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\u4f5c\u8005: \u738b\u94f6\u6cc9 \u5f90\u6d77\u5973<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u3001\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u6765\u534e<\/p>\n

1698\u5e743\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u767d\u664b\u548c\u65b0\u62db\u52df\u6765\u768411 \u540d\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u6e2f\u53e3\u62c9\u7f57\u820d\u5c14\u642d\u4e58\u201c\u6602\u83f2\u7279\u5229\u7279\u53f7\u201d\uff08Amphitrite\uff09\u4e09 \u6845 \u8239 \u542f \u7a0b \u6765 \u534e\uff0c\u540e \u4e8e 1698\u5e7411\u67084\u65e5\u62b5\u8fbe\u5e7f\u5dde\u3002\u8d39\u8d56\u4e4b\u5728\u300a\u5728\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5217\u4f20\u53ca\u4e66\u76ee\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5341\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f \u535c \u7eb3 \u7235 (Ignace-Gabriel Baborier,1663\u20141727)\u3001\u5229 \u5723 \u5b66 (Charles de Broissia,1660\u20141704)\u3001\u7fdf\u656c\u81e3\uff08Charles Dolze,1663\u20141701)\u3001\u5b5f\u6b63\u6c14 (Jean Domenge,1666\u20141735)\u3001 \u989c\u5229\u4f2f(Philibert Geneix,1665\u20141699)\u3001\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u3001\u5357\u5149\u56fd(Louis Pernon,1663\u20141702)\u3001\u9a6c\u82e5\u745f\u3001\u96f7\u5b5d\u601d\u3001\u536b\u5609\u7984(Charles de Belleville,1656\u20141700)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u3001\u9a6c\u82e5\u745f\u548c\u96f7\u5b5d\u601d\u7b49\u65e5\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u5728\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u79d1\u6280\u4ea4\u6d41\u53f2\u4e2d\u6210\u679c\u5353\u8457\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u638c\u63e1\u5148\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5148\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u6025\u8feb\u6e34\u6c42\u7684\u5eb7\u7199\u5728\u5357\u5de1\u9014\u4e2d\u5c31\u5728\u6c5f\u82cf\u9547\u6c5f\u7684\u91d1\u5c71\u5bfa\u53ec\u89c1\u4e86\u8fd9\u6279\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u89d0\u89c1\uff0c\u767d\u664b\u57281699\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u5199\u7ed9\u62c9\u96ea\u5179\u795e\u7236\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u5eb7\u7199\u76f4\u63a5\u53ec\u5230\u5bab\u4e2d\u4e3a\u7687\u5ba4\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u62b5\u8fbe\u7687\u5bab\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u535a\u5b66\u591a\u624d\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5c31\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u5eb7\u7199\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6c99\u5982\u7389\u795e\u7236\u5728\u81f4\u97e6\u585e\u5c14\u795e\u7236\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5eb7\u7199\u7687\u5e1d\u4ece\u4e00\u89c1\u5230\u4ed6\u8d77\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u89c9\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u65b0\u6765\u7684\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u624d\u80fd\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u4fbf\u559c\u6b22\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u5e76\u53e6\u773c\u76f8\u770b\u4ed6\u4e86\u201d\u3002\uff3b\uff12\uff3d23919\u4e16\u7eaa\u5165\u534e\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u8d39\u8d56\u4e4b(Louis Pfister,1833\u20141891\u5e74)\u5728\u300a\u5728\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5217\u4f20\u53ca\u4e66\u76ee\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5982\u4f55\u8d62\u5f97\u5eb7\u7199\u4e4b\u539a\u7231\u66f4\u662f\u6709\u7740\u5341\u5206\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u4e8c\u3001\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u690d\u7269\u836f\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u8349\u836f\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u662f\u4e2d\u533b\u6cbb\u7597\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u53ca\u7406\u8bba\u7cbe\u9ad3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u6765\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e4b\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u8bd1\u8457\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e2d\u8349\u836f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ea7\u5730\u3001\u836f\u6027\u548c\u529f\u6548\u7b49\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5199\u7ed9\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u4fee\u4f1a\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u690d\u7269\u836f\u3002\u57281723\u5e745\u67081\u65e5\u81f4\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u3001\u4e09\u4e03\u3001\u5927\u9ec4\u3001\u5f53\u5f52\u7b49\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u6709\u7684\u836f\u8349\u548c\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u8349\u836f\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u5236\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u529f\u6548\u3002\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u662f\u9ea6\u89d2\u83cc\u79d1\u771f\u83cc\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u5bc4\u751f\u5728\u8759\u8760\u86fe\u79d1\u6606\u866b\u5e7c\u866b\u4e0a\u7684\u5b50\u5ea7\u53ca\u5e7c\u866b\u5c38\u4f53\u7684\u590d\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u540d\u8d35\u6ecb\u8865\u4e2d\u836f\u6750\uff0c\u6709\u8c03\u8282\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u6297\u80bf\u7624\u3001\u6297\u75b2\u52b3\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u836f\u5178\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u836f\u7528\u771f\u83cc\u3002\u6e05\u4ee3\u533b\u836f\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c6a\u6602\u7684\u300a\u672c\u8349\u5907\u8981\u300b\u548c\u8d75\u5b66\u654f\u7684\u300a\u672c\u8349\u7eb2\u76ee\u62fe\u9057\u300b\u4e2d\u90fd\u5bf9\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u7684\u836f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u7684\u795e\u5947\u836f\u6548\u8ba9\u6765\u534e\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4e3a\u60ca\u53f9\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u795e\u7236\u4e0d\u4f46\u6f5c\u5fc3\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u6b64\u836f\u8349\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8fc7\u4eb2\u8eab\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u57281723\u5e74\u81f4\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8bf8\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5bf9\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u6709\u7740\u5341\u5206\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u523b\u753b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5148\u751f\u4eec\uff0c\u5018\u82e5\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7aef\u8be6\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u7ed9\u5b83\u8d77\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u7406\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\u6bd4\u5b83\u66f4\u50cf\u4e00\u67619\u6cd5\u5206\u957f\u7684\u9ec4\u8272\u866b\u5b50\u4e86\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u5f62\u7684\u7684\u5934\u90e8\u3001\u8eaf\u4f53\u3001\u773c\u775b\u3001\u8179\u90e8\u4e24\u4fa7\u7684\u811a\u53ca\u80cc\u90e8\u5404\u79cd\u76b1\u7eb9\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u690d\u7269\u65b0\u9c9c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u663e\u5f97\u683c\u5916\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9648\u653e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u957f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u82e5\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u5b83\u7ea4\u7ec6\u67d4\u8f6f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u9ed1\u4e4e\u4e4e\u7684\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8150\u70c2\u3002\uff3b\uff14\uff3d305<\/p>\n

\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5728\u8be5\u4fe1\u51fd\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u751f\u957f\u4e8e\u897f\u85cf\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5ddd\u85cf\u4ea4\u754c\u5904\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u53ef\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u6570\u91cf\u6781\u5c11\u3002\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u968f\u540e\u5bf9\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u548c\u4eba\u53c2\u7684\u836f\u7528\u529f\u6548\u4f5c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u201c\u5177\u6709\u5927\u81f4\u4e0e\u4eba\u53c2\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u670d\u7528\u4e0d\u4f1a\u50cf\u4eba\u53c2\u90a3\u6837\u5f15\u8d77\u51fa\u8840\u3002\u5b83\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u548c\u6062\u590d\u56e0\u52b3\u7d2f\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6216\u4e45\u75c5\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u4f53\u529b\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u4e66\u4fe1\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u51ac\u866b\u590f\u8349\u6709\u7740\u5982\u6b64\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4ed6\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u8be5\u4fe1\u7684\u4e09\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u4eb2\u8eab\u4f53\u9a8c\uff1a<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6e0a\u535a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6df1\u9083\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u5bdf\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u662f\u65ad\u7136\u96be\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u5982\u6b64\u7ec6\u81f4\u800c\u53c8\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u3002\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5728\u5b57\u91cc\u884c\u95f4\u4e5f\u900f\u9732\u4e86\u5176\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u6f5c\u5fc3\u94bb\u7814\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u8c19\u719f\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5728\u8be5\u4fe1\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4e1c\u963f\u963f\u80f6\u7684\u70ae\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7ec6\u81f4\u5165\u5fae\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u963f\u80f6\u4e3a\u9a74\u76ae\u7ecf\u714e\u716e\u6d53\u7f29\u5236\u6210\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u80f6\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8865\u8840\u3001\u6b62\u8840\u3001\u6ecb\u9634\u6da6\u71e5\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u963f\u80f6\u70ae\u5236\u6280\u827a\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u6e5b\u800c\u53c8\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u6211\u56fd\u4e2d\u836f\u4f20\u7edf\u751f\u4ea7\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u963f\u80f6\u7684\u70ae\u5236\uff0c\u5386\u4ee3\u8bba\u8ff0\u9887\u591a\uff0c\u5982\u300a\u96f7\u516c\u70ae\u7099\u8bba\u300b\u8a00\u201c\u51e1\u4f7f\u963f\u80f6\uff0c\u5148\u4e8e\u732a\u8102\u5185\u6d78\u4e00\u5bbf\uff0c\u81f3\u660e\u51fa\uff0c\u4e8e\u67f3\u6728\u706b\u4e0a\u7099\uff0c\u5f85\u6ce1\u4e86\uff0c\u7ec6\u78be\u7528\u201d\u3002\u9676\u5f18\u666f\u8a00\u201c\u963f\u80f6\u4f5c\u836f\u7528\u4e4b\uff0c\u7686\u706b\u7099\uff0c\u4e38\u6563\u987b\u6781\u71c3\uff0c\u5165\u6c64\u5fae\u7099\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8bf8\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5bf9\u963f\u80f6\u7684\u4ea7\u5730\u3001\u52a0\u5de5\u6750\u6599\u53ca\u70ae\u5236\u5de5\u827a\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u5230\u963f\u80f6\u4ea7\u81ea\u5c71\u4e1c\u5156\u5dde\u5e9c\u7684\u4e1c\u963f\u53bf\uff0c\u53bf\u57ce\u9644\u8fd1\u6709\u4e00\u53e3\u6df170\u6cd5\u5c3a\u7684\u5929\u7136\u4e95\uff0c\u505a\u963f\u80f6\u6240\u7528\u4e4b\u6c34\u5c31\u53d6\u81ea\u8be5\u4e95\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5bf9\u963f\u80f6\u7684\u70ae\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed<\/p>\n

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\u6700\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u4fe1\u4e0d\u662f\u5199\u7ed9\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5199\u7ed9\u672c\u56fd\u4fee\u4f1a\u7684\u8981\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5f20\u56fd\u521a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\uff3b\uff15\uff3d261\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u7b49\u5728\u534e\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5199\u7ed9\u672c\u56fd\u4fee\u4f1a\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u6d3e\u4eba\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u6574\u7406\u7f16\u8f91\u5e76\u7ed3\u96c6\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u6709\u76ca\u800c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e66\u7b80\u300b\uff0c\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4e66\u7b80\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u4ece1702\u5e74\u81f31776\u5e74\u603b\u5171\u51fa\u7248\u4e8634\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u7ea6\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5f53\u65f6\u5c1a\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9644\u5c5e\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\uff09\u3002\u300a\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4e66\u7b80\u96c6\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4e3b\u7f16\u662f\u5df4\u9ece\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u662f\u7684\u53f8\u5e93\u90ed\u5f3c\u6069(Charles Le Gobien),\u90ed\u5f3c\u6069\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5fcf\u6094\u795e\u752b\u52d2\u7279\u5229(P.LeTellier)\u7684\u79d8\u4e66,\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u6536\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u5404\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u4fe1\u51fd,\u5728\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7684\u53d1\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u5c11\u4fe1\u51fd\u90fd\u662f\u5199\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684,\u4ed6\u57281702\u5e74\u81f31708\u5e74\u95f4\u51fa\u7248\u4e868\u96c6\u3002\u90ed\u5f3c\u6069\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u540e,\u63a5\u66ff\u8fd9\u4e00\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u662f \u8ba9 \u00b7 \u5df4\u666e\u8482\u65af \u7279 \u00b7 \u675c\u8d6b\u5fb7 (Jean Baptiste du Halde,1674-1743 )\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u540e\u6765\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u56de\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u5c31\u662f\u5199\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281711-1743\u5e74\u95f4\u7f16\u8f91\u51fa\u7248\u4e869-26\u96c6\u3002\u675c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e3b\u7f16\u57281749-1776\u5e74\u95f4\u7f16\u8f91\u51fa\u7248\u4e8627-34\u96c6\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u56fd \u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb \u9f9a\u5f53\u4fe1\u795e \u7236(Cyr Contancin,1670\u20141733)1730\u5e7410\u670819\u65e5\u5199\u7ed9\u675c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\uff0c\u675c\u8d6b\u5fb7\u5728\u56de 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\u7269\u300b(Deion.geographique,historique,chronologique et,plysique de L\u2019Empire de La Chine et de la Tartarie 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