{"id":44172,"date":"2025-01-15T06:19:56","date_gmt":"2025-01-14T22:19:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=44172"},"modified":"2025-01-15T06:19:56","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T22:19:56","slug":"%e9%93%81%e8%b7%af%e6%94%b9%e5%8f%98%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=44172","title":{"rendered":"\u94c1\u8def\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005: \u949f\u6dee<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u5fae\u89c2\uff0c\u5e38\u4ece\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6765\u6298\u5c04\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u805a\u7126\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u5373\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ece\u4f20\u64ad\u6587\u660e\u5230\u8d44\u672c\u3001\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u65b0\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d8\u8fc1\u3001\u6743\u529b\u89d2\u9010\u548c\u6587\u660e\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u94c1\u8def\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u8c01\u6ca1\u6709\u5750\u8fc7\u706b\u8f66\u5462\uff1f\u4f46\u8bf4\u5230\u94c1\u8def\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5c11\u601d\u8003\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7cbe\u786e\u5230\u5206\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u89c2\u5ff5\u5c31\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b83\uff1a\u6b63\u662f\u94c1\u8def\u65f6\u523b\u8868\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u949f\u51c6\u4e0d\u51c6\u624d\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6709\u4e86\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cd\u5851\u4e86\u65f6\u7a7a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u4f7f\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6e6e\u706d\u201d\uff08annihilation of time and space\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u9996\u5148\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u6d77\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u548c\u8de8\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4fee\u5efa\u9010\u6e10\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u5168\u7403\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u8005\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u5188\u00b7\u5e0c\u5f17\u5c14\u5e03\u65bd\uff08Wolfgang Schivelbusch\uff09\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u6240\u8457\u300a\u94c1\u9053\u4e4b\u65c5\uff1a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u5c31\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u89d2\u5ea6\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u94c1\u8def\u65c5\u884c\u5982\u4f55\u8f6c\u5316\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5e0c\u6c0f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5473\u89c9\u4e50\u56ed\uff1a\u770b\u9999\u6599\u3001\u5496\u5561\u3001\u70df\u8349\u3001\u9152\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u9020\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u79c1\u5bc6\u5929\u5802\u300b\u4e5f\u66fe\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u82e5\u60f3\u8981\u5bf9\u94c1\u8def\u53f2\u6709\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u5bb6\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\uff08Christian Wolmar\uff09\u7684\u4e09\u90e8\u79d1\u666e\u6027\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u94c1\u8def\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u300a\u901a\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5c3d\u5934\u300b\u300a\u94a2\u94c1\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u8fd1\u5e74\u4e5f\u9646\u7eed\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u300a\u94a2\u94c1\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u56fe\u6587\u5e76\u8302\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u53d1\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5e0c\u5f17\u5c14\u5e03\u65bd\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\u7b14\u529b\u5219\u5ef6\u5c55\u81f3\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u63a9\u5377\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u56de\u60f3\u8d77\u65e7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4e5f\u5927\u90fd\u7531\u5916\u56fd\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u4ee3\u7531\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u660e\u63a8\u5e7f\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u653e\u773c\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u6b63\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u4fee\u5efa\u4e2d\u56fd\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u91cd\u5851\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/1\/73\/F1\/4727B973D1E730DD28ECAA37605_E5845887_14F488.png\" width=\"488\" height=\"702\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u5188\u00b7\u5e0c\u5f17\u5c14\u5e03\u65bd\u8457\uff0c\u91d1\u6bc5\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u94c1\u9053\u4e4b\u65c5\uff1a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2018\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/A\/65\/FB\/496E754750394772E2ECD8A5FA7_0B97837B_1C6981.png\" width=\"553\" height=\"840\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\u8457\uff0c\u9648\u5e05\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u94a2\u94c1\u4e4b\u8def\uff1a\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u3001\u6218\u7565\u7684200\u5e74\u94c1\u8def\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2017\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u64ad\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u94c1\u8def<\/p>\n<p>\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u9a6c\u8f66\u548c\u6c34\u8def\u65c5\u884c\u7f13\u6162\u53c8\u5962\u4f88\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5f92\u6b65\u6700\u8fdc\u4e5f\u5c31\u5230\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u6751\u843d\u4e4b\u5916\u6216\u9644\u8fd1\u96c6\u9547\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4e\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u65e5\u51fa\u800c\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e5\u5165\u800c\u606f\uff0c\u5a5a\u914d\u5bf9\u8c61\u9650\u4e8e\u672c\u6751\u53ca\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u79bb\u4e30\u6536\u4e4b\u5730\u51e0\u767e\u516c\u91cc\u4ecd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u9965\u8352\u3002\u706b\u8f66\u7684\u6c7d\u7b1b\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b81\u9759\uff0c\u5b9b\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u900f\u7eb3\uff08J.M.V. Turner\uff09\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u300a\u96e8\u3001\u84b8\u6c7d\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u300b\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u96e8\u4e2d\u98de\u9a70\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u6c14\u52bf\u78c5\u7934\uff0c\u9a71\u8d76\u7740\u94c1\u8f68\u4e0a\u7684\u91ce\u5154\u9003\u7a9c\u3002\u4f46\u94c1\u8def\u6700\u521d\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4fdd\u5b88\u4eba\u58eb\u8b66\u544a\u4e58\u5ba2\u5728\u65f6\u901f\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e94\u5341\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u4e0a\u4f1a\u547c\u5438\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u566a\u58f0\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u7684\u6d53\u70df\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5976\u725b\u505c\u5976\uff0c\u7272\u755c\u5bb3\u75c5\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9f9a\u53e4\u5c14\uff08Edmond de Goncourt\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u98a0\u7c38\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u6cd5\u96c6\u4e2d\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\uff0c\u798f\u697c\u62dc\u4e5f\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5728\u706b\u8f66\u4e0a\u5bdd\u98df\u96be\u5b89\uff0c\u65e0\u804a\u900f\u9876\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u58f0\u97f3\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u6587\u4eba\u65e0\u75c5\u547b\u541f\u7684\u6000\u4e61\u75c5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u521d\u6b21\u9762\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u523a\u6fc0\u65f6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7126\u8651\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u5f17\u5c14\u5e03\u65bd\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u6240\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u9a6c\u8f66\u548c\u5e06\u8239\u65c5\u884c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u5e76\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u98ce\u529b\u3001\u6c34\u529b\u3001\u755c\u529b\u548c\u5730\u5f62\uff0c\u800c\u94c1\u8def\u662f\u4ee5\u5b83\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u76f4\u7ebf\u89c4\u5219\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5f53\u6700\u521d\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u65c5\u5ba2\u96be\u4ee5\u518d\u5c06\u6cbf\u9014\u666f\u89c2\u5c3d\u6536\u773c\u5e95\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u8ff7\u5931\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u8ddd\u79bb\u611f\uff0c\u53ea\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u98a0\u7c38\u3002\u8fde\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u300a\u67f3\u53f6\u5200\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e5f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u94c1\u8def\u65c5\u884c\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u9020\u6210\u89c6\u89c9\u548c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u75b2\u52b3\u3002\u300a\u94c1\u9053\u4e4b\u65c5\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7279\u522b\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e0e\u94c1\u8def\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u65b0\u75c5\uff0c\u5982\u75b2\u52b3\u3001\u4e8b\u6545\u3001\u4f11\u514b\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u8870\u5f31\u548c\u201c\u94c1\u9053\u810a\u67f1\u201d\uff08railway spine\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u94c1\u8def\u65c5\u884c\u3002\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u516b\u4e09\u3007\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u5ba2\u8d27\u4e24\u7528\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u5e72\u7ebf\uff0c\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u2014\u5229\u7269\u6d66\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8f66\u3002\u8be5\u6761\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u68ee\uff08George Stephenson\uff09\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u548c\u94c1\u5236\u8f68\u9053\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u4eba\u4eec\u4ecd\u5728\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u7528\u755c\u529b\u7275\u5f15\u8f66\u53a2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u94c1\u8def\uff1a\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u8f68\u9053\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u8f66\u8f86\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u673a\u5668\u96c6\u6210\u201d\u3002\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5c0a\u4e3a\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u7684\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u68ee\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u56db\u4e09\u4e94\u6beb\u7c73\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u8f68\u8ddd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ebf\u8def\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u706b\u8f66\u5747\u7531\u94c1\u8def\u516c\u53f8\u76f4\u63a5\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u5168\u7403\u901a\u884c\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u6280\u672f\u548c\u706b\u8f66\u53f8\u673a\u5f88\u5feb\u904d\u5e03\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4e24\u5cb8\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6b27\u9646\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u94c1\u8def\u7f51\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u5efa\u8def\u5811\u3001\u8def\u5824\u3001\u96a7\u9053\u3001\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u7ffb\u8d8a\u4e86\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u897f\u9ad8\u6b62\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u5185\u534e\u8fbe\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u5b89\u7b2c\u65af\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4e86\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u5730\u5ce1\u3001\u82cf\u4e39\u6c99\u6f20\u548c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u83bd\u539f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6df1\u5165\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u6781\u5927\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u5728\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u8fde\u300a\u767e\u5e74\u5b64\u72ec\u300b\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u5c0f\u9547\u9a6c\u5b54\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u94c1\u8def\u8fde\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/8\/C6\/A9\/66B591837CFCFE9C1FFA14D2988_D5D07AFC_DF855.png\" width=\"553\" height=\"413\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u96e8\u3001\u84b8\u6c7d\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u897f\u90e8\u94c1\u8def\u300b\uff08<em>Rain, Steam and Speed \u2013 The Great Western Railway<\/em>\uff09\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u8f86\u9a76\u5f80\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u706b\u8f66\uff0c\u753b\u4f5c\u53f3\u4fa7\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u91ce\u5154\u6cbf\u7740\u8f68\u9053\u98de\u8dd1\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1awikipedia.org\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6837\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0e\u9f9a\u53e4\u5c14\u3001\u798f\u697c\u62dc\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u7f16\u7e82\u5bb6\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u9c81\u65af\uff08Pierre Larousse\uff09\u60ca\u53f9\u94c1\u8def\u662f\u6587\u660e\u3001\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e0e\u535a\u7231\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u5728\u4ed8\u51fa\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7b51\u8def\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u65e5\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u8fdc\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u6bcf\u5929\u5728\u90ca\u533a\u5e02\u533a\u95f4\u901a\u52e4\uff0c\u5403\u7740\u672c\u5730\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u90ae\u8d2d\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u53bb\u5916\u5730\u65c5\u884c\u6c42\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u5168\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f34\u4fa3\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u5927\u5927\u6269\u5c55\uff08\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff09\u3002\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u3007\u4e94\u5e74\u6e38\u5386\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u611f\u6168\u94c1\u8def\u7ed9\u6ce2\u897f\u7c73\u4e9a\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff1a\u201c\u975e\u94c1\u8f68\uff0c\u867d\u4e07\u5e74\u96be\u53d8\u964b\u4fd7\u4e5f\u3002\u94c1\u8f68\u4e4b\u529f\u83ab\u5927\uff0c\u533a\u533a\u81f3\u7c97\u4e4b\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5927\u529b\u4e14\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7136\u5219\u7cbe\u7c97\u4e4b\u4e0d\u6613\u8a00\u77e3\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u9057\u7a3f\uff1a\u5217\u56fd\u6e38\u8bb0\u300b\uff09\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u66fe\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u89c6\u94c1\u8def\u4e3a\u201c\u5c06\u4e0d\u673d\u7075\u9b42\u5f15\u5165\u5730\u72f1\u7684\u6492\u65e6\u88c5\u5907\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u201c\u8d2b\u56f0\u7684\u7267\u5e08\u4eec\u5306\u5fd9\u6539\u4fe1\u4e86\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c31\u5728\u673a\u8f66\u6cb9\u95e8\u4e0a\u770b\u89c1\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u624b\u201d\u3002\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u6c14\u52bf\u6062\u5b8f\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u6210\u4e86\u4e0e\u5927\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5730\u6807\u6027\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u94c1\u8def\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u4e00\u6837\u5177\u6709\u6587\u660e\u6559\u5316\u7684\u529f\u7528\u3002\u4e61\u6751\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u95f4\u906e\u98ce\u6321\u96e8\u7684\u68da\u5c4b\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u805a\u4f1a\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u6587\u660e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u5c55\u793a\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u201c\u6587\u91ce\u4e4b\u5206\u201d\u7684\u821e\u53f0\u3002\u4ece\u5df4\u9ece\u5f00\u5f80\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u5feb\u8f66\u201d\u6781\u5c3d\u5962\u534e\uff0c\u5750\u6ee1\u4e86\u65e7\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5bcc\u8c6a\u540d\u6d41\u3002\u6bcf\u5f53\u5217\u8f66\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u6cbf\u7ebf\u516d\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u4fbf\u505c\u6b62\u7530\u95f4\u52b3\u4f5c\uff0c\u76ee\u77aa\u53e3\u5446\u5730\u770b\u7740\u95ea\u4eae\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u548c\u8f66\u7a97\u540e\u4e00\u5f20\u5f20\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u8138\u5b54\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u94c2\u5c14\u66fc\u8c6a\u534e\u5367\u94fa\u8f66\u53a2\u4e2d\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u90fd\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u7537\u4ec6\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u88ab\u5524\u4f5c\u201c\u4e54\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u4ec5\u9760\u5c0f\u8d39\u4e3a\u751f\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u7b49\u8f66\u53a2\u51e0\u4e4e\u6210\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u4e13\u5c5e\uff0c\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u4e58\u5750\u7684\u4e09\u7b49\u8f66\u53a2\u6709\u4e91\u6ce5\u4e4b\u522b\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u548c\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u4f4d\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u767d\u4eba\u6216\u6df7\u8840\u5360\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u62c5\u4efb\u82e6\u529b\u548c\u521d\u7ea7\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u627f\u53d7\u7740\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4ecd\u5bf9\u94c1\u8def\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d8b\u4e4b\u82e5\u9e5c\u3002\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u5e55\u540e\u63a8\u624b\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u5927\u81e3\u8c22\u5c14\u76d6\u00b7\u7ef4\u7279\uff08Sergei Witte\uff09\u4e0d\u65e0\u5f97\u610f\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u5c31\u597d\u6bd4\u9175\u6bcd\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u6587\u5316\u53d1\u9175\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u7c97\u91ce\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u5728\u5f88\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u8fd0\u8425\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u201d\uff08\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u901a\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5c3d\u5934\uff1a\u8de8\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u4e03\u5e74\u7248\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u96be\u602a\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u5373\u7164\u70ad\u548c\u94a2\u94c1\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6c11\u4e3b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u548c\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u201d\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fc7\u8fd0\u8f93\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u5546\u54c1\u6d41\u901a\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u8de8\u8d8a\u7a7a\u95f4\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u5e02\u573a\u8303\u56f4\u5e76\u52a0\u901f\u5730\u533a\u95f4\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5206\u5de5\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5927\u5b97\u5546\u54c1\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u4eba\u53e3\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u9646\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u57ce\u9547\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u56e0\u94c1\u8def\u800c\u5174\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u94c1\u8def\u800c\u91cd\u65b0\u89c4\u5212\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u6574\u5408\uff08Nation-building\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u9996\u90fd\u4e0e\u8fb9\u8fdc\u5730\u533a\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7f51\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u5728\u6d41\u52a8\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u5112\u52d2\u00b7\u7c73\u4ec0\u83b1\uff08Jules Michelet\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u7528\uff0c\u5c06\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4f7f\u91cc\u6602\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u62b1\u6210\u4e00\u56e2\u3002\u201d\u94c1\u8def\u8fd8\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u90e8\u7f72\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u5728\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u201c\u4e8c\u6218\u201d\u4e2d\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u8fd0\u5f80\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7ef4\u8f9b\u95e8\u524d\u7684\u94c1\u8f68\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u529b\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u501f\u52a9\u5de5\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u6765\u53cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u53cd\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/1\/1A\/A4\/2A8BA02E4176378E1F2A9C7FD12_BF3DFF2D_14DFA6.png\" width=\"554\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u7f51\u7edc\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\u5df4\u9ece\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u67a2\u7ebd\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1aprojectmapping.co.uk\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4fee\u8def\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e0e\u6743\u529b<\/p>\n<p>\u94c1\u8def\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u8c01\u6765\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u4fee\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5404\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5404\u56fd\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u8377\u5170\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u7531\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\uff08\u591a\u4ee5\u80a1\u4efd\u516c\u53f8\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u4f9d\u636e\u5e02\u573a\u76c8\u5229\u524d\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\uff0c\u6781\u5c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6574\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u53d7\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\uff0d\u6492\u514b\u900a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u94c1\u8def\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u81ea\u53d1\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ed9\u4e86\u5f3a\u76d7\u5927\u4ea8\u4eec\u6295\u673a\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u6b3a\u8bc8\u5e76\u4e0d\u9c9c\u89c1\u3002\u4f46\u5317\u7f8e\u94c1\u8def\u53d7\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e0b\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6fc0\u52b1\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5176\u5de8\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5f00\u62d3\u897f\u90e8\u201c\u5904\u5973\u5730\u201d\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6574\u5408\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e86\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u52c3\u5174\u7684\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u6574\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u674e\u65af\u7279\uff08Friedrich List\uff09\u50ac\u4fc3\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u738b\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e3e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5404\u90a6\u56fd\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9996\u76f8\u52a0\u5bcc\u5c14\uff08Count of Cavour\uff09\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u624d\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5229\u6da6\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u5408\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u9646\u4e3b\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4ecd\u4e3a\u56fd\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u5374\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c06\u94c1\u8def\u91cd\u65b0\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u3002\u300a\u94a2\u94c1\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\u5bf9\u6b64\u803f\u803f\u4e8e\u6000\uff0c\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u6068\u94c1\u4e0d\u6210\u94a2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4e5f\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u5efa\u6d77\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u548c\u8de8\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u53ca\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u76f8\u7d22\u5c14\u5179\u4f2f\u91cc\uff08Lord Salisbury\uff09\u5bf9\u6b64\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\uff1a\u201c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u4eca\u65e5\u66f4\u52a0\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u5934\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u4f1f\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002\u201d\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u94c1\u8def\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u81ea\u53d1\u4fee\u5efa\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7f51\u7531\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5229\u7528\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u68c9\u82b1\u8d44\u6e90\u5e76\u65b9\u4fbf\u519b\u4e8b\u90e8\u7f72\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u8005\u3001\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7763\u8fbe\u5c14\u8c6a\u897f\uff08Lord Dalhousie\uff09\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u7ed9\u5370\u5ea6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u2026\u2026\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u90ae\u8d44\u548c\u7535\u62a5\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\u300b\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u5b83\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u800c\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u201d\u5728\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u201c\u4e00\u6218\u201d\u524d\u72ec\u5360\u9ccc\u5934\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e09\u6761\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fee\u5efa\u7eb5\u8d2f\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5f00\u666e\u6566\u81f3\u5f00\u7f57\u94c1\u8def\u6765\u4e32\u8054\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6a2a\u8de8\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fde\u63a5\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/4\/95\/E1\/33E30431D0AF8672CAC5E5F65B2_773461AF_FA7D9.png\" width=\"554\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1909\u5e74\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u94c1\u8def\u4ea4\u901a\u5730\u56fe\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a24coaches.com\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u8ba1\u5212\u4e5f\u7531\u65e8\u5728\u5f00\u62d3\u5728\u534e\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u5411\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u51fa\u7b51\u8def\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u906d\u5230\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f3c\u66fe\u76f8\u8bc6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u9a6c\u7eaa\u6a35\u603b\u7ed3\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u4fdd\u5b88\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u53cd\u5bf9\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u6270\u4e71\u795e\u7075\u3001\u98ce\u6c34\u548c\u9f99\u8109\uff0c\u9ad8\u989d\u62c6\u8fc1\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u6cb3\u8fd0\u548c\u9a6c\u5e2e\u7b49\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u884c\u4e1a\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u62c5\u5fc3\u5916\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u6e17\u900f\uff08\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\uff1a\u91d1\u878d\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\uff08\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u3007\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u56db\u5e74\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u94c1\u9053\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u4e8c\u3007\u3007\u4e5d\u5e74\u7248\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u4ee5\u6b3a\u9a97\u624b\u6bb5\u4fee\u6210\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u94c1\u8def\u5434\u6dde\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u88ab\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8d4e\u56de\u540e\u62c6\u9664\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6d0b\u52a1\u6d3e\u548c\u7ef4\u65b0\u6d3e\u91cd\u89c6\u8d77\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5728\u300a\u8bf7\u5e9f\u6f15\u8fd0\u6539\u4ee5\u6f15\u6b3e\u7b51\u94c1\u8def\u6298\u300b\u4e2d\u6177\u6168\u9648\u8bcd\uff1a\u201c\u592b\u94c1\u8def\u7f29\u4e07\u91cc\u4e3a\u54ab\u5c3a\uff0c\u5faa\u5c71\u5ddd\u5982\u753b\u56fe\uff0c\u6536\u8fdc\u8fb9\u4e3a\u6bd4\u90bb\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f00\u6c11\u667a\uff0c\u5bcc\u6c11\u751f\uff0c\u8f9f\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u901a\u5546\u4e1a\uff0c\u8d77\u5de5\u4e1a\uff0c\u7701\u5175\u9a7f\uff0c\u56fa\u8fb9\u9632\uff0c\u83ab\u4e0d\u7531\u4e4b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u665a\u6e05\u81ea\u529e\u94c1\u8def\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u91d1\u548c\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5411\u5217\u5f3a\u501f\u6b3e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u56e0\u8def\u5272\u5730\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e94\u5e74\u300a\u4e2d\u6cd5\u65b0\u7ea6\u300b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5404\u5927\u56fd\u7eb7\u7eb7\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u534e\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u201c\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u201d\uff08concessions\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u5efa\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u94c1\u8def\u6536\u5165\u548c\u6240\u6709\u6743\u4e3a\u62b5\u62bc\u7684\u9ad8\u606f\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5f00\u53d1\u6743\u3001\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u3001\u9a7b\u5175\u6743\u7b49\u76f8\u5173\u5229\u6743\u3002\u4e00\u8f6e\u74dc\u5206\u72c2\u6f6e\u540e\uff0c\u5217\u5f3a\u5927\u81f4\u6839\u636e\u5404\u81ea\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u74dc\u5206\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5c71\u4e1c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u80f6\u6d4e\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u8fde\u63a5\u8d8a\u5357\u548c\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u6ec7\u8d8a\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e1c\u94c1\u8def\u4f5c\u4e3a\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u94c1\u8def\u4e89\u593a\u4e2d\u4e5f\u501f\u52a9\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u7684\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6cd5\u4fc4\u540c\u76df\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4eac\u6c49\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u7b51\u8def\u6743\u3002\u800c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u9664\u4e86\u5355\u72ec\u62b5\u5236\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u4ee5\u5937\u5236\u5937\u201d\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5404\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u53cd\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5728\u534e\u94c1\u8def\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5bf9\u4e2d\u4e1c\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4e89\u593a\u917f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e5d\u3007\u56db\u5e74\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5357\u6ee1\u94c1\u9053\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e\u4ee5\u6b96\u6c11\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5217\u5f3a\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u74dc\u5206\u548c\u5784\u65ad\u4e5f\u5524\u9192\u4e86\u88ab\u538b\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u7518\u5730\u5728\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u4fee\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u62d2\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5219\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u529e\u6cd5\u201c\u6311\u94c1\u9053\uff0c\u628a\u7ebf\u780d\uff0c\u65cb\u518d\u6bc1\u574f\u5927\u8f6e\u8239\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u5229\u7528\u5de5\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u6c11\u65cf\u7ad9\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u4ecd\u5728\u4e8e\u94c1\u8def\u7531\u8c01\u6765\u4fee\u3002\u5b98\u529e\uff0c\u5546\u529e\u6216\u662f\u5b98\u7763\u5546\u529e\uff0c\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5df2\u5f52\u5546\u529e\u7684\u5ddd\u6c49\u94c1\u8def\u6536\u5f52\u56fd\u6709\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u62b5\u62bc\u7ed9\u82f1\u6cd5\u5fb7\u7f8e\u94f6\u884c\u56e2\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u6709\u201d\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u4e3a\u5404\u56fd\u6240\u6709\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u4fdd\u8def\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u7684\u524d\u594f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u6df1\u8c19\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u5efa\u56fd\u65b9\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u52fe\u753b\u4e86\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u5efa\u84dd\u56fe\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u540e\u5c06\u6577\u8bbe\u65e0\u6570\u4e4b\u5e72\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u6a2a\u8d2f\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f0a\u7281\u4e0e\u5c71\u4e1c\u604d\u5982\u6bd7\u90bb\uff0c\u6c88\u9633\u4e0e\u5e7f\u5dde\u8a00\u8bed\u76f8\u901a\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u89c6\u592a\u539f\u5c06\u4eb2\u5982\u5144\u5f1f\u7109\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u94c1\u8def\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0e\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff09\u7136\u800c\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd8\u8981\u518d\u7b49\u4e0a\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/5\/53\/4F\/81B047EE87D9B515416FEB43A7C_069FBC46_10612A.png\" width=\"425\" height=\"630\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1900\u5e746\u670817\u65e5\u6cd5\u56fd\u300a\u5c0f\u5df4\u9ece\u4eba\u62a5\u300b<em>\uff08Le\u00a0Petit\u00a0Parisien\uff09<\/em>\u62a5\u9053\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u201c\u6311\u94c1\u9053\u201d\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1arooschristoph.blogspot.com\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u590d\u5174\u4e4b\u8def\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u516c\u8def\u4e0e\u822a\u7a7a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u5df2\u8d70\u4e0b\u5dc5\u5cf0\u3002\u201c\u4e8c\u6218\u201d\u540e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u5efa\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u521d\u59cb\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u884c\u8f66\u8c03\u5ea6\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8865\u8d34\u517b\u62a4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u63d0\u53d6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u5458\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\u82cf\u8054\u5728\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4fee\u5efa\u8d1d\u963f\u94c1\u8def\u65f6\u5927\u91cf\u52a8\u5458\u5171\u9752\u56e2\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u60f3\u514b\u670d\u5728\u51bb\u571f\u4e0a\u4fee\u8def\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u94c1\u9053\u90e8\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\u521d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u5927\u9646\u539f\u6709\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u7684\u8c03\u914d\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u89c4\u683c\u6807\u51c6\u7531\u6b64\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u94c1\u9053\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u548c\u62a4\u8def\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u94c1\u9053\u5175\u5175\u79cd\uff0c\u5e73\u65f6\u53c2\u52a0\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e8c\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u94c1\u8def\u2014\u2014\u6210\u6e1d\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4e94\u201d\u671f\u95f4\u5171\u5efa\u6210\u5b9d\u6210\u3001\u5170\u65b0\u3001\u9e70\u53a6\u7b49\u94c1\u8def\u516d\u5343\u4e00\u767e\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u516d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u7ebf\u201d\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53c8\u52a8\u5458\u4e86\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u6c11\u5175\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u5d07\u5c71\u5cfb\u5cad\u4e2d\u5efa\u6210\u4e86\u8944\u6e1d\u3001\u6e58\u9ed4\u3001\u6210\u6606\u3001\u9752\u85cf\u94c1\u8def\uff08\u897f\u5b81\u5230\u683c\u5c14\u6728\u6bb5\uff09\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u9690\u853d\u3001\u9760\u5c71\u3001\u8fdb\u6d1e\u201d\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u94c1\u8def\u5c06\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u63a5\u5165\u5168\u56fd\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51\uff0c\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u6574\u5408\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/9\/F7\/47\/A9C85C605A0D284FE36893AA261_239674C7_CAF55.png\" width=\"553\" height=\"375\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1952\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u6210\u6e1d\u94c1\u8def\u5168\u7ebf\u901a\u8f66\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1ascwmw.cn\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u4ee5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u5766\u8d5e\u94c1\u8def\u6700\u4e3a\u6709\u540d\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4f7f\u5bcc\u542b\u94dc\u77ff\u7684\u5185\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u8fde\u901a\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u4ecd\u7531\u767d\u4eba\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u90bb\u56fd\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u70ed\u60c5\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u94c1\u8def\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u652f\u63f4\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u4e4b\u524d\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u906d\u5230\u51b7\u9047\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5212\u7b97\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u63f4\u52a9\u66f4\u9752\u7750\u4fee\u5efa\u516c\u8def\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b63\u5e2e\u52a9\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7ffb\u4fee\u5927\u5317\u516c\u8def\u3002\u5f53\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u65bd\u5de5\u961f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u8def\u65bd\u5de5\u961f\u5728\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u76f8\u9047\u65f6\uff0c\u5b5f\u6d01\u6885\uff08Jamie Monson\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6765\u53bb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u968f\u8d70\u968f\u505c\u7684\u516c\u8def\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u7ba1\u63a7\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff08\u300a\u975e\u6d32\u81ea\u7531\u94c1\u8def\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u9879\u76ee\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u8c0b\u751f\u4e4b\u8ba1\u300b\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5efa\u8bbe\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u4e8c\u3007\u4e00\u4e94\u5e74\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e94\u5e74\u5766\u8d5e\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u6210\u65f6\u6b63\u9022\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5f00\u5c55\u519c\u6751\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u4e4c\u8d3e\u9a6c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6751\u5e84\u88ab\u8fc1\u81f3\u94c1\u8def\u6cbf\u7ebf\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d77\u4fdd\u536b\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7279\uff08James C. Scott\uff09\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e4c\u8d3e\u9a6c\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u201c\u6781\u7aef\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u72b6\u51b5\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u5b8f\u5927\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4f46\u9879\u76ee\u5374\u6700\u7ec8\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u53ea\u56e0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u6027\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u503e\u5411\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u5766\u8d5e\u94c1\u8def\u5728\u540e\u671f\u8fd0\u8425\u4e2d\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e8f\u635f\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u8282\u7701\u6210\u672c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5173\u95ed\u5766\u8d5e\u94c1\u8def\u90e8\u5206\u8f66\u7ad9\u65f6\uff0c\u9644\u8fd1\u5c45\u6c11\u4ee5\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u201d\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u52a0\u4ee5\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u5c61\u89c1\u4e0d\u9c9c\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba9\u94c1\u8def\u6210\u4e3a\u5915\u9633\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u96be\u4ee5\u76c8\u5229\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u503a\u7d2f\u7d2f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"img_vsb_content\" src=\"https:\/\/kfda.qfnu.edu.cn\/__local\/8\/94\/D1\/93E07D13521231C2B8CBEE673F8_D45A56A2_15506B.png\" width=\"554\" height=\"629\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4fee\u5efa\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5766\u8d5e\u94c1\u8def\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u65e0\u606f\u8d37\u6b3e\u63f4\u5efa\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1asina.com.cn\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9ad8\u94c1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba9\u94c1\u8def\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u590d\u5174\u3002\u4e0e\u4e58\u5750\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u98de\u673a\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u80fd\u8017\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u6392\u653e\u66f4\u5c11\uff0c\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u73af\u5883\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u6587\u660e\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u5c14\u627f\u8ba4\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5148\u950b\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5efa\u6210\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u9ad8\u94c1\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u4e1c\u9053\u56fd\u201c\u5171\u5546\u3001\u5171\u5efa\u3001\u5171\u4eab\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6b27\u6d32\u65b0\u4fee\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u66f4\u5177\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u94c1\u8def\u672c\u8eab\u5229\u6da6\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5177\u6709\u5e26\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u5f53\u5730\u9020\u6210\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u2014\u2014\u5e0c\u5f17\u5c14\u5e03\u65bd\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4eca\u4eba\u8981\u6bd4\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u66f4\u52a0\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u94a2\u94c1\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005: \u949f\u6dee \u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u5fae\u89c2\uff0c\u5e38\u4ece\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6765\u6298\u5c04\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u805a\u7126\u7684\u94c1\u8def [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15,13],"tags":[3731,3181,1259],"views":455,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44172"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=44172"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46828,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44172\/revisions\/46828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=44172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=44172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=44172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}