\u6574\u7406: \u90dd\u535a\u9633 \u6765\u6e90: \u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba<\/p>\n
\u4e00<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u8005: BENJAMIN A. ELMAN<\/p>\n
1950\u5e74\uff0cMary Wright\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u5b54\u5b66\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7532\u5348\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u906d\u5230\u4e86Wang Ermin\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u519b\u5de5\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8131\u79bb\u5e1d\u56fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u660e\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7531\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u582a\u79f0\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u5230\u5e95\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u800c\u5e1d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7532\u5348\u6d77\u6218\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53c8\u6709\u591a\u5c11\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u53bb\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7740\u624b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u519b\u5de5\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u519b\u5de5\u751f\u4ea7\u5355\u4f4d\u6709\u4e24\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u662f1865\u5e74\u662f\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u5efa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u6c5f\u5357\u673a\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5c40\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5904\u662f\u7531\u5de6\u5b97\u68e01866\u5e74\u7b79\u5efa\u7684\u798f\u5dde\u8239\u653f\u5c40\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u519b\u5de5\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u6d77\u5173\u6536\u5165\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u3002\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u987e\u95ee\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c1\uff09\u5236\u9020\u7528\u7684\u673a\u5668\u30022\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u8303\u7574\u2014\u2014\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u30023\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u79d1\u6280\u4e66\u7c4d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u7740\u5236\u9020\u5206\u652f\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u673a\u6784\u8bbe\u7f6e\u975e\u5e38\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u6c5f\u5357\u673a\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u51e0\u7ecf\u6269\u5efa\uff0c\u57281970\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u519b\u706b\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u519b\u706b\u5236\u9020\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u7531\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u638c\u63e1\u3002\u52301867\u5e74\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u6bcf\u5929\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u51fa15\u652f\u6ed1\u819b\u67aa\u548c\u4e00\u767e\u53d112\u78c5\u69b4\u5f39\u3002\u6bcf\u6708\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u51fa\u516b\u95e8\u5341\u4e8c\u78c5\u69b4\u5f39\u70ae\u30021868-1876\u8fd9\u516b\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u7684\u9020\u8239\u5382\u6548\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\uff0c\u5171\u9020\u51fa\u5341\u4e00\u8258\u8230\u8239\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6218\u8230\u5341\u8258\u3002\u6728\u58f3\u548c\u94c1\u58f3\u6218\u8230\u5404\u5360\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u4ef6\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u81ea\u5236\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u548c\u706b\u70ae\u5236\u4f5c\u6280\u672f\u4e5f\u9886\u5148\u4e8e\u540c\u671f\u65e5\u672c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6a2a\u987b\u8d3a\u6d77\u519b\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u76f4\u81f31877\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u6b27\u6d32\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u590d\u5f0f\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5185\u8fd8\u662f\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u3002\u6574\u4e2a1890\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u76f8\u8f83\u65e5\u65b9\u90fd\u663e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u800c\u6c5f\u5357\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u57281876\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4ea7\u7387\u76f4\u7ebf\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u800c\u57281885\u5e74\u5efa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u8258\u94a2\u58f3\u8239\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u8239\u5382\u670d\u5f79\u4e86\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31889\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u9020\u8239\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u9886\u5148\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u30021889\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7ed9\u65e5\u672c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u94c1\u7532\u548c\u94a2\u7532\u8230\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u5236\u9020\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u9006\u8f6c\u30021885\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u70b9\u5236\u9020\u706b\u70ae\uff0c\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u5927\u578b\u540e\u88c5\u5f0f\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u6717\u70ae\uff0c\u5176\u5c04\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u52307000-11000\u7801\u548c40\u78c5\u901f\u5c04\u70ae\u3002\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u76f4\u52301905\u5e74\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u5c1a\u672a\u5f00\u59cb\u5b83\u91ce\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u70ae\u5175\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u5206\u652f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u5728\u4f20\u6559\u58ebJohn Fryer\u7684\u5e26\u9886\u4e0b\u91cd\u70b9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6570\u5b66\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u3002\u57281869\u5e74\u540c\u95ee\u9986\u5e76\u5165\u6c5f\u5357\u5236\u9020\u603b\u5c40\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u9700\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u4ee3\u6570\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\uff0c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u673a\u68b0\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u548c\u673a\u68b0\u5236\u56fe\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u73ed\u5206\u6210\u4e03\u4e2a\u65b9\u54111\uff09\u5730\u8d28\u5b662\uff09\u51b6\u91d1\u5b663\uff09\u673a\u68b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c4\uff09\u5de5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u9020 5\uff09\u5916\u4ea4\u5b66 6\uff09\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u9646\u5730\u6218\u4e89 7\uff09\u5916\u8bed\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u76ee\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u90fd\u5f88\u5f3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u582a\u79f0\u5168\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9664\u6b64\u4ee5\u5916\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u516b\u80a1\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u79d1\u4e3e\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u6210\u7ee9\u4f18\u5f02\u8005\u53ef\u501f\u6280\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5b98\u804c\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u53d7\u540c\u50da\u6392\u6324\uff0c\u5728\u5b98\u573a\u4e0a\u4f4e\u4eba\u4e00\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c31\u7efc\u5408\u79d1\u6280\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u3002\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1864\u5e74\u7684\u540c\u6587\u9986\u57281867\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5ba3\u626c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u4ef6\u5f55\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u4e3a\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u63d0\u4f9b\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u9644\u9875\uff0c\u4ee5\u6269\u5927\u53d7\u4f17\u9762\u3002\u5728\u540c\u6587\u9986\u7f16\u5165\u6c5f\u5357\u5236\u9020\u5c40\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u52301879\u5e74\uff0c\u7531Fryer\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bd1\u621098\u79cd\uff0c\u5171235\u5377\u8bd1\u4f5c\u3002\u9664\u5374\u5b98\u529e\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u57281850-1970\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5317\u4e0a\u5e7f\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7406\u79d1\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u4e8e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1874\u5e74\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u683c\u81f4\u4e66\u9662\u5728Fryer\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5728\u300a\u683c\u81f4\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e7f\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u7f16\u683e\u5b66\u8c26\u4e5f\u5c31\u6b64\u6210\u4e3aFryer\u4f20\u64ad\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f97\u529b\u52a9\u624b\uff0c\u5176\u6587\u7ae0\u4e5f\u6536\u5f55\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u4ef6\u5f55\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6742\u5fd7\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u5185\u5c31\u5356\u6389\u4e863000\u4efd\uff0c\u57281880-1890\u5e74\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u671f\u300a\u683c\u81f4\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5356\u52304000\u4efd\uff0c\u4ec5\u4e0a\u6d77\u5c31\u6709\u5c06\u8fd12000\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u5b83\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u57281865-1895\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u897f\u5b66\u8bfe\u5802\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u5305\u62ec\u4e25\u590d\u548c\u9c81\u8fc5\u7684\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u683c\u7269\u8005\u201d\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6587\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5f00\u5c55\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7701\u4efd\u4e2d\u3002\u57281870\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u610f\u56fe\u6446\u8131\u5170\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u6280\u8457\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u518d\u8bd1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u4e24\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8457\u4f5c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdc\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u8981\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u76f4\u52301880\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9020\u8239\u65b9\u9762\u8981\u8f83\u4e4b\u65e5\u672c\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u4e24\u8258\u94c1\u7532\u84b8\u6c7d\u8239\uff0c\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u53ea\u6709\u4e03\u8258\u5e38\u89c4\u8239\u53ea\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u57281874\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u53f0\u6e7e\u5a01\u80c1\u4e0b\u4f9d\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u8d54\u6b3e\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u653e\u5f03\u7409\u7403\u7fa4\u5c9b\u30021870\u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9020\u8239\u5382\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u88ab\u524a\u51cf\u5230556\u4e07\u94f6\u5143\uff0c\u8fdc\u900a\u4e8e\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9020\u8239\u901f\u5ea6\u51cf\u7f13\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u519b\u5de5\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u90fd\u5728\u652f\u6301\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u6536\u590d\u65b0\u7586\u7684\u519b\u961f\u3002\u9664\u5374\u7ecf\u8d39\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u65b9\u9762\u5927\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u76f8\u63a3\u8098\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u66f4\u4f7f\u5f97\u519b\u5de5\u4e1a\u96ea\u4e0a\u52a0\u971c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5730\u65b9\u5927\u5458\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u63a3\u8098\u5728\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c55\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u9a6c\u5c3e\u6e2f\u7684\u5357\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u51ed\u4e00\u5df1\u4e4b\u529b\u5bf9\u6297\u6cd5\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u4eba\u5458\u65e0\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u5730\u5f62\u4f18\u52bf\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u7406\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5341\u4e94\u5206\u949f\u5185\u5c31\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5357\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u7684\u60e8\u5267\u6b63\u662f\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u5951\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u4e24\u652f\u6c34\u5e08\u95f4\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\u3002\u5230\u4e861894\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u670965\u8258\u6218\u8230\u548c43\u8258\u9c7c\u96f7\u8247\u3002\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u53ea\u670932\u8258\u6218\u8230\uff0c23\u8258\u9c7c\u96f7\u8247\uff0c\u4e0e\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u7684\u4e00\u652f\u5728\u8230\u961f\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u3002\u4f46\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u519b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u5374\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u8230\u961f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u8230\u961f\u6709\u6240\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u6297\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u3002\u5357\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u51fa\u4e8e\u62a5\u590d\u5b8c\u5168\u8896\u624b\u65c1\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5a01\u6d77\u536b\u4e4b\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u5177\u6709\u5428\u4f4d\u548c\u88c5\u7532\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u65e5\u519b\u519b\u8230\u66f4\u52a0\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u4e14\u88c5\u5907\u4e09\u500d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u65b9\u5c04\u901f\u7684\u901f\u5c04\u70ae\u3002\u4e2d\u65b9\u5171\u53d1\u5c04197\u53d1\u201c12\u2019\u2019\u5f39\u836f\u3002\u5c0f\u578b\u8230\u70ae\u53d1\u5c04482\u53d1\uff0c\u51fb\u4e2d58\u53d1\u3002\u547d\u4e2d\u7387\u572810%\uff0c\u800c\u65e5\u65b9\u547d\u4e2d\u7387\u572815%\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u5c04\u901f\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u65b9\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u5f39\u836f\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u672a\u586b\u706b\u836f\u7684\u5b9e\u5fc3\u5f39\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6d77\u519b\u519b\u9700\u5b98\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u4f4e\u6548\u7684\u6307\u6325\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a0\u4e4b\u6e05\u5ef7\u7684\u6b66\u65ad\u4f7f\u5f97\u6218\u540e\u8d4f\u7f5a\u4e0d\u660e\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6d77\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u5728\u6d77\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u81ea\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7532\u5348\u6d77\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u505c\u6ede\uff0cFryer\u56de\u5230\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u6240\u5012\u9000\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u547c\u5401\u6e05\u671d\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u548c\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u5219\u501f\u7531\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u58f0\u540d\u5927\u5f20\uff0c\u5fd7\u5f97\u610f\u6ee1\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e00\u8dc3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e1c\u65b9\u7684\u5217\u5f3a\u3002\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d3e\u9063\u8bb8\u591a\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u524d\u5f80\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u8bed\u8bd1\u6cd5\u53cd\u6210\u4e86\u501f\u9274\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u540c\u7f16\u7ec7\u7684\u8c0e\u8a00\u2014\u2014\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb<\/p>\n
\u4e8c<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aWEIPIN TSAI<\/p>\n
\u76f4\u81f3\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5b9e\u65f6\u6218\u5730\u65b0\u95fb\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7535\u62a5\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u5468\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u6218\u51b5\u73b0\u5728\u53ea\u9700\u4e0d\u5230\u534a\u65e5\u5373\u53ef\u9001\u8fbe\u62a5\u793e\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u5927\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6218\u65f6\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u65f6\u6548\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6bd4\u6b27\u6d32\u5ef6\u540e\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u7535\u62a5\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6218\u65f6\u65b0\u95fb\u9769\u65b0\u8fd8\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u4e1a\u3002\u57281883-1884\u7684\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u4e1a\u5229\u7528\u7535\u62a5\u6280\u672f\u5c0f\u8bd5\u725b\u5200\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65f6\u6548\u6027\u6218\u62a5\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6700\u65b0\u6218\u51b5\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5a92\u4f53\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u6218\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f7c\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u884c\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u62a5\u7eb8\u662f\u7533\u62a5\u548c\u6caa\u62a5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8\u5982\u540c\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e2d\u6587\u5a92\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u63a7\u80a1\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7531\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u9986\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u62a5\u7eb8\u66f4\u5177\u5546\u4e1a\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u4e3b\u8981\u90fd\u662f\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u62a5\u9053\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u6caa\u62a5\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u4e3b\u7f16\u8521\u5c14\u5eb7\u7531\u4e8e\u96be\u8010\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u503e\u8f67\u4e8e1891\u5e74\u8f9e\u804c\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6caa\u62a5\u5bf9\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u6108\u53d1\u4ea6\u6b65\u4ea6\u8d8b\uff0c\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u6545\u800c\u81f31984\u5e74\u7532\u5348\u6d77\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u7533\u62a5\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7531\u8521\u5c14\u5eb7\u65b0\u521b\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281884\u5e74\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u660e\u6cbb\u7ef4\u65b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8620\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u90fd\u672a\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u9762\u76ee\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5f00\u6218\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6ca1\u4eba\u6599\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u4f1a\u53d6\u80dc\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u90fd\u6295\u6ce8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4e86\u89e3\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u6545\u800c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u6e05\u5ef7\u8fd8\u662f\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u62b1\u7740\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u65b9\u519b\u529b\u5373\u4f7f\u96be\u4ee5\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u8db3\u4ee5\u81ea\u4fdd\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u76d1\u5bdf\u5b98Robert Hart\u66f4\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ea\u8981\u6218\u4e89\u6301\u7eed\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5fc5\u7136\u83b7\u80dc\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62a5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u8eab\u5904\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u65e5\u65b0\u6708\u5f02\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u4eec\u66f4\u89c9\u81ea\u4fe1\u6ee1\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5982\u6b64\u81ea\u4fe1\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u5bfc\u5411\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eb5\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5468\u5bc6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u51fa\u5175\u4fdd\u62a4\u9644\u5c5e\u56fd\u671d\u9c9c\u662f\u6e05\u56fd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u63a8\u8131\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u7533\u62a51894\u5e74\u300a\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u671d\u9c9c\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0d\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u6218\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5fc5\u5c06\u5982\u201c\u70ed\u6c34\u878d\u51b0\u201d\u822c\u6218\u80dc\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u519b\u961f\u3002\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e92\u6709\u80dc\u8d1f\u7684\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u6b64\u65f6\u53c8\u88ab\u91cd\u63d0\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u529b\u7684\u660e\u8bc1\u3002\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5c31\u5199\u9053\u201c\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u6253\u4e86\u4e2a\u5e73\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u53c8\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u5e45\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u65e0\u7591\u62b1\u7740\u70ed\u5207\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u671f\u5f85\u8bfb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u529b\u56fe\u5f00\u62d3\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u548c\u60f3\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u9886\u5148\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u7533\u62a5\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u505a\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281884\u5e7411\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u7533\u62a5\u4ee5\u300a\u8be6\u8ff0\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\u80dc\u502d\u786e\u4fe1\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u9ec4\u6d77\u6d77\u6218\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u83b7\u80dc\u3002\u5728\u4e09\u5929\u540e\u7684\u300a\u6218\u4e8b\u4f59\u6587\u300b\u4e2d\u7533\u62a5\u540e\u7eed\u62a5\u9053\u9ec4\u6d77\u4e4b\u6218\u65f6\u63f4\u5f15\u4e86\u201c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5929\u6d25\u670b\u53cb\u201d\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u201c\u6d53\u70df\u906e\u5929\u853d\u65e5\uff0c\u4e09\u8258\u654c\u8230\u88ab\u51fb\u6c89\u3002\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5f53\u65e5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u502d\u5974\u8bb3\u8d25\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u65e5\u520a\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u8a00\u4e4b\u51ff\u51ff\u7684\u65ad\u5b9a\u4e86\u6e05\u519b\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u540c\u671f\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u5728\u62a5\u9053\u4e0a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u540c\u6837\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u9ec4\u6d77\u6d77\u6218\u7684\u201c\u80dc\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u63d0\u53ca\u4e86\u4e4b\u540e\u5e73\u58e4\u4e4b\u6218\u6e05\u519b\u7684\u60e8\u8d25\u3002\u5728\u300a\u518d\u5f55\u4ec5\u6709\u51fd\u9012\u80dc\u502d\u786e\u97f3\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b9\u8230\u961f\u867d\u6709\u53d7\u635f\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u4e00\u8230\u6c89\u6ca1\u3002\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u5219\u662f\u6c89\u8239\u904d\u5e03\u6d77\u4e0a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9ec4\u6d77\u6d77\u6218\u771f\u5b9e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u65b9\u6709\u8230\u8247\u88ab\u51fb\u6c89\u4e00\u4e8b\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\u3002\u6545\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62a5\u9053\u96be\u79f0\u771f\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9664\u5374\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u7533\u62a5\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u6218\u65f6\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u8f9e\u85fb\uff0c\u8282\u594f\u7f13\u6162\u800c\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53cd\u5012\u6709\u4e9b\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u9e33\u9e2f\u8774\u8776\u6d3e\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u7684\u300a\u7259\u5c71\u6218\u65f6\u7eaa\u5b9e\u300b\u4e2d\u201c\u8239\u957f\u9093\u5bff\u660c\u4e3a\u502d\u8239\u5b50\u5f39\u76f4\u8d2f\u5927\u8111\uff0c\u767b\u65f6\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u9c9c\u8840\u548c\u8111\u6d46\u5374\u98de\u8d31\u5728\u4ed6\u540e\u6392\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u65e0\u7591\u53ef\u4ee5\u6fc0\u53d1\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u9ec4\u6d77\u6d77\u6218\u5c1a\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0d\u6e05\u5f88\u96be\u8bc4\u5224\uff0c\u57281885\u5e74\u65b0\u5e74\u5c06\u8fd1\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u548c\u7533\u62a5\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5a01\u6d77\u536b\u6d77\u6218\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u62a5\u9053\u5219\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5b9e\u4e86\u3002\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u7684\u300a\u7ec6\u7eb9\u6211\u519b\u5a01\u6d77\u5143\u65e6\u83b7\u80dc\u4e8b\u300b\u5c06\u9762\u5bf9\u72e1\u733e\u654c\u4eba\u6e05\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u4ecd\u7136\u7528\u4e94\u5927\u7b56\u7565\u53d6\u80dc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u80dc\u5229\u88ab\u6bd4\u4f5c\u65e5\u6708\u91cd\u5f52\u5927\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u5c18\u57c3\u843d\u5b9a\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7533\u62a5\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u90fd\u5bf9\u9519\u62a5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8ddd\u79bb\u8fc7\u957f\uff0c\u519b\u60c5\u673a\u5bc6\u548c\u8c23\u8a00\u9a73\u6742\u4f7f\u5f97\u6d88\u606f\u975e\u5e38\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u800c\u6218\u65f6\u7535\u62a5\u7f51\u88ab\u6218\u4e89\u7834\u574f\u53c8\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u6307\u8d23\u90a3\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u62a5\u7eb8\u53d1\u5e03\u8bef\u5bfc\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n
\u867d\u5219\u4e24\u5927\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u5927\u591a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e50\u89c2\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u9891\u51fa\u3002\u4f46\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u8fd8\u539f\u6218\u573a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u91cd\u70b9\u6218\u4e8b\u591a\u88ab\u7c89\u9970\uff0c\u4f46\u65e5\u5e38\u62a5\u9053\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5939\u6742\u5728\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\u8981\u5728\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bfb\u8005\u5174\u8da3\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u4e1a\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u95f4\u627e\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u4e4b\u5904\u5e76\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u548c\u5bf9\u6240\u9009\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u8bfb\u8005\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u770b\u5230\u7684\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u5927\u62a5\u7eb8\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e09<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aJunnan Lai<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u4e1c\u65b9\u7684\u8f83\u5c11\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u4e2d\u82f1\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u9ed1\u8239\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u4e1c\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u5341\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u671f\u5f85\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7528\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u7740\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u9075\u5faa\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u6574\u4f53\u4e00\u822c\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u4eab\u6709\u540c\u6837\u6587\u5316\u751a\u81f3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u5ef6\u5c55\u5230\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6743\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u53d7\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u65b9\u662f\u5426\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u822c\u51c6\u5219\u2014\u2014\u5373\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u800c\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u662f\u201c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6309\u7167Gerrit W.Gong\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u5305\u542b\u5982\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u30021\uff09\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8d22\u4ea7\u30022\uff09\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u30023\uff09\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u201d\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u7740\u6709\u6548\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u30024)\u5145\u5206\u4e14\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u30025\uff09\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u88ab\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u786e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9075\u5b88\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u770b\u4f3c\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u5b9e\u5219\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u548c\u5408\u7ea6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u7edd\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u6216\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5148\u5929\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5b66\u5374\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u4ea4\u5b9e\u8df5\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f8b\u673a\u6784\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u800c\u88ab\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u4e3b\u6743\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u90e8\u5206\u5265\u593a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6309\u6587\u660e\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u7b49\u662f\u534a\u5f00\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u91ce\u86ee\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u90a3\u4e48\u4e1c\u65b9\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5462\uff1f\u57281864\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58ebWillian A.P.Martin\u5728\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bf8\u8981\u7d20\u300b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u627f\u8ba4\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0cMartin\u5c06\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\u6d53\u91cd\u7684\u539f\u6587\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0cMartin\u8fd8\u5e94\u7528\u4e86\u7406\uff0c\u6027\uff0c\u60c5\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u57281864-1894\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u6240\u7528\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7248\u672c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u5bb6\u534e\u5937\u4e4b\u5206\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u4eec\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7a81\u7136\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u86ee\u65cf\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7Martin\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f46\u57281868\u5e74\uff0c\u5e55\u5e9c\u9001\u53bb\u8377\u5170\u7684\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bfe\u4e0a\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u4efd\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u624d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\uff0c1871\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u4f7f\u56e2\u51fa\u4f7f\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u56fd\u5e73\u7b49\u514d\u9664\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u6700\u60e0\u56fd\u6743\u53ca\u6536\u56de\u5173\u7a0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u65e0\u529f\u800c\u8fd4\u3002\u4f46\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f39\u4e38\u4e4b\u5730\u6816\u8eab\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e4b\u8def\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u4e00\u756a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5373\u5f3a\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u66f4\u662f\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u4e00\u8def\u7684\u906d\u9047\u8305\u585e\u987f\u5f00\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u82e6\u6da9\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u548c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e2d\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002\u5728\u798f\u6cfd\u8c15\u5409\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u53d8\u6210\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8fbe\u5230\u6587\u660e\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u800c\u5728\u660e\u6cbb\u7ef4\u65b0\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u660e\u5f00\u5316\u201d\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5c06\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c55\u793a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u8303\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\u5185\u53d6\u6d88\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8fdb\u5165\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5217\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e86\u7136\u4e8e\u5fc3\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9760\u5b83\u6362\u53d6\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65e5\u672c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6218\u540e\u8fd8\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7528\u5916\u8bed\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6570\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u663e\u5f97\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u5927\u591a\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u201d\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u8bb2\u65e5\u519b\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5173\u5fc3\u516c\u5171\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6218\u533a\u4eba\u4eec\u548c\u4fd8\u864f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53ca\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5939\u6742\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7684\u6b8b\u5fcd\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u90fd\u5728\u201c\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u91ce\u86ee\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65c5\u987a\u5c60\u6740\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u66dd\u5149\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e5\u672c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u53c8\u53d1\u6587\u8fa9\u79f0\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u4e0e\u5357\u4eac\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u8fa9\u9a73\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\uff1a\u5e73\u6c11\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u6240\u6740\u4e3a\u62b5\u6297\u519b\u4eba\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u770b\u4f3c\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u786e\u6709\u5e73\u6c11\u4f24\u4ea1\uff0c\u4f46\u56de\u907f\u5973\u6027\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d\u66f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53cd\u89c2\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6574\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u51fa\u4f7f\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u6536\u96c6\u60c5\u62a5\u9001\u5f80\u6e05\u5ef7\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u6b27\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u5217\u5f3a\u4e2d\u53d1\u58f0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u800c\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u8fdb\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u30021899\u5e74\uff0c\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c1902\u5e74\u65e5\u82f1\u7f14\u7ed3\u4e86\u540c\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6761\u7ea6\u90fd\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u5207\u59821900\u5e74\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u88ab\u7528\u91ce\u86ee\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6d77\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8f93\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u8f93\u6389\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u76f8\u4ea4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u6574\u7406: \u90dd\u535a\u9633 \u6765\u6e90: \u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba \u4e00 \u4f5c\u8005: BENJAMIN A. ELMAN 1950\u5e74\uff0cMary W […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6,10],"tags":[13634,13635,13633],"views":333,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42421"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=42421"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44680,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42421\/revisions\/44680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=42421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=42421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=42421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}