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Criticism)\u5bf9\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u672c\u8eab\u80fd\u5426\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u53f2\u63d0\u51fa\u6000\u7591\u3002\u6b64\u6d3e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\uff1a\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8036\u7a23\u751f\u5e73\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4f5c\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u4f20\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u53f2\u6599\uff1b\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u6210\u4e66\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6e17\u900f\u7740\u6b64\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4fe1\u4f17\u5bf9\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u88ab\u9489\u4e0a\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u6240\u505a\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u95e8\u5f92\u5bf9\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u53e3\u4f20\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u4fe1\u4f17\u4e2d\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5404\u79cd\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u8bad\u8bf2\u624d\u88ab\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u6574\u7406\u548c\u7f16\u8ba2\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f16\u8f91\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u4f20\u751a\u5e7f\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8be6\u7684\u683c\u8a00\u3001\u6c11\u8c1a\u4e5f\u63ba\u5165\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u539f\u59cb\u7d20\u6750\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7f16\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u4f1a\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u7b49\u4e5f\u4e00\u5e76\u690d\u5165\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u88ab\u5b89\u5728\u8036\u7a23\u53e3\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u5927\u6e05\u7406\uff0c\u5c06\u53d9\u4e8b\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u8bed\u5f55\u90e8\u5206(Logia)\u6309\u5176\u6587\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7c7b\u548c\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u786e\u5b9a\u4f55\u8005\u786e\u51fa\u81ea\u8036\u7a23\u4e4b\u53e3\uff0c\u4f55\u8005\u662f\u7f16\u8005\u7684\u9644\u4f1a\u548c\u589e\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u6d3e\u4e2d\u8f83\u6fc0\u70c8\u8005\u5982\u5e03\u7279\u66fc(Rudolf Bultmann\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00)\u4e00\u5ea6\u66fe\u8ba4\u5b9a\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u53f2\u6599\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\u3002\u4ed6\u7531\u6b64\u65ad\u5b9a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u201d\u540e\u4eba\u5df2\u65e0\u4ece\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4ece\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u5230\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u6d3e\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u65b0\u7ea6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u90fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u5fae\u8a00\u5927\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4e2d\u7aa5\u89c1\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u8036\u7a23\u672c\u4eba\u5219\u6210\u4e86\u5b58\u800c\u4e0d\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u4f20\u201d(\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd)\u66f4\u662f\u6210\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u7981\u5fcc\u3002\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50Gunther 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loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20190511\/6ad2a7d50dea42e59e426eab2d535040.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"487\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6b7b\u6d77\u53e4\u5377\u6587\u672c\uff084Q Serekh HaYahad\uff0c\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d50-25\u5e74\uff0c\u5e0c\u5f8b\u738b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u8bed\uff09\u8be5\u6587\u672c\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u201c\u793e\u533a\u201d\uff08Yahad\uff09\u6cd5\u89c4\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5723\u6bbf\u65f6\u671f\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7ed3\u6784\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1adeadseascrolls.org.il\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u514b\u7f57\u6851(John Dominic 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loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20190511\/3f84ea7945f947d98e6332db15a1fbac.jpeg\" width=\"443\" height=\"579\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u591a\u96f7\uff08Gustave Dor\u00e9\uff09\u300a\u767b\u5c71\u5b9d\u8bad\u300b\uff08The Sermon On The Mount\uff09\u3002\u7248\u753b\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u662f\u9a6c\u592a\u798f\u97f36\uff1a28-29 \u7684\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u201c\u4f55\u5fc5\u4e3a\u8863\u88f3\u5fe7\u8651\u5462\uff1f\u4f60\u60f3\u91ce\u5730\u91cc\u7684\u767e\u5408\u82b1\u600e\u4e48\u957f\u8d77\u6765\uff1b\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u52b3\u82e6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7eba\u7ebf\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4eec\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u6781\u8363\u534e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u7a7f\u6234\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u8fd9\u82b1\u4e00\u6735\u5462\uff01\u201d\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1awikiart.org)<\/p>\n<p>\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5bf9\u8036\u7a23\u6240\u884c\u795e\u8ff9\u7684\u8bb0\u8ff0\u3002\u8036\u7a23\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u8ba9\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u542c\u547d\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1(\u5e73\u9759\u98ce\u548c\u6d77)\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u795b\u90aa\u7953\u9b54\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u8d77\u6b7b\u56de\u751f\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5947\u5f02\u4e4b\u4e8b\u8bb3\u83ab\u5982\u6df1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u5374\u5bf9\u8036\u7a23\u533b\u6cbb\u75be\u75c5\u4e00\u4e8b\u6709\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ed6\u6839\u636e\u533b\u5b66\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u51fadisease\u548cillness\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6307\u5668\u5b98\u3001\u673a\u4f53\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u9002\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4f53\u9a8c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6210\u89c1\u548c\u7981\u5fcc\u3002\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u6ca1\u6709\u6cbb\u6108\u8eab\u4f53\u75fc\u75be(disease)\u7684\u795e\u529b\u6216\u533b\u672f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6562\u4e8e\u51b2\u7834\u793e\u4f1a\u4e60\u89c1\u7684\u7f57\u7f51\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a5\u89e6\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e0d\u6d01\u4e4b\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u60ca\u4e16\u9a87\u4fd7\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\u4f7f\u8fdc\u79bb\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u5f97\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5fc3\u7075\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u6240\u6cbb\u6108\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5668\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u75be\u75c5(disease)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u75c5\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u4e0e\u758f\u79bb\u611f(illness)\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u505a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5f15\u7533\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ffd\u95ee\u4f55\u4ee5\u5728\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u9b54\u9b3c\u9644\u4f53\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5982\u6b64\u666e\u904d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u7adf\u7136\u662f\uff1a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u9020\u6210\u88ab\u5360\u9886\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u201c\u53cc\u91cd\u4eba\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u9971\u53d7\u6b64\u79cd\u6b96\u6c11\u538b\u8feb\u4e0e\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u4e45\u800c\u4e45\u4e4b\uff0c\u6124\u61d1\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u9042\u90c1\u7ed3\u6210\u5fc3\u7406\u75be\u75c5\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u8fd9\u90e8\u8f83\u901a\u4fd7\u7684\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u4f20\u201d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u83ab\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u63a8\u60f3\u3001\u6d4b\u5ea6\u3001\u8861\u91cf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u65f6\u4ee3\u9519\u8bef\u201d(anachronism)\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u5728\u4eca\u4eba\u770b\u6765\u592a\u719f\u6089\u3001\u592a\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u592a\u7b26\u5408\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u8da3\u5473\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u4fe1\u670d\u3002\u8036\u7a23\u60b2\u5929\u60af\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u5143\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u51b3\u7136\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5173\u6ce8\u4eba\u95f4\u75be\u82e6\uff0c\u51b3\u7136\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5916\u3001\u5bf9\u4e16\u95f4\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u4e0e\u4e0d\u516c\u8868\u8fbe\u67d0\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u538b\u8feb\u3001\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u6597\u58eb\u548c\u719f\u8c19\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u533b\u5e08(\u6b64\u70b9\u8be6\u540e)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u6b64\u9769\u547d\u3001\u5982\u6b64\u201c\u6469\u767b\u201d\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u751f\u7591\u3002\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u65f6\u4e0b\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u5730\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8d39\u5439\u7070\u4e4b\u529b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u8036\u7a23\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u201c\u535a\u7231\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u4eca\u4eba\u4e0e\u53e4\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5c42\u7a97\u6237\u7eb8\uff0c\u4e00\u6345\u5c31\u7834\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u6345\u81ea\u7834\u3002\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4e0d\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u5c0f\u80cc\u8bf5\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u5723\u7ecf\u3001\u671d\u5915\u51fa\u5165\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4f1a\u5802\u7684\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u5012\u53cd\u50cf\u719f\u8bfb\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u548c\u8428\u4e49\u5fb7\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u8fd9\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u529f\u8fd8\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20190511\/09665830cfff4b90a5661ab4997fb4ff.jpeg\" width=\"294\" height=\"425\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u300a\u8036\u7a23\u4f20\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1997\u3002\u6765\u6e90\uff1adouban.com\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u7ea6\u4e24\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u7535\u89c6\u53f0(PBS)\u66fe\u64ad\u51fa\u56db\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u4e13\u9898\u7247\u300a\u4ece\u8036\u7a23\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u300b(From Jesus to Christ)\uff0c\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u4ecb\u7ecd\u65e9\u671f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u4f20\u5e03\u3002\u6b64\u7247\u9664\u4e86\u5b9e\u666f\u62cd\u6444\u548c\u5927\u91cf\u56fe\u7247\u8d44\u6599\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e86\u591a\u4f4d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bbf\u8c08\u7a7f\u63d2\u4e8e\u8282\u76ee\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e13\u9898\u7247\u7684\u7b56\u5212\u548c\u4e3b\u7b14\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u8457\u540d\u6559\u6388\u4fdd\u62c9\u00b7\u5f17\u6765\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u68ee(Paula Fredriksen\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f17\u6c0f)\u3002\u5979\u66fe\u51fa\u7248\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u4f1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u4e13\u8457\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u5f17\u6c0f\u53c8\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u62ff\u6492\u52d2\u7684\u8036\u7a23\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u738b\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5438\u6536\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8036\u7a23\u5176\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u6c0f\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66\u53ef\u7b97\u662f\u5bf9\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee5\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u503e\u5411\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u5979\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u82b1\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7bc7\u5e45\u6279\u8bc4\u5c06\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u53e4\u4eba\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6781\u529b\u5021\u5bfc\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u79cd\u201cwilled innocence\u201d(\u987539\u201441)\uff0c\u5373\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u6682\u65f6\u538b\u6291\u3001\u6392\u9664\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u4eba\u201c\u8fc7\u591a\u201d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u91cd\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u6bd4\u53e4\u4eba\u66f4\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u665a\u4e8e\u53e4\u4eba\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u78b0\u5de7\u7ad9\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7aef\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u8fc7\u591a\u201d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f80\u5f80\u5e72\u6270\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u626d\u66f2\u3001\u8bef\u89e3\u53e4\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u540e\u4eba\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8be6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u8eab\u4e34\u5176\u5883\u7684\u53e4\u4eba\u770b\u6765\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3001\u6e3a\u832b\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002\u60df\u6b64\u672a\u6765\u4e0d\u53ef\u6349\u6478\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u6545\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u4f1a\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u731c\u7591\u3001\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e43\u81f3\u5b64\u6ce8\u4e00\u63b7\u7684\u51b3\u65ad\u548c\u52c7\u6c14\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5219\u4ece\u4e66\u672c\u4e2d\u77e5\u6089\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65e9\u5df2\u4e86\u7136\u4e8e\u80f8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4e00\u8fb9\u4eab\u53d7\u7740\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8b\u5916\u7684\u4ece\u5bb9\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u8fb9\u4ee5\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\u201d(hindsight)\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u505a\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u4f53\u8c05\u3001\u9274\u5bdf\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u83ab\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6682\u65f6\u6de1\u5fd8\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u8fc7\u591a\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540e\u6765\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5982\u53e4\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u6beb\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u3002\u5f17\u6c0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6240\u8c13willed innocence \u6216willed naivet\u00e9\u5176\u6df1\u610f\u6b63\u5728\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u6c0f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u5b66\u539f\u5219\u65b9\u9762\u5bf9\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u7b49\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee5\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6750\u6599\u8bc1\u660e\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7ed3\u8bba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5386\u53f2\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u8036\u7a23\u201c\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u538b\u8feb\u201d\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4ee5\u73b0\u4ee3\u773c\u5149\u6765\u9644\u4f1a\u53e4\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u8036\u7a23\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u52a0\u5229\u5229\u5730\u533a\u867d\u7136\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u7701\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u884c\u653f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u5927\u6743\u5747\u64cd\u4e8e\u672c\u5730\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e76\u4e0d\u66fe\u6d3e\u9a7b\u8fc7\u4e00\u5175\u4e00\u5352\uff01\u5c31\u8fde\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u6240\u5728\u7684\u72b9\u5730\u4e9a\u884c\u7701\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6709\u4e09\u5343\u7f57\u9a6c\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u6d77\u8fb9\u7684\u8be5\u6492\u5229\u4e9a(\u9875169)\u3002\u60df\u72ec\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4f20\u7edf\u8282\u65e5\u5982\u903e\u8d8a\u8282\u65f6\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u603b\u7763\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u5907\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u8c03\u96c6\u4eba\u9a6c\u8fdb\u9a7b\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5bf9\u52a0\u5229\u5229\u3001\u72b9\u5730\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u519b\u4e8b\u5360\u9886\u201d\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u66f4\u662f\u98ce\u9a6c\u725b\u4e0d\u76f8\u53ca\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5927\u4f53\u8bf4\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u796d\u7940\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u677e\u3001\u653e\u4efb\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u975e\u5e38\u8d2b\u7620\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u53ea\u6ce8\u91cd\u5176\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ece\u57c3\u53ca\u5230\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u7545\u901a\uff0c\u5927\u8086\u52ab\u63a0\u4e4b\u4e8b\u6050\u4ea6\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u60ef\u4e86\u63cf\u5199\u201c\u4e8c\u6218\u201d\u7684\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u770b\u60ef\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u8857\u5934\u5de1\u903b\u3001\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u955c\u5934\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4f1a\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u5229\u4e5f\u66fe\u76ee\u7779\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u70e7\u6740\u62a2\u63a0\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64\u620f\u5267\u5316\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u5728\u5176\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u201c\u4fb5\u7565\u519b\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u770b\u5230\u5728\u8857\u5934\u6a2a\u51b2\u76f4\u649e\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u82e6\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u6068\u201d\u6050\u6015\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5982\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u5938\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20190511\/7d68ae9742424789994add00a5572a4c.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u51ef\u6492\u5229\u4e9a\u6e2f\uff08Caesarea Maritima\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u8be5\u6492\u5229\u4e9a\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u516c\u5143\u524d22-10\u5e74\u5e0c\u5f8b\u738b\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u5174\u5efa\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5317\u90e8\u6c99\u4ed1\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u3002\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u72b9\u592a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u5f17\u65af\uff08Flavius Josephus\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u98ce\u8c8c\uff1b\u51ef\u6492\u5229\u4e9a\u6e2f\u7684\u8003\u53e4\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8036\u7a23\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u60c5\u51b5\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1awikipedia.org\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u514b\u7f57\u6851\u603b\u662f\u6cdb\u6cdb\u800c\u8c08\u8036\u7a23\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u4e0b\u5c42\u6c11\u4f17\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e0d\u6d01\u4e4b\u4eba\u201d(\u5982\u9ebb\u98ce\u75c5\u4eba\u7b49)\u5bc4\u4e88\u65e0\u9650\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u70b9\u4ea6\u5f53\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u5f17\u6c0f\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53c8\u535a\u91c7Geza Vermes\uff0cE.P.Sanders\u7b49\u540d\u5bb6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u8457(Sanders\u66fe\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e09\u5e74\u51fa\u7248The Historical Figure of 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shekel)\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5356\u9e3d\u5b50\u548c\u5151\u6362\u94f6\u94b1\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3002\u5f17\u6c0f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u6b64\u4e3e\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u542b\u4e49\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u8003\u3002\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u6545\u4e8b\u672c\u8eab\u53e3\u8033\u76f8\u4f20\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u7f3a\u5c11\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u9042\u4e3a\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u7a83\u53d6\uff0c\u4e00\u53d8\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4fdd\u5b88\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u5229\u5668\u3002\u5f17\u6c0f\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u6b64\u4e3e\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u620f\u5267\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u672b\u65e5\u6765\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u666f(\u9875210)\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u539f\u4e49\u7a76\u7adf\u4e3a\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u65e0\u4ece\u77e5\u6653\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20190511\/d2a5512b86954966bdccee27e7efeb25.jpeg\" width=\"443\" height=\"549\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u591a\u96f7\uff08Gustave Dor\u00e9\uff09\u300a\u6d01\u51c0\u5723\u6bbf\u300b\uff08The Buyers And Sellers Driven Out of 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