{"id":41510,"date":"2024-12-17T05:20:27","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T21:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=41510"},"modified":"2024-12-17T05:20:27","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T21:20:27","slug":"%e6%ae%b7%e4%b9%8b%e5%85%89%ef%bc%9a%e5%b8%9d%e5%9b%bd%e5%8f%b2%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e8%be%89%e6%a0%bc%e6%9a%97%e5%bd%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=41510","title":{"rendered":"\u6bb7\u4e4b\u5149\uff1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u6697\u5f71"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"text-title\">\n<div class=\"article-info\">\u4f5c\u8005: \u6bb7\u4e4b\u5149<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<article id=\"mp-editor\" class=\"article\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/1b546b03cf5d4d1584e05e824fab26de.jpeg\" width=\"587\" height=\"331\" \/>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u8bba\u8ff0\uff08\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e3a\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff09\u4e00\u76f4\u662f19\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u5934\u620f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f46\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5927\u91cf\u4f18\u79c0\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u7cbe\u529b\u6295\u8eab\u5176\u95f4\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6bb7\u4e4b\u5149\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u6446\u8131\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4eff\u4f5b\u662f\u4e00\u9053\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u6697\u5f71\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u95ee\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u53f2\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u91cc\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8dc3\u7136\u7eb8\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u5411\u8fc7\u5f80\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1919\u5e74\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u8d1d\u7279\u8bb2\u5e2d\uff08Beit Chair of Colonial History\uff09\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e4b\u540e14\u5e74\uff0c\u5251\u6865\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u83ab\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6d77\u6d0b\u53f2\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\uff08Vere Harmsworth Professorship of Imperial and Naval History\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7f57\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\uff08Rhodes Professorship of Imperial History\uff09\u4e5f\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bb2\u5e2d\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4e861950\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u201c\u94c1\u4e09\u89d2\u201d\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5b66\u672f\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u8bde\u751f\u4e8e\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5168\u7403\u9738\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u8fd9\u7fa4\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4eec\u4e5f\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u6b27\u6d32\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u8870\u843d\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u6b27\u6d32\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u201d\u6587\u660e\u53d9\u4e8b\u88ab\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u73b0\u5b9e\u6253\u51fb\u5730\u652f\u79bb\u7834\u788e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1929\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u6279\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5c06\u6301\u7eed\u5c06\u8fd140\u5e74\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u5de5\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u8457\u53f2\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u516b\u5377\u672c\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u7684\u9996\u5377\u4e3b\u7f16\u4fbf\u662f\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u4efb\u5251\u6865\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u83ab\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u970d\u5170\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\uff08John Holland Rose\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9996\u4f4d\u7f57\u5fb7\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5e15\u897f\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u725b\u987f\uff08Arthur Percival Newton\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/5db10f0822bd4be9b61ea3b45c2ccce0.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"928\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u970d\u5170\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u4e0e\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u4e66\u5f71<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u5f00\u7f16\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5168\u7403\u79e9\u5e8f\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff08empire\uff09\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d\uff08commonwealth\uff09\u3002\u968f\u7740\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u5408\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e0e\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6563\u5e03\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u201d\uff08self-determination\uff09\u539f\u5219\u66f4\u5728\u5e7f\u5927\u5df2\u88ab19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d78\u6deb\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0e\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u672c\u5904\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u533a\u63a8\u884c\u201c\u81ea\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u635f\u5bb3\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0b\u82f1\u56fd\u5373\u5f97\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u6240\u8c0b\u6c42\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u201c\u59d4\u4efb\u5730\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\uff08mandate system\uff09\u5219\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u7740\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5730\u5904\u5168\u7403\u8d38\u6613\u4ea4\u901a\u7ebf\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8de8\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u4e89\u593a\u6218\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u3001\u539f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5317\u975e\u3001\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\uff08Levant\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u7ea6\u65e6\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\uff09\u4e0e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u534a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u59d4\u4efb\u5730\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/18001498089e49dba1dfeef7a1864c01.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"135\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u4eba\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u591a\u8d2d\u4e70\u5e1d\u56fd\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u7269\u54c1<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u5c31\u5728\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d1959\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u82e6\u5fc3\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u5168\u7403\u8d38\u6613\u9738\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e5f\u6b63\u5728\u6781\u901f\u843d\u5e55\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u8054\u901a\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6d32\u8de8\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u7ebf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5173\u9698\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u7eb3\u8d5b\u5c14\u4e8e1956\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u6536\u5f52\u57c3\u53ca\u56fd\u6709\u3002\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u60dc\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e5f\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u65b0\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u539f\u672c\u90a3\u4e9b\u534a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u59d4\u4efb\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u80a1\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u8ffd\u8d76\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5174\u8870\u7684\u811a\u6b65\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u5012\u53d9\u201d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5168\u7403\u9738\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u9876\u5cf0\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u66f4\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u5168\u7403\u79e9\u5e8f\u89c2\u53ca\u5176\u9053\u5fb7\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u5b9e\u529b\u653f\u6cbb\u672c\u8eab\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u8054\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e0e\u5e1d\u56fd\u5168\u7403\u79e9\u5e8f\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5386\u53f2\u5173\u7cfb\u5c55\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u773c\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u53f2\u8457\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u6e90\u88ab\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u91cc\u7235\u58eb\uff08Sir John Seeley\uff091881\u81f31882\u5e74\u95f4\u4e8e\u5c31\u4efb\u5251\u6865\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\u671f\u95f4\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u300b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/13a7aff11133401399064beb96779288.jpeg\" width=\"478\" height=\"800\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u91cc\u7235\u58eb<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5e0c\u91cc\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8005\u4eec\u5e76\u672a\u5c06\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u6269\u5f20\u89c6\u4e3a\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f97\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u66f4\u8ba4\u540c\u5c06\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u201d\uff08organic\uff09\u751f\u957f\u800c\u975e\u4eba\u4e3a\u201c\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff08plan\uff09\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6279\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5c06\u5e1d\u56fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4e3a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u673a\u751f\u957f\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u65e9\u671f\u82f1\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u91c7\u7528\u7687\u5bb6\u7279\u8bb8\u516c\u53f8\uff08licensed company\uff09\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e2a\u4f53\u201d\uff08private man\uff09\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u800c\u975e\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u8d38\u6613\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u53ca\u5176\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d9\u4e8b\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4ece\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Herman Merivale\uff091839\u5e74\u4ece\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u6b96\u6c11\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u300b\uff08Colonization and Colonies\uff09\u7684\u8bb2\u6f14\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u8d38\u6613\u201d\u624d\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u6b96\u6c11\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u652f\u6491\u8fd9\u4e00\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5219\u662f\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u5f0f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u65f6\u671f\u5c06\u7269\u8d28\u53d1\u5c55\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u201c\u6076\u4e60\u201d\uff08vice\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u8bdd\u950b\u4e00\u8f6c\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u5192\u9669\u4e0e\u5949\u732e\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u201d\uff08peaceful colonists\uff09\u4eec\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u767d\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u8d2f\u7a7f\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5546\u4e1a\u5e26\u6765\u7e41\u8363\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4ece\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u5230\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u518d\u5230\u4e9a\u6d32\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u7fa4\u5c9b\u201c\u7e41\u8363\u4e0e\u5bcc\u5f3a\u201d\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u666f\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u5f3a\u56fd\uff08power\uff09\u6240\u6301\u6709\uff08possess\uff09\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u7531\u6b64\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5168\u5728\u4e8e\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9996\u5f53\u5176\u51b2\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u5bcc\u9976\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u6240\u201c\u5e26\u6765\u201d\u7684\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/90f188c9f9534afd885e0229e6e78331.jpeg\" width=\"504\" height=\"376\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6b96\u6c11\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u300b\u521d\u7248\u6249\u9875<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d\uff08virtue\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u90a3\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u5373\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u5c42\u6b21\u66f4\u52a0\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5e76\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u89c2\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u66a7\u6627\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5b9e\u529b\uff08imperial power\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u6709\u56db\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u4f26\u4e09\u5c9b\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u7edf\u4e00\uff08unity\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08law\uff09\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u673a\u6784\uff08institutions\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5979\u9a7e\u9a6d\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u201c\u5929\u6027\u201d\uff08sea instinct\uff09\u3002\u9664\u53bb\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u4e2d\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u627919\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u53d7\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08David Hume\uff09\u5f71\u54cd\u81f3\u6df1\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08the new Whig historians\uff09\u4eec\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u4e2d\u3002\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u5f00\u7bc7\u5e8f\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u4fbf\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ea6\u8003\u5229\u7537\u7235\uff08Thomas Babington Macaulay\uff09\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff08History of England\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/50b064fcd16b4dc5ae583eb3be7733c6.jpeg\" width=\"396\" height=\"505\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9ea6\u8003\u5229\u7537\u7235<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8ff9\u8c61\u80fd\u663e\u51fa\u82f1\u56fd\u65e5\u540e\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u3002\u201d \u9ea6\u8003\u5229\u7537\u7235\u7684\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ca\u5176\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\uff08whig history\uff09\u8457\u4f5c\u90fd\u5c06\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e66\u5199\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5185\u9601\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4fbf\u5f00\u59cb\u906d\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u62a8\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5e74\u4ee3\u8bef\u690d\u201d\uff08Anachronism\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u5199\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6765\u4e3a\u5f53\u4e0b\u82f1\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u505a\u80cc\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08present-centred\uff09\u7684\u201c\u975e\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5c11\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u5fcc\u8bb3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f89\u683c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8f7b\u89c6\u4e00\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u3001\u91cd\u89c6\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8bf4\u6559\u3001\u501f\u53e4\u8bba\u4eca\u5f0f\u7684\u53d9\u53f2\u6cd5\u5e7f\u53d7\u8bdf\u75c5\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u66f4\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u6279\u5224\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u4e66\u5199\u4e2d\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u89c2\u503e\u5411\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u4fbf\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u89c2\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u773c\u5149\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u88ab\u201c\u8ffd\u6388\u201d\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u9f3b\u7956\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u300b\u30021883\u5e74\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u5c06\u4ed61881\u81f31882\u5e74\u95f4\u5c31\u4efb\u5251\u6865\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7ed3\u96c6\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5b9a\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u300b\uff08The Expansion of England\uff09\u3002\u4e66\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u4fbf\u8ffd\u95ee\u5386\u53f2\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4f55\u5728\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u5e1d\u738b\u5c06\u76f8\u8d77\u5c45\u6ce8\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec6\u788e\u5386\u53f2\u6beb\u65e0\u5207\u5b9e\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u786e\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u201d\uff08agency\uff09\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u5386\u7a0b\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5bb6\u7b14\u4e0b\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u90a3\u79cd\u6eaf\u6e90\u5f0f\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u201c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u6216\u662f\u90fd\u94ce\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u524d\u770b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u9762\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u66f4\u5177\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3001\u66f4\u52a0\u5b9e\u7528\u3001\u201c\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u771f\u7406\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/8fef617bbb9e44ae8e340455d42028e9.jpeg\" width=\"286\" height=\"499\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u300b1883\u5e74\u521d\u7248<\/p>\n<p>\u5e0c\u91cc\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u8f89\u683c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u66fe\u50cf\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8005\u4eec\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5c06\u77db\u5934\u5bf9\u51c6\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u53f2\u89c2\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u6307\u5411\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8f\u5927\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u773c\u5149\u5bf9\u51c6\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u800c\u975e\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u201c\u5f53\u4e0b\u201d\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u66f4\u5173\u5fc3\u4eba\u7c7b\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u201c\u666e\u904d\u8d8b\u52bf\u201d\uff08general drift\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u201d\uff08goal\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u5bf9\u201c\u672a\u6765\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8fde\u63a5\u5e1d\u56fd\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u5e76\u672a\u4f7f\u5176\u6de1\u5316\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4ece\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u6398\u5176\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4ec5\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u201c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u7406\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8f89\u683c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff08liberty\uff09\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff08democracy\uff09\u7684\u786e\u662f\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08the English State\uff09\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u524d\u8fdb\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u201c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5411\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u8bdd\u4fbf\u4e00\u65e0\u662f\u5904\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u6210\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u672a\u6765\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u4ed6\u76f4\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\uff08\u5168\u7403\uff09\u6269\u6563\u201d\uff08the diffusion of our race\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u201d\uff08the expansion of our state\uff09\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u4e3a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u201c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5374\u65e0\u4ece\u5bfb\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e0c\u91cc\u5f3a\u8c03\u8981\u8df3\u51fa\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e8b\u8ff9\u7684\u5806\u780c\uff0c\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u52a8\u6001\u4e2d\u53bb\u63cf\u7ed8\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8109\u7edc\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ed6\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u65f6\u6240\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u201d\u7684\u66f4\u8fed\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a8\u662f\u201c\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u201d\uff08mechanically\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d9\u53f2\u624b\u6bb5\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5404\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u201d\uff08unity\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u6765\u63cf\u5199\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u3001\u4ee5\u53e4\u8bba\u4eca\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u201c\u53e4\u4eca\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u8054\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u201d\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8f89\u683c\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5bfc\u5411\u3002\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5bb6\u4eec\u683c\u5916\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u6743\u4e0e\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u952e\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e4b\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u300b\u9762\u4e16\u4e8e1883\u5e74\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u9ea6\u8003\u5229\u7537\u7235\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u53f2\u300b\uff08The History of England\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u624d35\u5e74\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u521a\u521a\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u7956\u9c81\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u5bf9\u5357\u975e\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u5357\u975e\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u6b96\u6c11\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5c31\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/a89af1b7fb1f4072b64f3411b6c341ef.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"989\" \/><\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u660e\u4fe1\u7247\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e03\u5c14\u4eba\u548c\u5357\u975e\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u526a\u5f71\u3002\u56fe\u4e2d\u4eb2\u5207\u5730\u5c06\u5357\u975e\u5e03\u5c14\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u81ea\u5357\u975e\u5927\u8349\u539f\u7684\u5c0f\u4f19\u5b50\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u6279\u5224\u7684\u662f\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0f\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u91cc\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08State\uff09\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5219\u66f4\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u65f6\u6bb5\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u8109\u7edc\u4e2d\u6765\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5bb6\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u5e1d\u738b\u5c06\u76f8\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u66f4\u4e50\u610f\u4ece\uff08\u897f\u65b9\uff09\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5173\u5fc3\u8bf8\u5982\u725b\u987f\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7b49\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u63a2\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u666e\u904d\u798f\u7949\u201d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c06\u773c\u5149\u7981\u9522\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53f2\u89c2\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u8f7d\u89e3\u7b54\u201c\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u672a\u6765\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ef4\u7cfb\u8bf8\u90a6\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u201d\u5b89\u4e8e\u4e00\u9685\u5f0f\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u767d\u4eba\u5411\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u53bb\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u51fa\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u8bb0\u201d\uff08English Exodus\uff09\u65e2\u6709\u53f2\u8bd7\u53c8\u9971\u542b\u5b97\u6559\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u653e\u5728\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u201c\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u53f2\u770b\u4f3c\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u7269\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5411\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e0d\u4f46\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u51fa\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u8bb0\u201d\u7684\u795e\u5723\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c06\u8f89\u683c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u8428\u514b\u900a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u53f2\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u81f3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u89d2\u5ea6\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u201c\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7ecf\u6d4e\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u8fc1\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u8fb9\u7586\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u5e0c\u91cc\u662f\u53cd\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u89c2\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5bfc\u5411\u624d\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u8428\u514b\u900a\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u968f\u7740\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u9738\u6743\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u5f53\u4e0b\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u68b3\u7406\uff0c\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6536\u7f16\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u672a\u6765\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u89c2\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5e0c\u91cc\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u201d\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7f16\u7ec7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53d9\u8ff0\u6d41\u9732\u7740\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8f89\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u53f2\u4e4b\u95f4\u90a3\u79cd\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5171\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u5f53\u4e0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e0e\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u91ce\u5fc3\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u5168\u7403\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u5171\u540c\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u8f89\u683c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u201c\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u660e\u8bba\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ece\u6b63\u9762\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u795e\u5b66\u201d\u53d9\u4e8b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u5411\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u6269\u5f20\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\u4e0e\u6b8b\u66b4\uff1f\u5e0c\u91cc\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6cbf\u88ad\u4e86\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u773c\u5149\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u7b14\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u201d\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5fc5\u7136\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6885\u91cc\u7ef4\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u4ee5\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u5c06\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u6bb5\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u5317\u7f8e\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5949\u884c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\uff08old colonial system\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ece\u201c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e2d\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\uff08natural system\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u690d\u7269\u74dc\u719f\u8482\u843d\uff0c\u679c\u5b9e\u843d\u5730\u518d\u751f\u6839\u53d1\u82bd\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u957f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u884d\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5e7f\u5e03\u5929\u4e0b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e7\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u7cfb\u4ece\u672a\u5c06\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u89c6\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u6bcd\u56fd\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u60dc\u727a\u7272\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u6765\u4fdd\u969c\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u800c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u7cfb\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e0c\u91cc\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff08our colonial Empire\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff08empire\uff09\u548c\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u201d\uff08colonial\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u6b66\u529b\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u65cf\u7fa4\u805a\u62e2\u4e00\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u5728\u201c\u5c06\u5404\u8272\u65cf\u7fa4\u51dd\u805a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u201c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u6d77\u5916\u62d3\u6b96\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5f3a\u56fd\u4e2d\u90fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5230\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u5927\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5927\u8377\u5170\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5927\u8461\u8404\u7259\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5927\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u201d\u90fd\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u6e6e\u706d\u3002\u65f6\u81f3\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u201d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e78\u5b58\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u8ffd\u95ee\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u65e0\u9650\u6269\u5f20\u201d\uff1f\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u8df3\u51fa\u4e86\u4ece\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c06\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u89c6\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5730\u4ea7\u201d\uff08estate\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u53e3\u89c6\u4e3a\u519c\u5974\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u884c\u65e0\u8282\u5236\u5265\u524a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u906d\u5230\u8fc7\u5ea6\u69a8\u53d6\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3e\u51fa\u82f1\u6cd5\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8f83\u91cf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e0e\u5176\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u4e92\u60e0\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u624d\u80fd\u65e0\u9700\u6bcd\u56fd\u8f93\u8840\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u80dc\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u5c06\u8f89\u683c\u5baa\u6cd5\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u201d\uff08federation\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5173\u7cfb\u6bd4\u8d77\u5904\u5728\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u4e14\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u6bcd\u56fd\u65b0\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5e0c\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u62c5\u5fc3\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9075\u4ece\u65e7\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u767d\u4eba\u5411\u4eba\u53e3\u7a00\u5c11\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e4b\u5730\u201d\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u660e\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u89c6\u4e3a\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u5b50\u55e3\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u767d\u4eba\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6bcd\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\uff08community of race, community of religion, community of interest\uff09\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u201d\u80fd\u591f\u540c\u5fc3\u540c\u5fb7\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u7b14\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d\uff08commonwealth\uff09\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u51fa\u3002\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\u5317\u7f8e\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5e0c\u91cc\u5c06\u4e4b\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u65f6\u671f\u201d\uff08Commonwealth period\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5317\u7f8e\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\u3001\u6cbf\u88ad\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u4e14\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8377\u5170\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u767d\u4eba\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u5206\u88ab\u6bcd\u56fd\u538b\u69a8\u800c\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u9ed1\u5974\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e0c\u91cc\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u7840\u65e0\u7591\u5c31\u662f\u5c0619\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5265\u524a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u590d\u5236\u5230\u5168\u7403\u5404\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u4fdd\u969c\u6bcd\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6b66\u529b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u9738\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20191101\/a32cc1036a8540738921c9bf09df096b.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"1046\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5e1d\u56fd\u5723\u8bde\u5e03\u4e01\u83dc\u8c31\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\u57281927\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u4eba\u4eec\u63a8\u5e7f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5723\u8bde\u751c\u70b9\u98df\u8c31\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u539f\u6750\u6599\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e0c\u91cc\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u903b\u8f91\u53ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u8d70\u5411\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u8ffd\u8ba4\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u9f3b\u7956\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u91cc\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u90fd\u56f4\u7ed5\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u8363\u201d\u7684\u5168\u7403\u79e9\u5e8f\u800c\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08ethnocentric\uff09\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5dee\u5e8f\u683c\u5c40\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u5f0f\u7684\u5eb8\u4fd7\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5168\u7403\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005: \u6bb7\u4e4b\u5149 \u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u8bba\u8ff0\uff08\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e3a\u300a\u5251\u6865\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff09\u4e00\u76f4\u662f19\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u5934\u620f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f46 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[13961,13963,13960,13962],"views":285,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41510"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=41510"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45753,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41510\/revisions\/45753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=41510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=41510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=41510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}