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1866\u5e74\u5bf9\u671d\u9c9c\u800c\u8a00\u53ef\u8c13\u591a\u4e8b\u4e4b\u79cb\u3002\u9664\u53bb\u201c\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u5c06\u519b\u53f7\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u63d0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u4e19\u5bc5\u6d0b\u6270\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5e74\u521d\u201c\u4e19\u5bc5\u90aa\u72f1\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u540d\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u88ab\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u6b64\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u4f2f\u6d1b\u5185\uff08Henri de Bellonet\uff09\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u8230\u961f\u53f8\u4ee4\u7f57\u5179\uff08Pierre-Gustave Roze\uff09\u5f3a\u70c8\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u671d\u9c9c\u5b9e\u65bd\u6b66\u529b\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e867\u8258\u519b\u8230\u3001\u5343\u4f59\u4eba\u5175\u529b\uff0c\u4e8e1866\u5e7410\u6708\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u5c06\u519b\u53f7\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u5de6\u53f3\u2014\u2014\u5f00\u8d74\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u5ea6\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u6c5f\u534e\u5c9b\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u503e\u5168\u529b\u6fc0\u70c8\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u6cd5\u519b\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5728\u5bf9\u6c5f\u534e\u5e9c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u6d17\u52ab\u540e\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u91d1\u94f6\u8d22\u7269\u53ca\u6c5f\u534e\u53f2\u5e93\uff08\u5373\u5916\u594e\u7ae0\u9601\uff0c\u662f\u671d\u9c9c\u65f6\u671f\u738b\u5ba4\u85cf\u4e66\u5730\u594e\u7ae0\u9601\u7684\u5206\u9601\uff09\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u56fe\u4e66\uff0c\u64a4\u51fa\u4e86\u671d\u9c9c\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u505c\u6cca\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u957f\u5d0e\u3001\u201c\u4e19\u5bc5\u6d0b\u6270\u201d\u65f6\u5f00\u8d74\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u8230\u961f<\/p>\n

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1871\u5e74\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u7a81<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u6309\u7167\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8239\u4e0a\u4eba\u5458\u65e0\u4e00\u5e78\u5b58\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u53d1\u540e\u6708\u4f59\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u70df\u53f0\u9886\u4e8b\u5c31\u58f0\u79f0\u6536\u5230\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u201c\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u5c06\u519b\u53f7\u201d\u5c1a\u6709\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u6ede\u7559\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u5e76\u6b63\u5728\u906d\u53d7\u82db\u5f85\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u7d22\u8fd8\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d3e\u9063\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u5728\u63a2\u67e5\u671d\u9c9c\u6d77\u57df\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5411\u671d\u9c9c\u7d22\u8fd8\u201c\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u5c06\u519b\u53f7\u201d\u7684\u5e78\u5b58\u4eba\u5458\u30021867\u5e741\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u671d\u9c9c\u7d22\u8fd8\u7f81\u7559\u4eba\u53e3\u3002\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u201c\u74e6\u79cb\u585e\u7279\u53f7\u201d\uff08Wachusett\uff09\u5728\u8230\u957f\u859b\u6590\u5c14\uff08Robert W. Shufeldt\uff09\u7684\u7387\u9886\u4e0b\u62b5\u8fbe\u9ec4\u6d77\u9053\u6708\u4e43\u5c9b\uff0c\u5411\u5c9b\u6c11\u6295\u9012\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u9001\u8fd8\u201c\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u5c06\u519b\u53f7\u201d\u7684\u751f\u8fd8\u8005\u30021868\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u201c\u7533\u5357\u9053\u963f\u53f7\u201d\uff08Shenandoah\uff09\u6765\u5230\u671d\u9c9c\u5e73\u5b89\u3001\u9ec4\u6d77\u4e24\u9053\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6d77\u57df\uff0c\u9664\u52d8\u67e5\u6d77\u5cb8\u3001\u5411\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5c45\u6c11\u201c\u95ee\u60c5\u201d\u5916\uff0c\u8230\u957f\u8d39\u7c73\u65e5\uff08J. C. Febige\uff09\u8fd8\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u4ee5\u7167\u4f1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u5e76\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u7ed9\u671d\u9c9c\u9ad8\u5b97\u7684\u7167\u4f1a\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6b21\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u4ea6\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u201c\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\u5c06\u519b\u53f7\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u672a\u80fd\u4e0e\u671d\u9c9c\u4e2d\u592e\u53d6\u5f97\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ecd\u6ca1\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7d22\u8fd8\u4eba\u53e3\u53ca\u7b7e\u8ba2\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9a7b\u534e\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0e\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5f15\u6e21\u88ab\u6263\u62bc\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u4ee3\u4e3a\u8be2\u95ee\u60c5\u7531\u3001\u6c9f\u901a\u7f8e\u671d\u53cc\u65b9\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u5747\u88ab\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u542b\u6df7\u7565\u8fc7\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u641c\u5bfb\u65e0\u679c\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u9014\u5f84\u4ea6\u65e0\u6210\u6548\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c1870\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4efb\u547d\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9542\u6590\u8fea\uff08Frederick F. Low\uff09\u4e3a\u5168\u6743\u5927\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e8e1871\u5e74\u6625\u7387\u9886\u4e9a\u6d32\u8230\u961f\u524d\u8d74\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u7d22\u8fd8\u7f81\u7559\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ea4\u6d89\u901a\u5546\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u641c\u5bfb\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u7d22\u8fd8\u7f81\u7559\u4eba\u53e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u62b1\u592a\u5927\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u5951\u673a\u4e0e\u671d\u9c9c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u6d77\u96be\u6551\u52a9\u534f\u5b9a\u4e43\u81f3\u4fc3\u4f7f\u671d\u9c9c\u5f00\u6e2f\u901a\u5546\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u5219\u65e5\u6e10\u660e\u663e\u3002\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u6b64\u6b21\u524d\u5f80\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u8fd8\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u548c\u5e73\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5728\u4e8b\u524d\u5bc4\u9001\u7ed9\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u4e2d\u89e3\u91ca\u79f0\uff0c\u5e26\u519b\u8230\u524d\u5f80\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u6dfb\u6c14\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u6311\u8845\u4e4b\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u62b5\u8fbe\u671d\u9c9c\u540e\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u8fd8\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n

1871\u5e745\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u6d32\u8230\u961f\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u7f57\u6770\u65af\uff08J. Rodgers\uff09\u5949\u547d\u7387\u9886\u4ee5\u201c\u79d1\u7f57\u62c9\u591a\u53f7\u201d\uff08Colorado\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u76845\u8258\u519b\u8230\u30011200\u4f59\u540d\u58eb\u5175\u7531\u65e5\u672c\u957f\u5d0e\u5f00\u8d74\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u4e8e5\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u62b5\u8fbe\u671d\u9c9c\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u5357\u9633\u90e1\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u6d3e\u51fa\u5c0f\u8239\u63a2\u6d4b\u6cbf\u9014\u6c34\u6587\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5411\u524d\u6765\u67e5\u63a2\u7684\u671d\u9c9c\u5b98\u5458\u63d0\u51fa\u4ea4\u6d89\u548c\u901a\u5546\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d3e\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u5168\u6743\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u8282\uff0c\u4f46\u671d\u9c9c\u653f\u5e9c\u6b64\u65f6\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u4ea4\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u4e1d\u6beb\u7684\u4ea4\u6d89\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u6d3e\u51fa\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u201c\u95ee\u60c5\u201d\u7684\u901a\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u8bd1\u5b98\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u901a\u5546\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u6309\u7167\u60ef\u4f8b\u4e88\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5219\u4ee5\u524d\u6765\u63a5\u5f85\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u54c1\u7ea7\u592a\u4f4e\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u987e\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u4e00\u8def\u6cbf\u6c5f\u4e0a\u6eaf\uff0c\u9a76\u5411\u671d\u9c9c\u5185\u6e2f\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5728\u5b59\u4e6d\u9879\u4e0e\u5e7f\u57ce\u9547\u9644\u8fd1\u906d\u5230\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9e23\u70ae\u963b\u62e6\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6c5f\u534e\u5c9b\u9644\u8fd1\u5730\u56fe\uff08\u5730\u56fe\u51fa\u81ea\u59dc\u5728\u5f66\u300a\u97e9\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u519b\u968f\u5373\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u5411\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u671d\u9c9c\u5b88\u519b\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u201c\u8f9b\u672a\u6d0b\u6270\u201d\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u3002\u7f8e\u519b\u6c34\u9646\u5e76\u8fdb\uff0c6\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5728\u8349\u829d\u9547\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6fc0\u70c8\u6218\u6597\u540e\u5b8c\u6210\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5411\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u5fb7\u6d25\u9547\u8fdb\u53d1\u5e76\u5360\u9886\u4e4b\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8fbe\u5230\u6c5f\u534e\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u9698\u8981\u5730\u5e7f\u57ce\u9547\u3002\u9547\u5b88\u5e7f\u57ce\u5821\u7684\u662f\u9547\u629a\u4e2d\u519b\u9c7c\u5728\u6e0a\u53ca\u5176\u5e03\u9632\u4e8e\u6b64\u7684600\u540d\u5b88\u519b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u987d\u5f3a\u7684\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u4f46\u5e7f\u57ce\u5821\u70ae\u53f0\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3a\u7f8e\u519b\u6240\u5360\u9886\u3002\u5728\u5e7f\u57ce\u5821\u4e00\u5f79\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u6218\u6b7b3\u4eba\uff0c10\u4eba\u8d1f\u4f24\uff1b\u800c\u5173\u4e8e\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f24\u4ea1\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u636e\u7f8e\u65b9\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u6b7b350\u4eba\uff0c\u4f2420\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u727a\u7272\u8005\u4ec5\u670957\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u519b\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u5e7f\u57ce\u5821\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\u9635\u4ea1\u7684\u671d\u9c9c\u58eb\u5175<\/p>\n

\u5c06\u9886\u9c7c\u5728\u6e0a\u4ea6\u6218\u6b7b\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5e05\u5b57\u65d7\u201d\u5219\u88ab\u7f8e\u519b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6218\u5229\u54c1\u5e26\u56de\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u653e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5b89\u7eb3\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u5b66\u6821\uff08United States Naval Academy\uff0c\u7f29\u5199USNA\uff09\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c2007\u5e74\u65b9\u624d\u4ee5\u957f\u671f\u79df\u8d41\uff0810\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f52\u8fd8\u97e9\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u201c\u5e05\u5b57\u65d7\u201d\u662f\u671d\u9c9c\u540e\u671f\u519b\u8425\u603b\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u6240\u5728\u7684\u672c\u8425\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\uff0c\u8fd9\u9762\u5e05\u5b57\u65d7\u957f4.34\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd4.15\u7c73\u3002\u5de6\u56fe\u4e3a\u7f8e\u519b\u593a\u5f97\u9c7c\u5728\u6e0a\u201c\u5e05\u5b57\u65d7\u201d\u540e\u6240\u6444\uff0c\u53f3\u56fe\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f52\u8fd8\u201c\u5e05\u5b57\u65d7\u201d\u65f6\u7684\u573a\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u9633\u5149\u5148\u751f\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5e05\u5b57\u65d7\u5267\u7167<\/p>\n

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\n

<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u73b0\u5b58\u4e8e\u97e9\u56fd\u56fd\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u65a5\u548c\u7891\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e66\u201c\u6d0b\u5937\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u975e\u6218\u5219\u548c\uff0c\u4e3b\u548c\u5356\u56fd\u201d\u3001\u65c1\u5c0f\u4e66\u201c\u6212\u6211\u4e07\u5e74\u5b50\u5b59\uff0c\u4e19\u5bc5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8f9b\u672a\u7acb\u201d\u5b57\u6837\u3002\u7b14\u80052016\u5e742\u6708\u6444\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u519b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5373\u4fbf\u518d\u5bf9\u5cd9\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d6\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e7\u67083\u65e5\u64a4\u51fa\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u201c\u8f9b\u672a\u6d0b\u6270\u201d\u81f3\u6b64\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

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