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\u7406\u67e5\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u6717\uff08Richard P. Strong\uff0c1872-1948\uff09\u5728\u63a5\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bad\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u7d27\u6025\u542f\u7a0b\uff0c\u7531\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\u8d76\u5f80\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u7ec6\u83cc\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u91cc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bbe\u5907\u4e5f\u5df2\u62c6\u5378\u5305\u88c5\uff0c\u968f\u4ed6\u540c\u8239\u8fd0\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u5f53\u5176\u4ed6\u4e58\u5ba2\u51ed\u680f\u8fdc\u773a\uff0c\u6b23\u8d4f\u7740\u6d77\u4e0a\u7f8e\u666f\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u6717\u5219\u5728\u8239\u8231\u91cc\u591c\u4ee5\u7ee7\u65e5\u5730\u9605\u8bfb\u6709\u5173\u9f20\u75ab\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u732e\u3002\u8bf4\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6076\u8865\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u957f\u671f\u4ece\u4e8b\u970d\u4e71\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u9632\u6cbb\uff0c\u9f20\u75ab\u975e\u5176\u6240\u957f\u3002\u5728\u5230\u8fbe\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u6c88\u9633\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fde\u65af\u7279\u6717\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u60f3\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u653e\u7740\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u9f20\u75ab\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0d\u7528\uff0c\u504f\u504f\u9009\u62e9\u4ed6\u53bb\u53c2\u52a0\u8fd9\u6b21\u201c\u5949\u5929\u4e07\u56fd\u9f20\u75ab\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u75ab\u60c5\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u8fde\u7bc7\u7d2f\u724d\uff0c\u4f46\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e94\u82b1\u516b\u95e8\uff0c\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u5fb7\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u4fc4\u7b49\u56fd\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u3001\u6c88\u9633\uff08\u5949\u5929\uff09\u3001\u5927\u8fde\u548c\u4e39\u4e1c\uff08\u5b89\u4e1c\uff09\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u3001\u533b\u751f\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u8bb0\u8005\u4eec\u90fd\u4ece\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u53d1\u8868\u5bf9\u65f6\u5c40\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u6717\u4e5f\u5206\u4e0d\u6e05\u5b70\u771f\u5b70\u5047\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u80fd\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u75ab\u60c5\u80cc\u540e\u9690\u85cf\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9f20\u75ab\u9632\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u89d2\u9010\u5df2\u7ecf\u6084\u6084\u62c9\u5f00\u4e86\u5e8f\u5e55\uff0c\u51ed\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5373\u5c06\u5377\u5165\u8fd9\u51fa\u5927\u620f\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u53bb\u626e\u6f14\u4e00\u4e2a\u529b\u633d\u72c2\u6f9c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u7591\u4f3c\u75c5\u4f8b\u9694\u79bb\u5904<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u533b\u7597\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u535a\u5f08<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u9886\u4e8b\u987e\u4e34\uff08Roger Sherman Greene II\uff0c1881-1947\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u5728\u5949\u5929\u3001\u5927\u8fde\u3001\u5b89\u4e1c\u53ca\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u53ca\u65f6\u628a\u65e5\u672c\u8d81\u9f20\u75ab\u4e4b\u673a\u6269\u5927\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u52a8\u5411\u62a5\u544a\u534e\u76db\u987f\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u548c\u8b66\u89c9\u3002\u5c31\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u5c40\u52bf\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6b63\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u65e5\u672c\u201c\u5931\u9053\u5be1\u52a9\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u591a\u4e48\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u53ef\u63a5\u5230\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8bfa\u514b\u65af\u6df1\u77e5\uff0c\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u505a\u51fa\u5982\u6b64\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u987e\u4e34\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4e00\u5b9a\u627f\u53d7\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6070\u6070\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u987e\u4e34\u662f\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u201c\u540d\u95e8\u4e4b\u540e\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u66fe\u66fe\u7956\u7236\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u8c22\u5c14\u66fc\uff08Roger Sherman\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5f00\u56fd\u5143\u52cb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u300a\u5927\u9646\u76df\u7ea6\u300b\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u56db\u4efd\u91cd\u8981\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u4e0a\u90fd\u7b7e\u8fc7\u5b57\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u7236\u201d\u3002\u987e\u4e34\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u4e5f\u53d6\u81ea\u8fd9\u4f4d\u8363\u8000\u95e8\u5ead\u7684\u7956\u4e0a\u3002\u8d8a\u662f\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5b98\u5ba6\u4e16\u5bb6\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u5bf9\u91d1\u94b1\u548c\u6743\u529b\u770b\u5f97\u5f88\u6de1\u3002\u987e\u4e34\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u4ece\u653f\u548c\u7ecf\u5546\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u660e\u6cbb\u7ef4\u65b0\u540e\u6765\u5230\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u5f53\u8d77\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u628a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u65e5\u8bed\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u5e72\u5c31\u662f\u56db\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u987e\u4e34\u5728\u6a2a\u6ee8\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u4e1a\uff0c\u548c\u7236\u4eb2\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u7cbe\u901a\u65e5\u8bed\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u4f17\u591a\u65e5\u672c\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6545\u4e61\u611f\u60c5\u6df1\u539a\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u540e\uff0c\u987e\u4e34\u88ab\u6d3e\u51fa\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ad9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u5927\u8fde\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u80fd\u53bb\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u8fde\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u987e\u4e34\u4e5f\u5c31\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u987e\u4e34\u4e00\u5bb6\u7684\u6765\u5934\u4ee5\u53ca\u7236\u5b50\u4e8c\u4eba\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u9886\u4e8b\u5b98\u656c\u91cd\u6709\u52a0\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u3007\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u987e\u4e34\u63d0\u9192\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6ce8\u610f\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u52a8\u5411\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5c1a\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5185\u5fc3\u5f88\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4f46\u987e\u4e34\u672c\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u6e10\u884c\u6e10\u8fdc\u3002\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u9f20\u75ab\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u8f68\u8ff9\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5f53\u653f\u4e4b\u65e5\u8d77\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c31\u529b\u6c42\u5e73\u8861\u65e5\u4fc4\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u534e\u95e8\u6237\u5f00\u653e\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u53ca\u65f6\u63d2\u624b\u4e24\u56fd\u4e89\u7aef\uff0c\u8c03\u505c\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u5c31\u662f\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5f53\u5e74\u5236\u8861\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e3e\u63aa\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u65e5\u672c\u52bf\u529b\u6e10\u5f3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fb5\u593a\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc3\u6025\u5982\u711a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7518\u5750\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u529b\u4e0d\u4ece\u5fc3\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u66f4\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u628a\u6c34\u6405\u6d51\uff0c\u501f\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u624b\u9650\u5236\u6b7b\u5bf9\u5934\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4fc4\u4e09\u65b9\u5f88\u5feb\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5750\u4e0b\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u9f20\u75ab\u9632\u6cbb\u662f\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u52a0\u5f3a\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u6743\u529b\u4ee5\u904f\u5236\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8695\u98df\u66f4\u662f\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5317\u91cc\u67f4\u4e09\u90ce\u66fe\u4e0e\u540e\u85e4\u65b0\u5e73\u4e00\u540c\u7559\u5b66\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u540e\u85e4\u201c\u643a\u533b\u4ece\u653f\u201d\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5317\u91cc\u5219\u4e13\u653b\u533b\u672f\uff0c\u5728\u7ec6\u83cc\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u9887\u6709\u5efa\u6811\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u3007\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4ee5\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5a01\u671b\u3002\u5176\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u8d1d\u6797\u5171\u540c\u7814\u53d1\u4e86\u7834\u4f24\u98ce\u75ab\u82d7\u3002\u5317\u91cc\u5934\u4e0a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5149\u73af\uff0c\u662f\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u9f20\u75ab\u6746\u83cc\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u8036\u5c14\u68ee\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u9f20\u75ab\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b8a\u8363\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u8bb0\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u540d\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u672a\u524a\u5f31\u5317\u91cc\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u9f20\u75ab\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u91cc\u67f4\u4e09\u90ce\u4e5f\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5b9e\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u201c\u6ee1\u94c1\u201d\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u9632\u75ab\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u76d8\u7b97\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u5317\u91cc\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u201d\u5750\u9547\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u5c06\u5360\u9886\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5236\u9ad8\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8c01\u6bd4\u5317\u91cc\u66f4\u52a0\u4e86\u89e3\u9f20\u75ab\u5462\uff1f\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u533b\u5b66\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7275\u7740\u9f3b\u5b50\u8d70\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7528\u62c5\u5fc3\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u9677\u5165\u88ab\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u5bfc\u9632\u75ab\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e2d\u6d41\u7825\u67f1\u662f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u534e\u88d4\u533b\u751f\u4f0d\u8fde\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u52a9\u624b\u5168\u7ecd\u6e05\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u914d\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u53f8\u7763\u9601\uff08Dugald Christie, 1855-1936\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u9886\u5bfc\u4e00\u6279\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u76db\u4eac\u65bd\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6c88\u9633\u884c\u533b\u8fd1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u201c\u534f\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u5802\u201d\u6d3e\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u82f1\u7f8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5168\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u4e5f\u6bd4\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5317\u91cc\u67f4\u4e09\u90ce\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u548c\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u201c\u5949\u5929\u4e07\u56fd\u9f20\u75ab\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u201d\u65e5\u76ca\u4e34\u8fd1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6d3e\u9f20\u75ab\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ece\u7ebd\u7ea6\u542f\u7a0b\u5230\u6c88\u9633\u8981\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u8fdc\u6c34\u89e3\u4e0d\u4e86\u8fd1\u6e34\u3002\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u5c31\u8fd1\u5dee\u9063\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u83cc\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u65e9\u8d76\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e89\u53d6\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u4e2d\u65b9\u5f00\u5c55\u533b\u7597\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e34\u9635\u78e8\u67aa\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5730\u5229\u4eba\u548c\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5317\u91cc\u6297\u8861\u4e00\u9635\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4f0d\u8fde\u5fb7\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d<\/p>\n

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\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u6ee8\u6c5f\u9632\u75ab\u4f1a<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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