{"id":41506,"date":"2025-03-21T05:46:39","date_gmt":"2025-03-20T21:46:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=41506"},"modified":"2025-03-21T08:03:53","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T00:03:53","slug":"%e6%b0%b8%e4%b8%8d%e6%b6%88%e9%80%9d%e7%9a%84%e5%b8%9d%e5%9b%bd-%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e4%ba%8c%e9%87%8d%e5%a5%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=41506","title":{"rendered":"\u6c38\u4e0d\u6d88\u901d\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\/\u6c11\u65cf\u4e8c\u91cd\u594f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587: \u5f20\u6768\u00a0 \u00a0 \u6765\u6e90:\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b<\/p>\n<section>\u201c\u4ece\u5e1d\u56fd\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u662f\u201c\u4e8c\u6218\u201d\u540e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9a\u4f4d\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e0d\u520a\u4e4b\u8bba\u3002\u53ef\u8fd1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6c11\u65cf\u2014\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08nation-empire\uff09\u3001\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08empire of nations\uff09\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08imperial nationalism\uff09\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8bf4\u660e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8f6c\u5411\u201d\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u91cc\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65e2\u65e0\u6cd5\u5904\u7406\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u65b0\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u851a\u4e3a\u5927\u89c2\u3002<\/section>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=963175715,2822635723&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=696\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u5dee\u5f02\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u00a0[\u7f8e] \u7b80\u00b7\u4f2f\u73ed\u514b \u3001\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5e93\u73c0\u8457\uff0c\u67f4\u5f6c\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862017\u5e74\u7248\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1adouban.com\uff09<\/p>\n<section>\u4ec5\u4ee5\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u9886\u57df\u5185\u5f15\u7528\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e09\u672c\u5de8\u8457\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d1d\u5229\uff08C. A. Bayly\uff09\u7684\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u300b\uff08\u4e8c\u3007\u3007\u56db\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4f2f\u73ed\u514b\uff08Jane Burbank\uff09\u548c\u5e93\u67cf\uff08Frederick Cooper\uff09\u592b\u5987\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u3007\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u65af\u7279\u54c8\u9ed8\uff08J\u00fcrgen Osterhammel\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u300b\uff08\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u56db\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u518d\u628a\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5f53\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f53\u4f5c\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u5fc5\u9700\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u800c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u540e\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u5e1d\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u5e76\u975e\u6b64\u6d88\u5f7c\u957f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4f53\u4e24\u9762\uff1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6c11\u65cf\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u53c8\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u65e7\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\uff08\u591a\u4e2a\uff09\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e7\u7586\u571f\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7740\u5f88\u5f3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1b\u5373\u4f7f\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5f02\u5e38\u66f2\u6298\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f62\u6001\u5e76\u975e\u6cfe\u6e2d\u5206\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5341\u5206\u7f55\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4ee5\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u540d\u800c\u884c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u5b9e\uff1b\u800c\u8bf8\u591a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5e74\u7d2f\u6708\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e0d\u540c\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u73b0\u4ee3\u7194\u94f8\u4e3a\u4e00\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u8d6b\u7136\u201c\u53d8\u8eab\u201d\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=4219867501,1981845016&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=322&amp;h=475\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5343\u5e74\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c[\u7f8e]\u514b\u91cc\u5c1a\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14(Krishan Kumar)\u8457\uff0c\u77f3\u709c\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e2019\u5e74\u7248\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1adouban.com\uff09<\/p>\n<section>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u514b\u91cc\u5c1a\u00b7\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14\uff08Krishan Kumar\uff09\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u4e03\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5343\u5e74\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff08<em>Visions of Empire<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u5e1d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5206\u4f1a\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u516b\u5e74\u5e03\u6797\u987f\u00b7\u6469\u5c14\u6700\u4f73\u8457\u4f5c\u5956\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u6d0b\u6d0b\u6d12\u6d12\u5c06\u8fd1\u516d\u767e\u591a\u9875\uff0c\u4f53\u5927\u601d\u7cbe\uff0c\u7cbe\u5f69\u7eb7\u5448\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u4e94\u4e2a\u5730\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u3001\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u5927\u9646\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u3007\u5e74\u90a3\u7bc7\u77f3\u7834\u5929\u60ca\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u2014\u2014\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1f\u300b\u2014\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u601d\u8003\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u3001\u7ea0\u7f20\u4e0e\u4f34\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"93096\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section 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src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=2574525063,3837753846&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=607&amp;h=401\" \/><\/section>\n<p>\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u56fd\u65d7\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1abilibili.com\uff09<\/p>\n<section>\u4e24\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u90fd\u6709\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5185\uff08\u9646\uff09\u5e1d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08British Empire\uff09\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u82f1\u4f26\u4e09\u5c9b\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08English Empire\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u4e03\u3007\u4e03\u5e74\u5408\u5e76\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u4e00\u516b\u3007\u4e00\u5e74\u5e76\u5165\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u3002\u968f\u7740\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5bf9\u201c\u672c\u571f\u201d\u517c\u5e76\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u201c\u5185\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff08inner empire\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5185\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6d77\u6d0b\u201c\u5916\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u800c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4e5f\u88ab\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u201d\u201c\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u201c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u4e4b\u524d\u65e9\u5df2\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff08p.289\uff09\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u5185\u9646\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65e0\u6570\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5e73\u53db\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5185\u5e1d\u56fd\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u800c\u5185\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e61\u6c11\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u5177\u5907\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u6b27\u6839\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08Eugen Weber\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5219\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4e86\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u4e24\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u672c\u571f\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u90fd\u4e0e\u6d77\u5916\u5e1d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u3002\u6614\u65e5\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff08\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eba\u3001\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\u548c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4eba\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u6761\u4ece\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u5230\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u52fe\u8fde\u5185\u5916\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u7ebf\u3002\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u6c11\u65cf\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u672c\u90e8\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u201c\u8fb9\u7586\u201d\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u3001\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\u7231\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u4f2f\u514b\u3001\u53f6\u829d\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7cbe\u82f1\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5e72\u5c06\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u8d21\u732e\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6\u56db\u6210\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5b98\u5458\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/abbd3527239ddb29\" \/><\/section>\n<section>\u7ea2\u8272\u533a\u57df\u8868\u793a1886\u5e74\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1aglobalsecurity.org\uff09<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u5728\u672c\u571f\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u6d77\u5916\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u540c\u6837\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5176\u8fc7\u7a0b\u66f4\u4e3a\u66f2\u6298\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6784\u5efa\u5176\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08imperial 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src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3654600443,2935097105&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=401&amp;h=569\" 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France)\uff1b\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e43\u662f\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u82f1\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u5982\u679c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de9\u56fa\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5e1d\u56fd\u8870\u843d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u548c\u672c\u571f\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6d88\u9000\u3002\u9887\u5177\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u4e2d\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d77\u4e49\u6216\u5206\u79bb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u53cd\u5012\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u516d\u5e74\u7206\u53d1\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u590d\u6d3b\u8282\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e8c\u5e74\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\u9000\u51fa\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u82f1\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u80dc\u5229\u56fd\u4ece\u6218\u8d25\u56fd\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u4e2d\u4e1c\u548c\u4e1c\u975e\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4f46\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u663e\u793a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u6838\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u96be\u514d\u4e0d\u53d7\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6ce2\u53ca\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u3007\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u5411\u5fb7\u519b\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u62f1\u624b\u8ba9\u7ed9\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u8ba9\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5e1d\u56fd\u989c\u9762\u5c3d\u5931\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u7ef4\u7cfb\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6d77\u5916\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bff\u7ec8\u6b63\u5bdd\u3002<\/section>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=1951327026,3816795289&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=748&amp;h=453\" 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data-tools=\"135\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\" data-id=\"93096\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section data-brushtype=\"text\"><strong>\u9646\u5730\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a\u8001\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u65b0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u65b0\u5e1d\u56fd<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5927\u9646\u5e1d\u56fd\u5219\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u66f4\u65e9\u5730\u906d\u9047\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u65cf\u7fa4\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u6e10\u5927\u3002\u5730\u7f18\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u6216\u635f\u8017\u4e5f\u9f13\u52b1\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5206\u79bb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u90fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\uff0c\u6c99\u4fc4\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u88ab\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u65e7\u5e1d\u56fd\u7eb7\u7eb7\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u53d6\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5462\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5927\u9646\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u6bd4\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e1d\u56fd\u66f4\u5927\uff1f\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u5927\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff1f\u6216\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\u592a\u201c\u843d\u540e\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6e10\u5931\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u51dd\u805a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff1f<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=2767242360,3600506533&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=607&amp;h=458\" \/><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>1812\u5e74\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08Ottoman Empire\uff09\u7248\u56fe\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1auoregon.edu\uff09<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e2d\u4e0b\u573a\u6700\u60e8\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u8f93\u6389\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\uff1b\u5e1d\u56fd\u672b\u671f\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5c60\u6740\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u3002\u66f4\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4ed6\u5e1d\u56fd\u74e6\u89e3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u672b\u671f\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u6c11\u65cf\u2014\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u8981\u8ffd\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5462\uff1f\u4e0e\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u6218\u8d25\u7684\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\uff0c\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u8fd4\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u8001\u65e7\u7684\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e94\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u5176\u74e6\u89e3\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7ed9\u5b83\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ede\u5211\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6c14\u6570\u5df2\u5c3d\uff0c\u65e0\u529b\u56de\u5929\u5462\uff1f\u8ddf\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u3001\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6c99\u4fc4\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e2d\u5e76\u672a\u652f\u79bb\u7834\u788e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u751f\uff0c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u738b\u671d\u540c\u6837\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u80fd\u591f\u6d88\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u6c99\u4fc4\u66f4\u5927\u3001\u66f4\u5f3a\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1f<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u8ffd\u6839\u6eaf\u6e90\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u90fd\u5386\u65f6\u60a0\u4e45\uff0c\u51e0\u5ea6\u8f89\u714c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u591a\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u591a\u5143\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u5404\u5177\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5305\u5bb9\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u786e\u5b9e\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u548c\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u6539\u9769\u548c\u4e2d\u5174\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u5c40\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5176\u4ed6\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u81ea\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e09\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u516d\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u4e3b\u8981\u5bf9\u624b\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u8dfb\u8eab\u6b27\u6d32\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u770b\u5230\u5e1d\u56fd\u590d\u5174\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f88\u5feb\u5728\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u8d25\u4e0b\u9635\u6765\uff0c\u4e22\u5931\u9886\u571f\u548c\u81e3\u6c11\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u7531\u6b64\u9020\u6210\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e8e\u662f\u9996\u9009\u4ee5\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6765\u51dd\u805a\u81e3\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u6d88\u89e3\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u522b\u662f\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6700\u540e\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u6cdb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u62ef\u6551\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6765\u81ea\u9752\u5e74\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u515a\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u571f\u8033\u5176\u515a\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u594b\u6597\u3002\u4f46\u7a76\u5176\u672c\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e8\u5728\u62ef\u6551\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u90a6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u6df7\u6742\u4e86\u7a81\u53a5\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3863689598,574768753&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=750&amp;h=500\" 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src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=153040459,264880529&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=237&amp;h=335\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u8896\u51ef\u672b\u5c14\u5c06\u519b\uff08Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\uff0c1881-1938\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\uff1awikipedia.org\uff09<\/p>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e09\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5371\u673a\u8fd8\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u56fd\u529b\u7684\u8017\u5c3d\u3002\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u540e\u7559\u7ed9\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9009\u9879\u6240\u5269\u65e0\u51e0\u3002\u5728\u5965\u65af\u66fc\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u6218\u8d25\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u300a\u8272\u4f5b\u5c14\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u3007\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u4efb\u4eba\u5bb0\u5272\u4e0d\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6446\u8131\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u76d1\u7ba1\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u51ef\u672b\u5c14\u594b\u8d77\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u4e86\u571f\u8033\u5176\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u3007\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e09\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6253\u8d25\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u8054\u519b\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u547d\u8fd0\u6538\u5173\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u767b\u4e0a\u5386\u53f2\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u65e8\u5728\u53d6\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u633d\u6551\u6c11\u65cf\uff1b\u5f53\u5e1d\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u836f\u53ef\u6551\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u51ef\u672b\u5c14\u9010\u6b65\u6e05\u7406\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u897f\u5316\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u5e1d\u56fd\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u53ef\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e24\u5927\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u767e\u5e74\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u7ea0\u7f20\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u8ba9\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u5e74\u540e\u56db\u5206\u4e94\u88c2\u5462\uff1f\u5e93\u9a6c\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c34\u706b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u4e2d\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5bf9\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u4fdd\u6301\u5fe0\u5fc3\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5185\u9646\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u6bd4\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e1d\u56fd\u66f4\u96be\u5904\u7406\u65cf\u7fa4\u591a\u6837\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u80a2\u89e3\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u539f\u5219\u5f00\u59cb\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8f93\u6389\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6cb9\u5c3d\u706f\u67af\uff1a\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u4e0e\u9644\u5c5e\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u77db\u76fe\u4e0d\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e1d\u56fd\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u6df1\u9677\u7684\u6740\u4f10\u5f81\u6218\u201d\u624d\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u89e3\u4f53\uff08p.205\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u624d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5ef6\u7eed\u516d\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d6\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/section>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=316531298,3100266328&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=450&amp;h=375\" 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