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\u5728\u6574\u9970\u5929\u7687\u4e0e\u58eb\u5175\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5a92\u4f53\u53c8\u6781\u529b\u5411\u56fd\u5185\u6c11\u4f17\u63cf\u8ff0\u65e5\u672c\u6218\u540e\u4e00\u6d3e\u89e3\u7532\u5f52\u7530\u3001\u5043\u6b66\u4fee\u6587\u7684\u666f\u8c61\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u628a\u98de\u673a\u6cb9\u7bb1\u6539\u5236\u6210\u9910\u76d8\uff0c\u5c06\u70b8\u5f39\u91d1\u5c5e\u5916\u58f3\u505a\u6210\u7089\u5b50\uff0c\u628a\u53bb\u6389\u96f7\u7ba1\u7684\u6c34\u96f7\u7528\u505a\u5582\u732a\u7684\u98df\u69fd\uff0c\u628a\u7f57\u76d8\u53d8\u6210\u5987\u5973\u7528\u7684\u5316\u5986\u76d2\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u201c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5c06\u653e\u5f03\u6d77\u5916\u5f81\u6218\u7684\u7537\u6027\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u6c11\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u201d[1](P137)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u70c2\u6f2b\u7684\u6a31\u82b1\u3001\u548c\u5584\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5987\u5973\u548c\u8ba8\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u513f\u7ae5\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u5316\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u7b26\u53f7\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u81f360\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u9898\u6750\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\u88ab\u53cd\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u597d\u83b1\u575e\u5728\u79cd\u65cf\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d4b\u65e5\u672c\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u3001\u5973\u6027\u5316\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d\u5f62\u8c61\u00a0[1](PP260-262)\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u513f\u7ae5\u5316\u7684\u65e5\u672c<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bd4\u4e4b\u88ab\u5973\u6027\u5316\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u88ab\u6bd4\u55bb\u4e3a\u201c12\u5c81\u7537\u5b69\u201d\u66f4\u6709\u7406\u7531\u6b23\u6170\u7684\u8fd8\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u4fdd\u6709\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u3001\u6c38\u8fdc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u624d\u667a\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u7537\u5b69\u4eec\u201d\u4f1a\u6210\u957f\u6210\u4e3a\u7537\u4eba\u00a0[1](P57)\u2014\u2014\u51b7\u6218\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bf4\u670d\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u201c\u5b7a\u5b50\u53ef\u6559\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u826f\u5e08\u201d\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u201c\u574f\u5b69\u5b50\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u4f18\u7b49\u751f\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u5e38\u5973\u6027\u5316\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u5316\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4f4e\u5e7c\u3001\u65e0\u77e5\u3001\u5f31\u5c0f\u7684\u4f4e\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u4e00\u6781\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u3001\u7537\u6027\u5316\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u800c\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u8bdd\u8bed\u4ea6\u591a\u5c06\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u50cf\u5973\u6027\u548c\u5b69\u7ae5\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u65e0\u52a9\u3001\u5e7c\u7a1a\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u6697\u793a\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u6587\u660e\u6559\u5316\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u548c\u5f15\u9886\u6307\u6559[1](P12)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u65e5\u672c\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u91cd\u5851\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u51b7\u6218\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u529b\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u8c0b\u6c42\u626e\u6f14\u4e16\u754c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u9700\u8981\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e94\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u91cd\u6574\u6027\u522b\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e00\uff09<\/strong>\u8fdb\u5165\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u548c\u5851\u9020\u201c\u6587\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u9886\u822a\u8005\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6da9\u6cfd\u5c1a\u5b50\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u4e3a\u4f55\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u626e\u6f14\u6210\u65e5\u672c\u201c\u7537\u7ae5\u201d\u7684\u201c\u826f\u5e08\u201d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e9\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u5915\u76841941\u5e74\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7A.\u5362\u65af(Henry Albert Ruth)\u2466\u5c31\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b\u7684\u8457\u540d\u8bb2\u6f14\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53d6\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d77\u5b83\u5df2\u80dc\u4efb\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u2026\u2026\u634d\u536b\u6b8b\u5b58\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u3001\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u201d[6](PP61-65)[1](P76)\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6982\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u60f3\u8c61\u654c\u4eba\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u60f3\u8c61\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6614\u65e5\u654c\u4eba\u548c\u89e3\u6765\u5851\u9020\u7f8e\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6177\u6168\u6c14\u5ea6\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u660e\u9886\u822a\u8005\u5f62\u8c61\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u626e\u6f14\u65e5\u672c\u201c\u826f\u5e08\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u6614\u65e5\u654c\u4eba\u6559\u5316\u6210\u201c\u660e\u661f\u5b66\u751f\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u80fd\u663e\u793a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u201c\u540c\u5316\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u3001\u4f7f\u5176\u6b23\u8d4f\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u62e5\u62a4\u81ea\u7531\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u201d[8](P12)[1](PP75-76)\u3001\u5f00\u521b\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e16\u7eaa\u201d\u7684\u4f1f\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u6de1\u5316\u56fd\u5185\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u611f\u89c9\u826f\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4ee5\u65e5\u672c\u5973\u6027\u4e3a\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u540e\u7684\u6027\u522b\u79e9\u5e8f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u51fa\u8272\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5979\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6311\u6218\u7537\u6027\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u7f8e\u56fd\u6027\u522b\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62b1\u6028\u7f8e\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u201c\u524a\u5f31\u7537\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u4f7f\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u539f\u5148\u90a3\u76f4\u7387\u8c6a\u723d\u3001\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5c48\u7684\u6027\u683c\u6b63\u5728\u6d88\u901d\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u67d4\u5f31\u3001\u5973\u5b50\u6c14\u201d[1](PP81-82)\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u63a8\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u8ff7\u5931\u201d\u4e86\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u91cd\u62fe\u6e29\u67d4\u987a\u4ece\u4e4b\u5973\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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