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data-size=\"normal\" data-rawwidth=\"956\" data-rawheight=\"720\" data-default-watermark-src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-19475afe3b5f3f0635eaaddc5d472ac2_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-original=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-1b9ed9898a019f617ffc4fea6a37b346_r.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-actualsrc=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-1b9ed9898a019f617ffc4fea6a37b346_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-lazy-status=\"ok\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"tEl8NAww\">\u53cd\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u88ab\u767d\u4fc4\u8b66\u5bdf\u540a\u6b7b\u7684\u519c\u6c11<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"bigcYN5K\">\u6570\u767e\u540d\u4e0d\u6562\u5411\u65b0\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u5c48\u670d\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u88ab\u540a\u6b7b\u5728\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u6811\u6728\u548c\u7535\u7ebf\u6746\u4e0a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5b89\u606f\u5728\u5171\u540c\u7684\u575f\u5893\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u547d\u4ee4\u5728\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u523d\u5b50\u624b\u7528\u673a\u67aa\u5c04\u51fb\u6467\u6bc1\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u6316\u6398\u8fd9\u4e9b\u575f\u5893\u3002\u8c0b\u6740\u548c\u62a2\u52ab\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5e38\u4fbf\u996d\u3002 \u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u52a9\u624b\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u7f57\u624e\u8bfa\u592b\u7684\u524d\u6c99\u7687\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a 1. \u5360\u9886\u4ee5\u524d\u88ab\u571f\u532a\uff08\u82cf\u4fc4\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\uff09\u5360\u9886\u7684\u6751\u5e84\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u53d1\u5e03\u8fd0\u52a8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4f46\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u8bc1\u636e\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6bcf\u5341\u540d\u5c45\u6c11\u5f00\u67aa\u5c04\u6740\u4e00\u4eba\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5a01\u6151\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4efd\u5b50\u3002 2. \u5982\u679c\u5728\u90e8\u961f\u901a\u8fc7\u57ce\u5e02\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u77e5\u90e8\u961f\u654c\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u6beb\u4e0d\u7559\u60c5\u5730\u6536\u53d6\u91d1\u94b1\u8d54\u507f\u3002 3. \u5bf9\u6211\u519b\u8fdb\u884c\u6b66\u88c5\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u6751\u5e84\uff0c\u70e7\u6740\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\uff1b\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u624b\u63a8\u8f66\u7b49\u3002\u6ca1\u6536\u519b\u961f\u9700\u8981\u8865\u7ed9\u7684\u7269\u8d44\u3002 \u8bfa\u514b\u65af\u5c06\u519b\u544a\u8bc9\u683c\u96f7\u592b\u65af\u5c06\u519b\u6709\u5173\u53d1\u5e03\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u519b\u5b98\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a \u201c\u5e72\u5f97\u597d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f57\u624e\u8bfa\u592b\uff0c\u5929\u54ea\uff01\u201d<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"bigcYN5K\"><img class=\"origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/80\/v2-89190b1beca9a1f9fab2f831a95b3152_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" width=\"600\" data-size=\"normal\" data-rawwidth=\"600\" data-rawheight=\"600\" data-default-watermark-src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-1d63849c7741cd41343dc20b38d2939c_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-original=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-89190b1beca9a1f9fab2f831a95b3152_r.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-actualsrc=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-89190b1beca9a1f9fab2f831a95b3152_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-lazy-status=\"ok\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"bigcYN5K\">\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5728\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u96c6\u4f53\u5904\u51b3\u652f\u6301\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u5e73\u6c11<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"ANOqS_Kw\">\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u519b\u56e2\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u5728\u7ed9\u76df\u56fd\u7684\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u523a\u5200\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u519b\u4e8b\u5f53\u5c40\u5141\u8bb8\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba9\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u611f\u5230\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u711a\u70e7\u6751\u5e84\u3001\u5168\u5bb6\u6740\u5bb3\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e73\u6c11\u3001\u672a\u7ecf\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u67aa\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c61\u89c1\u4e0d\u9c9c\u3002\u52301919\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u4e13\u653f\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u30021919 \u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u6709 &#8211; 19.6 &#8211; 19.7 \u4e07\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u5458\u3002\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u8d77\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"AIWDuQRD\">\u5728\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u63a7\u5236\u768412\u4e2a\u7701\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u53f6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5a1c\u5821\u7701\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u67092.5\u4e07\u4eba\u5728\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\uff0c200\u4e07\u4eba\u4e2d\u7ea6\u670910%\u88ab\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u6fc0\u6012\u7684\u767d\u536b\u519b\u5904\u4ee5\u97ad\u5211\u3002 \u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u592b\uff0c\u6258\u6728\u65af\u514b\u7ea2\u519b\u7684\u653f\u59d4\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u767d\u519b\u902e\u6355\u8fc7\u5e76\u5173\u62bc\u5728\u6258\u6728\u65af\u514b\uff0c\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff0c1919 \u5e74 6 \u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u6709 11 \u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u88ab\u5e26\u51fa\u7262\u623f\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7761\u89c9\u3002 \u201c\u5bc2\u9759\u88ab\u4ece\u76d1\u72f1\u9662\u5b50\u91cc\u4f20\u6765\u7684\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u547b\u541f\u58f0\u6253\u7834\u4e86\uff0c\u7948\u7977\u548c\u5492\u9a82\u58f0\u54cd\u8d77\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5e73\u9759\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u65e9\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f6a\u72af\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u54e5\u8428\u514b\u4eba\u5728\u540e\u9662\u7684\u6b65\u884c\u573a\u7528\u9a6c\u5200\u548c\u523a\u5200\u5904\u51b3\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u76d1\u7981\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6218\u4fd8\u548c\u515a\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u519b\u8b66\u88c5\u4e0a\u63a8\u8f66\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d76\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u201d \u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u592b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u4f0a\u5c14\u5e93\u8328\u514b\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u5343\u591a\u540d\u56da\u72af\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea2\u519b\u5728 1920 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u4ec5\u91ca\u653e\u5230\u4e86\u5e78\u5b58\u7684 368 \u4eba\u3002\u5728 1921-1923 \u5e74\u95f4\u3002\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u592b\u5728\u6258\u6728\u65af\u514b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5951\u5361\u533a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"AIWDuQRD\"><img class=\"origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/80\/v2-a0de22881e2b09d5073cf9e88a3ed163_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" width=\"1546\" data-size=\"normal\" data-rawwidth=\"1546\" data-rawheight=\"921\" data-default-watermark-src=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-8056153802b128329771b9a3bec07e83_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-original=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-a0de22881e2b09d5073cf9e88a3ed163_r.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-actualsrc=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-a0de22881e2b09d5073cf9e88a3ed163_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-lazy-status=\"ok\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"AIWDuQRD\">\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u5728\u89c6\u5bdf\u88ab\u4ed6\u5904\u6b7b\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u5c38\u4f53<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"sEZ-w_4t\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u519b W. Graves \u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff1a \u201c\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u548c\u5361\u5c14\u6885\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u961f\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u50cf\u91ce\u517d\u4e00\u6837\u6d8c\u5165\u5168\u56fd\uff0c\u6740\u622e\u548c\u62a2\u52ab\uff0c\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u963b\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6740\u622e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b8b\u5fcd\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u663e\u7136\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u4e1c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u9c9c\u7ea2\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e00\u6587\u4e0d\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p 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data-pid=\"DPbj2q6I\">\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7ea2\u519b\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u6570\u5343\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u683c\u96f7\u592b\u65af\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u54e5\u8428\u514b\u7684\u963f\u5854\u66fc\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81<a class=\" wrap external\" href=\"https:\/\/link.zhihu.com\/?target=https%3A\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2591%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%2C_%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" 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src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/80\/v2-8263cf9bed311b0ae2ded2b03383839a_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" width=\"1436\" data-size=\"normal\" data-rawwidth=\"1436\" data-rawheight=\"944\" data-default-watermark-src=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-9833b072bfb9f3b9b3e49e156e82fce8_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-original=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-8263cf9bed311b0ae2ded2b03383839a_r.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-actualsrc=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/50\/v2-8263cf9bed311b0ae2ded2b03383839a_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c\" data-lazy-status=\"ok\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"210t23g7\">\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u76df\u53cb\u5408\u5f71<\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"r4gxcjVL\">\u81f3\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u7231\u4e0d\u7231\u56fd\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u5728\u62c5\u4efb\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u8230\u961f\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u65f6\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8\u62db\u52df\u3002\u5b83\u53d1\u751f\u5728 1915 \u5e74\u81f3 1916 \u5e74\u4e4b\u4ea4\u3002\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u5bf9\u6c99\u7687\u548c\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\u5e76\u4eb2\u543b\u4e86\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff01 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data-pid=\"r4gxcjVL\">\u82f1\u56fd\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u4ed6\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u7684\u53c2\u519b\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u95ee\u6211\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u53bb\u54ea\u91cc\u670d\u5f79\u3002\u6211\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff0c\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u670d\u5f79\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u6211\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u53c2\u519b\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8230\u961f\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u5f88\u4e86\u89e3\u82f1\u56fd\u8230\u961f\uff0c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u82f1\u56fd\u8230\u961f\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002 \u2026AV \u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b &#8211; A. Timireva : \u2026\u2026\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u6765\u7684\u5f88\u665a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u53bb\u5b5f\u4e70\u5411\u5370\u5ea6\u519b\u961f\u603b\u90e8\u62a5\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6211\u4f1a\u6536\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u5230\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u524d\u7ebf\u7684\u6307\u793a\u3002 \u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u8981\u6c42\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9760\u8fd1\u9ed1\u6d77\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5bf9\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u70ed\u5207\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf7\u6c42 C. Green \u7235\u58eb\u7ed9\u6211\u4e58\u8239\u524d\u5f80\u5b5f\u4e70\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002 AV \u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b &#8211; A. 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