\u8fd8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f88\u591a\u5987\u5973\u6000\u5b55\u3002\u53f2\u5fb7\u851a\u8bb0\u8ff0\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u5987\u5973\u524d\u6765\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u9662\u6c42\u52a9\u2026\u2026\u5927\u592b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5378\u6389\u4e86\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u2018\u5305\u88b1\u2019\u3002\u201d(60)\u9664\u8fd9\u4e9b\u663e\u6027\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u5f3a\u5978\u8fd8\u9020\u6210\u88ab\u4fae\u8fb1\u5987\u5973\u957f\u671f\u906d\u53d7PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u521b\u4f24\u540e\u5e94\u6fc0\u53cd\u5e94\u969c\u788d\u201d)\u7684\u9690\u5f62\u6298\u78e8\u3002(61)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u7eb5\u706b\u7b49\u7f6a\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u62a2\u52ab\u548c\u7eb5\u706b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a0\u593a\u73b0\u5728\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7531\u65e5\u519b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u6307\u6325\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u5bf9\u5546\u5e97\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u7834\u574f\u3002\u201d(62)\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb\u544a\u8bc9\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\uff1a\u201c12\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u548c\u6211\u508d\u665a\u5f00\u8f66\u524d\u5f80\u57ce\u5357\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u770b\u89c1\u65e5\u519b\u6b63\u5728\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u4ece\u5e97\u94fa\u62ff\u8d70\u5269\u4f59\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u88c5\u8fdb\u519b\u7528\u5361\u8f66\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u653e\u706b\u711a\u70e7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u623f\u5c4b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u662f\u84c4\u610f\u6bc1\u6389\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u7edd\u975e\u5076\u7136\u6240\u4e3a\u3002\u201d(63)<\/p>\n

1937\u5e7412\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f97\u5230\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u65e5\u519b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4fb5\u5165\u4e86\u9664\u7531\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u680b\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6d17\u52ab\u5c45\u6c11\u548c\u5546\u5e97\uff0c\u5bf9\u6ede\u7559\u57ce\u4e2d\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u533a\u522b\u5730\u5c04\u51fb\u548c\u6740\u622e\u3002(64)<\/p>\n

\u62a2\u52ab\u548c\u7eb5\u706b\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u8d22\u4ea7\u635f\u5931\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u9645\u6551\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u5357\u4eac31%\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u88ab\u70e7\u6bc1\uff1b\u5e97\u94fa\u88ab\u6bc1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u66f4\u9ad8\uff1b\u65e5\u519b\u635f\u6bc1\u53ca\u62a2\u52ab\u9020\u6210\u9ad8\u8fbe1\u4ebf\u6cd5\u5e01\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u635f\u5931\uff1b\u5357\u4eac\u5468\u8fb9\u516c\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u88ab\u6d17\u52ab\u51e0\u5c3d\uff0c\u5e76\u9677\u5165\u7f3a\u5c11\u79cd\u5b50\u3001\u7272\u755c\u3001\u52b3\u529b\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u64ad\u79cd\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4f5c\u7269\u4ec5\u4e3a\u5e73\u5e38\u5e74\u4efd\u768410%\u3002\u201d(65)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6bd2\u54c1\u4e70\u5356\u3001\u5f00\u8bbe\u201c\u6170\u5b89\u6240\u201d\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u662f\u65e5\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd2\u54c1\u4e70\u5356\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb0\u5f55\u8005\u3002\u636e\u5176\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u201c\u6bcf\u6708\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u8d2b\u56f0\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u90a3\u91cc\u652b\u53d6500\u4e07\u5143\u201d\u3002\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u7279\u52a1\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0e\u6d77\u6d1b\u56e0\u8d38\u6613\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bbd\u523a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4e2d\u65e5\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7684\u548c\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e43\u662f\u6bd2\u5bb3\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u3002\u201d(66)\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u516c\u5f00\u5f20\u8d34\u7684\u6170\u5b89\u6240\u5e7f\u544a\u3002\u5e7f\u544a\u79f0\uff0c\u6170\u5b89\u6240\u7cfb\u201c\u5175\u7ad9\u6307\u5b9a\u201d\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u201c\u7b2c\u56db\u65e5\u652f\u4eb2\u5584\u4f1a\u9986\u201d\uff0c\u5185\u6709\u201c\u652f\u90a3\u7f8e\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u5c31\u6b64\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6ca6\u9677\u533a\u5c45\u6c11\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u79bb\u5f00\u90aa\u6076\u5373\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d(67)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\u9020\u6210\u5357\u4eac\u4eba\u5c45\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6076\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d39\u5434\u751f\u5728\u7ed9\u53cb\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5357\u4eac\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u62a2\u52ab\u548c\u711a\u70e7\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u4e00\u5177\u7a7a\u58f3\u3002\u201d(68)\u7a7a\u58f3\u5316\u7684\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u201c\u57ce\u5185\u5916\u88ab\u654c\u65e5\u6b8b\u622e\u4e4b\u519b\u6c11\uff0c\u9057\u5c38\u904d\u5730\uff0c\u81ed\u6c14\u718f\u5929\u2026\u2026\u5175\u71f9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u75ab\u75a0\u4e1b\u751f\uff0c\u516c\u79c1\u533b\u9662\u8bca\u6240\uff0c\u5747\u672a\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u60a3\u75c5\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u65e0\u5904\u6cbb\u7597\u201d\u3002(69)\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5929\u6c14\u8f6c\u6696\uff0c\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u5230\u5904\u90fd\u662f\uff0c\u75e2\u75be\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u5371\u9669\u66f4\u52a0\u7a81\u51fa\u3002(70)\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u8fd8\u9020\u6210\u98df\u7269\u6781\u5ea6\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u996e\u98df\u7ed3\u6784\u4e25\u91cd\u7578\u5f62\uff0c\u9b4f\u7279\u7433\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u80fd\u7ef4\u6301\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u98df\u7269\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e61\u6751\u5df2\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7eff\u8272\u7684\u852c\u83dc\u3002\u2026\u2026\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u9e21\u3001\u732a\u6216\u725b\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u9a74\u5b50\u88ab\u5bb0\u6740\u4e86\u5403\u8089\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u201d(71)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u65e5\u519b\u5bf9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u63a9\u76d6\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u5e55\u95f9\u5267\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u5ba3\u4f20\uff01\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ee5\u65bd\u6deb\u5a01\u76841\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u65b0\u95fb\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5728\u57ce\u91cc\u6f14\u51fa\u65e5\u672c\u58eb\u5175\u7ed9\u5c0f\u5b69\u53d1\u7cd6\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u533b\u7ed920\u540d\u5b69\u5b50\u68c0\u67e5\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u95f9\u5267\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3e\u52a8\u5728\u7167\u76f8\u673a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u600e\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u590d\u5462\uff01\u201d(72)<\/p>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6743\u76ca\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u6c11\u95f4\u4eba\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fb5\u72af\u5404\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u53ca\u65f6\u5236\u6b62\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5f62\u6210\u76f4\u63a5\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u5374\u4ecd\u66f2\u610f\u4e89\u53d6\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5584\u610f\u5bf9\u5f85\u30021937\u5e7412\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u96c5\u7eb3\u5c14\u81f4\u957f\u51fd\u7ed9\u677e\u4e95\u77f3\u6839\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u542c\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u628a\u9664\u5df1\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u58f0\u660e\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u201d(89)<\/p>\n

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\u4f59\u8bba<\/p>\n

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