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src=\"https:\/\/p4.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20220811\/6eb3cf069a6c4b71a22ceb3bc54b8a80.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82 \u4e09\u5173\u53e3\u4fee\u8def\u7891\u8bb0 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src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=1151477662,724445728&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=885\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\n<section><em>\u5434\u5927\u6f82 \u300a\u7bc6\u4e66\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u7a3f\u672c 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\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f1f\u6708\u8129\u4e8c\u5341\u4e24\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u6708\u4f8b\u5e2e\u53ca\u5e2e\u5916\u6d25\u5e16\u5341\u4e00\u4e24\uff0c\u96f6\u52a0\u884c\u623f\u79df\u516d\u4e24\uff0c\u916c\u5e94\u793c\u5206\u81f3\u5c11\u4e8c\u4e24\u9980\uff0c\u5219\u675f\u8129\u5df2\u5f00\u9664\u51c0\u5c3d\u3002\u5bb6\u7528\u53ca\u81ea\u5949\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u7740\u3002[44]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6234\u4e19\u8363\u5199\u6b64\u4fe1\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u5e94\u5b9d\u65f6\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u5177\u4f53\u5199\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u5e94\u5728\u5e94\u5b9d\u65f6\u4efb\u603b\u529e\u82f1\u6cd5\u4f1a\u9632\u4e8b\u52a1\u6216\u4e0a\u6d77\u9053\u53f0\u671f\u95f4\u3002[45]\u4e0a\u6d77\u5c5e\u5bcc\u5eb6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e94\u5b9d\u65f6\u53c8\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b9e\u6743\u6d3e\uff0c\u6234\u4e19\u8363\u8fd8\u662f\u5e94\u5b9d\u65f6\u6700\u501a\u91cd\u7684\u5e55\u50da\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53ef\u6234\u6bcf\u6708\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u8129\u91d1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e24\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1873\u5e74\uff0c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u9655\u7518\u5b66\u653f\u540e\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7ed9\u5176\u5144\u5434\u5927\u6839\u53bb\u4fe1\u8c08\u53ca\u8058\u7528\u5e55\u53cb\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u8129\u91d1\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5411\u4f8b\u5b66\u653f\u5e55\u53cb\u6bcf\u5e74\u8129\u91d1\u79e6\u5173\u4e4b\u6570\uff0c\u82e5\u9655\u7518\u5730\u8fdc\u800c\u4e8b\u70e6\uff0c\u8129\u5c11\u65ad\u4e0d\u80af\u53bb\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u987b\u4e8c\u5341\u91d1\u4e00\u6708\u3002[46]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u6240\u8bf4\u8129\u91d1\u81f3\u5c11\u4e8c\u5341\u4e24\u548c\u4e0a\u9762\u6234\u4e19\u8363\u81ea\u8ff0\u8129\u91d1\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f3c\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u901a\u4f8b\u3002\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u8bf7\u4eba\u65f6\u8fd8\u8981\u9001\u4e0a\u8058\u91d1\u5341\u4e24\uff0c\u53e6\u7ed9\u76d8\u8d39\uff08\u5ddd\u8d44\uff09\u4e94\u5341\u4e24\u3002[47]\u4ece\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u8bed\u6c14\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u201c\u5730\u8fdc\u800c\u4e8b\u70e6\u201d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7701\u5b66\u653f\u7684\u5e55\u53cb\u7684\u8129\u91d1\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u82cf\u5dde\u8058\u8bf7\u5230\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u5e55\u50da\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e24\u8129\u91d1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8f83\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u738b\u540c\u6108\u662f\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u5409\u6797\u65f6\u671f\uff081880\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u7eb3\u5165\u95e8\u4e0b\u7684\u5e55\u50da\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u56e0\u8003\u4e2d\u8fdb\u58eb\u800c\u8d70\u4e0a\u4ed5\u9014\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u5973\u5a7f\u8d1d\u4f50\u6e0a\u7684\u4e66\u672d\u4e2d\u66fe\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5c81\u5434\u6e05\u537f\u5e05\u8c03\u5f80\u5e55\u5e9c\u529e\u7406\u6587\u6848\uff0c\u6708\u85aa\u5eff\u4e09\u4e24\u3002\u2026\u2026\u55e3\u6e05\u5e05\u653e\u5e7f\u4e1c\u629a\u53f0\uff0c\u8c03\u6cb3\u9053\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u611a\u4ecd\u529e\u6587\u6848\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u800c\u6708\u85aa\u5219\u4ecd\u65e7\u5eff\u4e09\u4e24\u3002\u201d[48]\u738b\u540c\u6108\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u529f\u529b\u597d\uff0c\u4e66\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4f73\uff0c\u662f\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u6240\u501a\u91cd\u7684\u5e55\u53cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6708\u85aa\u5728\u5e55\u50da\u4e2d\u5e94\u5c5e\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u3002[49]<\/p>\n<p>1887\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u56db\u65e5\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5de1\u629a\u4efb\u4e0a\u7684\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u5728\u4eac\u5e08\u7684\u597d\u53cb\u76db\u6631\u7684\u4fe1\u672d\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u524d\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\uff0c\u9ec4\u751f\u58eb\u9675\u7531\u5fbd\u6765\u7ca4\uff0c\u5e26\u5230\u7aef\u5348\u65e5\u624b\u4e66\u3002\u2026\u2026\u9ec4\u751f\u5230\u6b64\uff0c\u65e7\u4ea4\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u9119\u610f\u4e0d\u6b32\u62d8\u675f\u4e4b\u3002\u73b0\u4e0e\u76f8\u8ba2\u6708\u81f4\u5341\u91d1\uff0c\u8bf7\u5176\u62d3\u5668\u62d3\u5370\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u4ee5\u534a\u6708\u4e3a\u5ea6\u3002\u9980\u65e5\u5c1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u916c\u7b14\u58a8\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4ea4\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u4ea6\u4f53\u6064\u5bd2\u58eb\u4e4b\u610f\u3002[50]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9ec4\u58eb\u9675\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u7bc6\u523b\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u7684\u8058\u91d1\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5341\u4e24\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5de5\u4f5c\u534a\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u9980\u4e0b\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u523b\u5370\u5199\u5b57\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u665a\u6e05\u5b66\u8005\u7f2a\u7950\u5b59\uff081851-1894\uff09\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u5802\u5144\u7f2a\u8343\u5b59\uff081844-1919\uff09\u4fe1\u672d\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8c08\u53ca\u51fa\u4efb\u5e55\u53cb\u7684\u6536\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f1f\u518d\u4e09\u7b79\u601d\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u6c42\u4e4c\u5e08\u8350\u7eed\u71d5\u752b\u4e00\u9986\uff0c\u6216\u4e66\u542f\uff08\u6708\u53ef\u5eff\u9980\u91d1\uff09\u6216\u9605\u5377\uff08\u4e66\u9662\u5377\u6bcf\u6708\u5343\u9980\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u517c\u4e8c\u8005\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src=\"https:\/\/p5.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20220811\/2b55210845cd4d72ae0de08d72ef68dc.jpeg\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\n<section><em>\u5434\u5927\u6f82 \u5d69\u9e93\u8bbf\u7891\u56fe 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trong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u8fd9\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u5e55\u50da\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u4e5f\u4f4f\u5728\u5b98\u7f72\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u5e55\u53cb\u4eec\u505a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u516c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u8058\u4efb\u5374\u662f\u5e55\u4e3b\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ba1\u675f\uff0c\u516c\u79c1\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6bd4\u8f83\u542b\u7cca\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u77bf\u540c\u7956\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u8457\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u201c\u5e55\u53cb\u201d\u76f4\u63a5\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201cprivate 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u5341\u679d\u3002\u4e09\u8001\u592a\u592a\u5904\u5982\u6709\u73ab\u7470\u5370\u5b50\u7cd6\uff0c\u7565\u4e5e\u5c11\u8bb8\u3002\u53bb\u5e74\u6240\u5bc4\u54b8\u51ac\u83dc\u751a\u4f73\uff0c\u8377\u537f\u52a8\u8eab\u65f6\u4e5e\u60e0\u4e00\u7f48\u3002[69]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u4fe1\u540e\u9644\u4e0a\u8bd7\u4f5c\u300a\u5927\u5144\u60e0\u5bc4\u76d0\u83dc\u4e00\u7f48\uff0c\u98df\u4e4b\u800c\u7f8e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5bee\u53cb\u5171\u5c1d\u4e4b\uff0c\u5373\u5e2d\u8d4b\u6b64\u300b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e55\u53cb\u4e2d\u82cf\u5dde\u4eba\u5c45\u591a\uff0c\u53e3\u5473\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5f97\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u7684\u7f8e\u98df\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0e\u5927\u5bb6\u5206\u4eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u5341\u516d\u65e5\uff0c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u5230\u98df\u54c1\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5341\u56db\u65e5\u8377\u537f\u5230\u6e58\uff0c\u53c8\u5949\u6708\u6714\u624b\u4e66\u5e76\u82a1\u5b9e\u3001\u5e74\u7cd5\u3001\u76d0\u83dc\u3001\u9752\u9c7c\u5404\u79cd\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u5411\u6765\u4e0d\u6562\u98df\u7c73\u7c89\u7cd5\u56e2\uff0c\u8fd1\u65e5\u813e\u80c3\u751a\u5065\uff0c\u6613\u4e8e\u6d88\u5316\uff0c\u9887\u559c\u98df\u7cd5\uff0c\u7136\u5e96\u4eba\u4eff\u5236\uff0c\u7a76\u4e0d\u5982\u5bb6\u4e61\u4e4b\u5f97\u6cd5\u3002\u76d0\u83dc\u5c24\u4e3a\u7f8e\u54c1\uff0c\u53ef\u5403\u81f3\u6b63\u4e8c\u6708\u77e3\u3002[70]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u5bb6\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u5bc4\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\u4ed6\u57281894\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u516d\u65e5\u7684\u4fe1\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u627f\u5bc4\u65b0\u867e\u6cb9\u751a\u4f73\uff0c\u73ab\u7470\u9171\u9999\u8272\u5982\u65b0\uff0c\u8f83\u5f80\u5e74\u6240\u505a\u5c24\u4e3a\u5f97\u6cd5\u3002\u201d[71]<\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u751f\u4e8e1835\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u7532\u5348\u5e74\uff081894\uff09\u4ed6\u5c31\u516d\u5341\u5c81\u4e86\u3002\u4eba\u751f\u4e00\u7532\u5b50\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u82cf\u5dde\u7c4d\u7684\u5e55\u50da\u4eec\u4e0d\u60f3\u7b49\u5230\u5fd9\u788c\u7684\u4e94\u6708\u4e3a\u4ed6\u795d\u5bff\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5728\u65b0\u5e74\u5c01\u5370\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u501f\u7740\u5b98\u7f72\u6e05\u95f2\uff0c\u4e3a\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u795d\u5bff\u3002\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u57281893\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5eff\u4e00\u65e5\u5176\u5144\u5927\u6839\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u660e\u5e74\u516d\u5341\uff0c\u540c\u4e61\u6b32\u4e3a\u9884\u795d\u3002\u65b0\u5e74\u4e8b\u95f2\uff0c\u62df\u4e8e\u521d\u516b\u4e5d\u8bf7\u5ba2\u4e24\u65e5\u3002[72]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u518d\u6b21\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u82cf\u5dde\u8001\u4e61\u4e0d\u4f46\u5728\u884c\u653f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u501a\u91cd\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u6700\u4eb2\u8fd1\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e4b\u671d\u5915\u76f8\u5904\u7684\u5708\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/p2.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20220811\/08bf27d2631c4fd1bf06139511c6ba84.jpeg\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\n<section><em>\u5434\u5927\u6f82 \u5409\u91d1\u56fe\uff08\u5c40\u90e8\uff09 \u79c1\u4eba\u85cf<\/em><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5e55\u50da<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9f9a\u4e66\u94ce\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u5173\u4e8e\u5e55\u5e9c\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u70b9\u51fa\u4e86\u5e55\u53cb\u5728\u884c\u653f\u52a9\u7406\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6e05\u4ee3\u5e55\u5e9c\u804c\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5e55\u4e3b\u53c8\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u6e38\u5e55\u4eba\u5458\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56de\u65cb\u7684\u9980\u5730\u8fd8\u5f88\u5927\u3002[73]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5e55\u4e3b\u5728\u62db\u8058\u5e55\u53cb\u65f6\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u5141\u8bb8\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u517c\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7231\u597d\u3002\u4e7e\u5609\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5c01\u7586\u5927\u540f\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e2d\u805a\u96c6\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u559c\u6b22\u4e0b\u56f4\u68cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5e55\u50da\u966a\u4ed6\u4e0b\u68cb\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u5f88\u591a\u6587\u4eba\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e5f\u90fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u76f8\u5f53\u597d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u843d\u7b2c\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u5e55\u5e9c\u4eba\u624d\u540e\u5907\u5e93\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u53c8\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b98\u50da\u4eec\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5f88\u591a\u53c8\u517c\u5177\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff08\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5584\u4e66\u8005\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6311\u9009\u5e55\u50da\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u517c\u987e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u827a\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u624d\u534e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1874\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u987e\u6587\u5f6c\u81f4\u513f\u5b50\u987e\u627f\u7684\u4e66\u672d\u4e2d\u8c08\u5230\u82cf\u5dde\u753b\u5bb6\u987e\u6c84\uff08\u5b57\u82e5\u6ce2\uff0c1835\u20141896\u5e74\uff09\u88ab\u67d0\u53bf\u4ee4\u8058\u4e3a\u5e55\u53cb\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u987e\u82e5\u6ce2\u4e3a\u67d0\u53bf\u4ee4\u5ed6\u516c\u8bf7\u53bb\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u53f8\u4f55\u5e2d\uff1f\u56e0\u601d\u4ed5\u5ba6\u4e2d\u4e4b\u98ce\u96c5\u8005\uff0c\u7f72\u4e2d\u6bcf\u5ef6\u80fd\u8bd7\u80fd\u4e66\u753b\u4e4b\u4eba\u5165\u5e55\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e3a\u5531\u548c\u8bb2\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u5c91\u5bc2\u3002[74]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e55\u4e3b\u548c\u5e55\u50da\u671d\u5915\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u5e55\u4e3b\u82e5\u6709\u6587\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u8058\u5f97\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5e55\u53cb\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u968f\u65f6\u5207\u78cb\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u201c\u4ee5\u6d88\u5c91\u5bc2\u201d\u3002\u6709\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u5e55\u4e3b\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8bf7\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5e55\u50da\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ba1\u7406\u6536\u85cf\u3002\u800c\u6709\u827a\u672f\u624d\u534e\u7684\u6587\u4eba\u4e5f\u613f\u610f\u51fa\u4efb\u5e55\u53cb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9760\u5356\u753b\u4e3a\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5f53\u5e55\u53cb\u80fd\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5e55\u4e3b\u662f\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\uff0c\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u66f4\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u89e6\u53e4\u4ee3\u539f\u4f5c\uff0c\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u7684\u7cbe\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u64c5\u957f\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3002\u7bc6\u523b\u30021860\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5434\u4e91\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u66fe\u4e3a\u5434\u4e91\u523b\u5370\u53ca\u5176\u53cb\u4eba\u4f5c\u753b\u3002[75]1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5165\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u5e55\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u66fe\u4e3a\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u4f5c\u753b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u65f6\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u5e55\u53cb\u4f5c\u4e66\u753b\u3002\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u4ece1873\u5e74\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u9655\u7518\u5b66\u653f\u540e\uff0c\u52301895\u5e74\u89e3\u7ec4\u5f52\u7530\uff0c\u8fd922\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8be6\u7ec6\u9655\u7518\u5b66\u653f\u671f\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u6709\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5e55\u53cb\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u59cb\u7ec8\u90fd\u6709\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5236\u8868\u5217\u51fa\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5e55\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n<table width=\"677\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" width=\"611\">\n<section><strong>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u4e4b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5e55\u50da\u8868<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>\u65f6\u95f4<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"66\">\n<section>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u884c\u8ff9<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u5e55\u50da\u59d3\u540d<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\">\n<section>\u7c4d\u8d2f<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"83\">\n<section>\u4e13\u957f<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"234\">\n<section>\u5907\u6ce8<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1879\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u4efb\u6cb3\u5357\u6cb3\u5317\u9053\u9053\u53f0<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u9648\u4f69\u7eb2<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\">\n<section>\u5c71\u4e1c\u6f4d\u53bf<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u7bc6\u523b\u3001\u58a8\u62d3<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\n<section>1878\u5e74\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u7ff0\u6797\u9662\u4efb\u7f16\u4fee\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u5c71\u897f\u8d48\u707e\uff0c\u9648\u4f69\u7eb2\u5df2\u5f00\u59cb\u4efb\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u5e55\u50da\u3002<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1880-1883\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u4efb\u5409\u6797\u4e8b\u52a1\u5e2e\u529e<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u738b\u540c\u6108<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\">\n<section>\u82cf\u5dde<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u8212\u5170\u5468\uff08\u5b57\u5473\u4e09\uff09<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u4e0d\u8be6<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u5f6d\u5149\u8a89\uff08\u660e\u9053\u3001\u5c0f\u5703\uff09<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u90b1\u5146\u9e9f<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u5d07\u5b89<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u5ddd\u6c99<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u5c71\u6c34<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\">\n<section>\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u201c\u5d07\u5b89\u201d\u4e3a\u540d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u6570\u4e2a\u3002\u7f51\u4e0a\u6709\u8bf4\u5f6d\u5149\u8a89\u4e3a\u798f\u5efa\u5d07\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6c5f\u82cf\u65e0\u9521\u4e5f\u6709\u5d07\u5b89\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u5e55\u53cb\u6c5f\u82cf\u7c4d\u5c45\u591a\uff0c\u5f6d\u5149\u8a89\u4e3a\u65e0\u9521\u4eba\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4f3c\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1885\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u901a\u653f\u53f8\u901a\u653f\u4f7f\u4f1a\u529e\u5317\u6d0b\u4e8b\u5b9c<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u738b\u540c\u6108<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u5c39\u5143\u9f10<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u5c71\u4e1c\u8bf8\u57ce<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7bc6\u523b\u3001\u58a8\u62d3\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5168\u5f62\u62d3\uff09<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1886\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u5949\u4f7f\u8d74\u5409\u6797\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u52d8\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u00a0<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u5c39\u5143\u9f10<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\">\n<section>\u5c39\u5143\u9f10\u5e76\u672a\u8d74\u5409\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u7167\u987e\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u5e76\u4e3a\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u62d3\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u94ed\u6587\u3001\u4f5c\u5168\u5f62\u62d3\u3002<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"56\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"86\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u738b\u540c\u6108<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1987-88\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u4efb\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5de1\u629a<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u5c39\u5143\u9f10<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7bc6\u523b\u3001\u58a8\u62d3\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5168\u5f62\u62d3\uff09<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u738b\u540c\u6108<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u9ec4\u58eb\u9675<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u5b89\u5fbd\u9edf\u53bf<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u7bc6\u523b\u3001\u58a8\u62d3<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u9676\u4ef2\u798f\uff08\u5b50\u8d1e\uff09<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u82cf\u5dde<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u5218\u5f3c\u5bb8\uff08\u5b50\u826f\uff09<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u6c5f\u82cf\u5e38\u5dde<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u5468\u7ef4\u5c4f\uff08\u6653\u5c9a\uff09\u00a0<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u82cf\u5dde<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1888-1889\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u4efb\u6cb3\u4e1c\u6cb3\u9053\u603b\u7763<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u738b\u540c\u6108<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u5434\u5927\u6862<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u82cf\u5dde<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\">\n<section>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u65cf\u5f1f\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u6e56\u5317<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1892-1894\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u4efb\u6e56\u5357\u5de1\u629a<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u9646\u6062<\/section>\n<section>\u80e1\u5b50\u82f1<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\">\n<section>\u82cf\u5dde<\/section>\n<section>\u4e0d\u8be6<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u4e66\u753b<\/section>\n<section>\u91d1\u77f3\u4e66\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"56\">\n<section>1894-1895\u5e74<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"86\">\n<section>\u5728\u6e56\u5357\u5de1\u629a\u4efb\u4e0a\u7387\u519b\u53c2\u52a0\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"60\">\n<section>\u738b\u540c\u6108<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"103\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7bc6\u523b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"253\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u5434\u660c\u7855<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u6d59\u6c5f\u5b89\u5409<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u7bc6\u523b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u9646\u6062<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"61\">\n<section>\u7fc1\u7ef6\u797a<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\n<section>\u82cf\u5dde<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<section>\u7ed8\u753b<\/section>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"154\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8868\u683c\u6240\u5217\u5e94\u4e0d\u591f\u5168\u9762\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u987e\u8087\u7199\u300a\u5409\u6797\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u4f7f\u5409\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u5f6d\u5149\u8a89\u3001\u8212\u5170\u5468\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u80fd\u4f5c\u753b\u7684\u5e55\u50da\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u4efb\u9655\u7518\u5b66\u653f\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u6240\u7528\u201c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u5bbd\u6cdb\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e66\u753b\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u4f4e\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u6325\u6beb\u4e5f\u80fd\u6e05\u96c5\u8131\u4fd7\uff0c\u9887\u6709\u53ef\u89c2\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u4eba\u7684\u827a\u672f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f46\u6709\u867d\u65e0\u5f88\u5927\u540d\u58f0\u3001\u4f46\u827a\u672f\u9020\u8be3\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u4f4e\u7684\u5e55\u53cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u201d\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u9ec4\u58eb\u9675\u3001\u5434\u660c\u7855\u3001\u9646\u6062\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u8058\u8bf7\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5e55\u53cb\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5e55\u50da\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u9980\u505a\u548c\u827a\u672f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u6536\u85cf\u91d1\u77f3\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u3001\u94b1\u5e01\u3001\u5370\u7ae0\u3001\u74e6\u5f53\u3001\u5893\u5fd7\u3001\u7389\u5668\u7b49\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba9\u5e55\u50da\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ed6\u62d3\u91d1\u77f3\u6b3e\u8bc6\u3001\u6253\u5370\u8c31\u3001\u505a\u5168\u5f62\u62d3\u3002\uff08\u56fe2\uff09\u59821886\u5e74\uff0c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7ed9\u5c39\u5143\u9f10\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u957f\u4fe1\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9601\u4e0b\u65e0\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u671b\u5c06\u655d\u85cf\u53e4\u5668\u518d\u62d3\u5168\u5f62\u4e00\u4e8c\u5341\u79cd\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u53ef\u88c5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u3002\u5176\u5668\u5373\u5c5e\u8bb8\u921c\u68c0\u51fa\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002[76]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u63a5\u7740\u5217\u51fa\u4e24\u5f20\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u5355\u5b50\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5f20\u5355\u5b50\u6709\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u4e00\u4e8c\u5341\u79cd\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u8bf7\u5c39\u5143\u9f10\u62d3\u5168\u5f62\u7684\u53e4\u5668\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u5f20\u5355\u5b50\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5217\u53e4\u5668\u4e09\u5341\u79cd\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u65c1\u8fb9\u7528\u5c0f\u5b57\u6ce8\u660e\uff1a\u201c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5df2\u62d3\u4e09\u5341\u5668\u201d\u3002[77]\uff08\u56fe3\uff09\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u91d1\u77f3\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6119\u658b\u96c6\u53e4\u5f55\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u62d3\u7247\u4e5f\u662f\u5c39\u5143\u9f10\u4e3a\u4ed6\u62d3\u5236\u7684\u3002[78]<\/p>\n<p><em><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=2923331574,3222025561&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=887\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u4fe1\u672d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u300a\u5341\u516d\u91d1\u7b26\u658b\u5370\u5b58\u300b\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u5c39\u5143\u9f10\u3001\u9ec4\u58eb\u9675\u3001\u738b\u540c\u6108\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u738b\u540c\u6108\u66fe\u56de\u5fc6\u5f53\u5e74\u8fd9\u90e8\u5370\u8c31\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u56db\u5e74\u5ba2\u7f8a\u57ce\u6119\u658b\u5e08\u8282\u7f72\uff0c\u5e55\u5e9c\u6e05\u95f2\uff0c\u5e08\u51fa\u6240\u85cf\u5468\u79e6\u53e4\u73ba\u53ca\u6c49\u9b4f\u5b98\u79c1\u5370\u4e8c\u5343\u9980\u65b9\uff0c\u5c5e\u540c\u4eba\uff08\u4f59\u53ca\u5143\u548c\u9676\u4ef2\u5e73\u3001\u9edf\u53bf\u9ec4\u7a46\u592b\u3001\u8bf8\u57ce\u5c39\u4f2f\u571c\uff09\u5206\u4efb\u5370\u8c31\uff0c\u5404\u4e94\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e3a\u916c\u3002\u540c\u4eba\u6155\u6b32\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u60ca\u559c\u627f\u547d\uff0c\u4e09\u9605\u6708\u800c\u5352\u4e1a\uff0c\u88c5\u8ba2\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u518c\u3002\u7a46\u592b\u3001\u4f2f\u571c\u7686\u7cbe\u7bc6\u523b\uff0c\u81ea\u8c13\u5f97\u6b64\u5982\u519c\u592b\u4e4b\u83b7\u8174\u7530\u7109\u3002[79]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u5e55\u5e9c\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf7\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u753b\u3002\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u300a\u9898\u5cad\u5357\u82b1\u679c\u518c\u300b\u5c0f\u5e8f\u4e91\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u66e9\u5728\u7ca4\u4e1c\uff0c\u89c1\u5f02\u82b1\u4f73\u679c\uff0c\u4e3a\u543e\u4e61\u6240\u65e0\uff0c\u6216\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u540d\u8005\uff0c\u8f84\u5c5e\u5218\u5b50\u826f\u5f3c\u5bb8\u56fe\u4e4b\uff0c\u79ef\u6210\u56db\u518c\u3002\u5468\u6653\u5c9a\u7ef4\u5c4f\u3001\u9676\u5b50\u8d1e\u953a\u798f\u4ea6\u5404\u7ed8\u4e00\u518c\uff0c\u5171\u6210\u4e03\u5341\u4e94\u53f6\u3002\u4eca\u79cb\u56e0\u75c5\u5f97\u95f2\uff0c\u62ab\u89c8\u753b\u672c\uff0c\u6bcf\u9875\u5404\u9898\u4e00\u7edd\u53e5\u3002\u540e\u4e4b\u89c8\u8005\uff0c\u7231\u5176\u82b1\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u7231\u5176\u753b\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u4e3a\u5357\u65b9\u8349\u6728\u751f\u8272\u4e91\u3002[80]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u96c6\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u4eba\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e2d\u6709\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e55\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u4e3e\u529e\u96c5\u96c6\u3002\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5230\u5409\u6797\u65f6\uff0c\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u753b\u5bb6\uff1a\u5f6d\u5149\u8a89\uff08\u5c0f\u5703\uff09\u3001\u8212\u5170\u5468\uff08\u5473\u4e09\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u548c\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u89c1\u9762\u5e76\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5e55\u4e3b\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u96c5\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002\u987e\u8087\u7199\u6b64\u65f6\u4e5f\u5728\u5409\u6797\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5149\u7eea\u4e03\u5e74\uff081881\uff09\u56db\u6708\u5345\u65e5\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u996d\u540e\u540c\u5c0f\u5703\u3001\u6042\u537f\u8fc7\u529f\u5fb7\u9662\u770b\u79cd\u8c46\uff0c\u540e\u540c\u5c0f\u5703\u8fc7\u6052\u8f69\uff0c\u665a\u996d\u540e\u56de\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<section><strong>\u4e1c\u90fd\u624d\u5f66\u64c5\u98ce\u6d41\uff0c<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u77f3\u5317\u6e29\u5357\u8db3\u5e94\u6c42\u3002<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u6070\u9047\u6cb3\u9633\u5f00\u5e55\u5e9c\uff0c<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u793c\u7f57\u671d\u66ae\u62d4\u5176\u5c24\u3002<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u77f3\u8c37\u6b9a\u7cbe\u6479\u8463\u5de8\uff0c<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u5357\u7530\u96c5\u610f\u5b66\u5f90\u9ec4\u3002<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u4e24\u5bb6\u80dc\u5904\u517c\u6536\u5f97\uff0c<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u65f6\u738b\u5949\u5e38\u3002<\/strong><\/section>\n<p><strong>\uff08\u5f6d\u5c0f\u5703\u3001\u8212\u5473\u4e09\u4e3a\u6119\u658b\u4f5c\u753b\u7d22\u9898\u3002\u4e24\u541b\u65f6\u5728\u5434\u5e55\u5e9c\u4e5f\u3002\uff09[81]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6052\u8f69\u548c\u6119\u658b\u90fd\u662f\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u658b\u53f7\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e24\u4f4d\u5e55\u53cb\u4e3a\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u4f5c\u5b8c\u753b\u540e\u8981\u8bf7\u987e\u8087\u7199\u9898\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u7684\u4e94\u6708\u5eff\u4e5d\u65e5\uff0c\u987e\u8087\u7199\u201c\u996d\u540e\u540c\u5c0f\u5703\u3001\u5473\u4e09\u8d74\u6119\u658b\u4e4b\u62db\uff0c\u767b\u5317\u5c71\uff0c\u5e7c\u5170\u3001\u97f5\u677e\u540c\u6e38\u3002\u6119\u658b\u3001\u5c0f\u5703\u4f5c\u753b\uff0c\u4e88\u4e0e\u97f5\u677e\u5f08\u4e00\u5c40\u3002\u201d[82]\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u96c5\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e55\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5e55\u53cb\u4e00\u8d77\u6325\u6beb\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u5176\u4e50\u878d\u878d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b8b\u5b58\u7684\u5434\u5927\u6f82\u7684\u300a\u5317\u5f81\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u5409\u6797\u671f\u95f4\u5e38\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u89c2\u97f3\u9601\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e0e\u53cb\u4eba\u548c\u5e55\u50da\u96c5\u96c6\u3002\u5149\u662f1883\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5c31\u6709\u4e09\u6b21\uff1a\u5341\u4e00\u65e5\u201c\u4e3a\u4f59\u56db\u5341\u4e5d\u521d\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8fb0\uff0c\u81f3\u89c2\u97f3\u9601\u8c22\u5ba2\uff0c\u8446\u7530\u643a\u9152\u6765\u4f1a\uff0c\u5cfb\u5cf0\u90fd\u62a4\u53ca\u97f5\u677e\u3001\u7389\u7b26\u3001\u80dc\u4e4b\u5055\u6765\uff0c\u4f59\u4e3a\u7389\u7b26\u753b\u6298\u6247\uff0c\u4e3a\u5cfb\u5cf0\u90fd\u62a4\u753b\u7ea8\u6247\u3002\u201d\u5341\u4e09\u65e5\uff0c\u201c\u5cfb\u5cf0\u90fd\u62a4\u62db\u96c6\u89c2\u97f3\u9601\uff0c\u753b\u6247\u3002\u201d\u5341\u516d\u65e5\uff0c\u9080\u5cfb\u5cf0\u90fd\u62a4\u53ca\u8446\u7530\u3001\u97f5\u677e\u3001\u7389\u7b26\u3001\u80dc\u4e4b\u540c\u96c6\u89c2\u97f3\u9601\uff0c\u753b\u6247\u4e00\uff0c\u5199\u5927\u5e45\u4e00\uff0c\u7bc6\u8054\u4e00\uff0c\u7ea8\u6247\u4e00\u3002[83]\u5cfb\u5cf0\u5373\u5bb9\u5c71 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src=\"https:\/\/p5.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20220811\/3967f273e9194e7bbe84fdaacd1a6273.jpeg\" 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