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\u5230\u8fbe\u5b81\u6ce2\u540e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u7814\u8bfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5178\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3002(13)\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5f00\u59cb\u7cc5\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e8e\u5e03\u9053\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u201c\u5929\u9053\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec8\u751f\u6cbf\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5929\u9053\u6eaf\u539f\u300b\u300a\u55bb\u9053\u4f20\u300b\u7b49\u6982\u7528\u201c\u5929\u9053\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002(14)<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5bf9\u5f85\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u201c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u201d\u624b\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u300a\u5929\u9053\u6eaf\u6e90\u300b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6216\u66f0\u5723\u793c\u56fa\u6240\u5b9c\u5b88\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u7956\u9057\u4e4b\u793c\u4eea\uff0c\u53ef\u517c\u884c\u5426\u3002\u66f0\uff0c\u5176\u793c\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u5408\u8005\u53ef\u884c\u4e4b\u3002\u5176\u4e0d\u5408\u8005\u5f53\u5f03\u4e4b\u3002\u201d(15)<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e0a\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u52301877\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6765\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u6392\u65a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u5f62\u6210\u7edf\u4e00\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7b49\u5c11\u6570\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8be5\u65f6\u671f\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u5c1a\u672a\u516c\u5f00\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

\u987a\u53ca\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e8e1869\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5\u5c31\u4efb\u540c\u6587\u9986\u603b\u6559\u4e60\uff0c\u65cb\u5373\u8f9e\u53bb\u6559\u804c\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8a00\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u957f\u671f\u65c5\u534e\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u660e\u786e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u628a\u63e1\u665a\u6e05\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e0e1877\u5e74\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89<\/p>\n

1877\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u62b5\u534e70\u5468\u5e74\u4f1a\u8bae\u4f7f\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u518d\u6b21\u7a81\u663e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e3a\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u5173\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e3a\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u8bba\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e00)\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e0e\u591a\u6570\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7206\u53d1\u5206\u6b67<\/p>\n

1877\u5e74\u4e3a\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u62b5\u534e70\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u6709\u6765\u81ea29\u4e2a\u5dee\u4f1a\u7684473\u540d\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb(\u542b\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u592b\u4eba)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d126\u4f4d\u4ee3\u8868\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5916\u52a016\u540d\u5df2\u6539\u884c\u800c\u88ab\u7279\u9080\u7684\u524d\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ece5\u670810\u65e5\u81f324\u65e5\uff0c\u957f\u8fbe\u4e24\u5468\u3002\u5927\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u5185\u5bb9\u56ca\u62ec\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4f20\u9053\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u533b\u7597\u5ba3\u6559\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u4e8b\u5de5\u3001\u5987\u5973\u4e8b\u5de5\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002(16)\u5176\u4e2d\u5982\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bae\u9898\u4e0e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u6c49\u5b66\u957f\u671f\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u4f20\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u30025\u670816\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5728\u4f1a\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u8bba\u4e16\u4fd7\u6587\u5b57\u4e8b\u4e1a\u300b\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u6295\u5165\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7cbe\u529b\u64b0\u5199\u8bf8\u5982\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5730\u7406\u3001\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4e8b\u5de5\uff0c\u7eaf\u5c5e\u6b63\u5f53\u3002(17)\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8fd9\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\u4e0e\u5176\u5f53\u65f6\u70ed\u8877\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u81ea1865\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u4eac\u5e08\u540c\u6587\u9986\u4efb\u6559\u4e60\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7cbe\u529b\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u540c\u6587\u9986\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e0e\u6c49\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u65e9\u57281872\u5e748\u6708(\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u4e03\u6708)\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5c31\u521b\u529e\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u95fb\u89c1\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u201c\u7cfb\u4eff\u7167\u897f\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u7eb8\u800c\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6742\u5f55\u5404\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u8fd1\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u5929\u6587\u5730\u7406\u683c\u81f4\u4e4b\u5b66\u201d\u3002(18)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4eac\u5e08\u540c\u6587\u9986<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u62a5\u544a\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u65e8\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\uff0c\u201c\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u4e5f\u5f88\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u8d56\u6559\u58eb(Mr.Lyon)\u8d28\u7591\u5728\u65e0\u4eba\u95ee\u6d25\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u51fa\u7248\u8fd9\u7c7b\u520a\u7269\u7684\u6548\u7528\uff1b\u6234\u5fb7\u751f\u6559\u58eb(Taylor)\u548c\u6768\u683c\u975e\u6559\u58eb(G.John)\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7d20\u517b\uff0c\u4f46\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4f20\u64ad\u6587\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u62ef\u6551\u7075\u9b42\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u795e\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7f6a\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdc\u6bd4\u77e5\u9053\u5ca9\u77f3\u7684\u6210\u5206\u548c\u884c\u661f\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u201d(19)<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u662f\u5112\u5b66\u3001\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u9053\u6559\u4e0e\u4f20\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u30025\u670811\u65e5\u4f26\u6566\u4f1a\u827e\u7ea6\u745f(J.Edkins)\u4f5c\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u9053\u6559\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89c2\u5ff5\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5176\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u91ca\u3001\u9053\u4e24\u5bb6\u7684\u8bed\u5f55\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u8bb2\u6388\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5229\u5f0a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5206\u6b67\u5c24\u5176\u5927\u201d\u3002(20)\u6765\u81ea\u5b81\u6ce2\u7684\u535c\u7267\u5e08(J.Butler)\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u80dc\u4efb\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u5206\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u5f52\u4fe1\uff0c\u662f\u7279\u6307\u4ece\u5b54\u5b50\u5f52\u5411\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u4e8b\u5949\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u4f1a\u6768\u683c\u975e\u201c\u786e\u5b9e\u62c5\u5fc3\u6709\u4e9b\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u628a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6f14\u8bf4\u6210\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8865\u4e01\u201d\u3002(21)<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u662f\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u30025\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u6d78\u4f1a\u664f\u739b\u592a\u5ba3\u8bfb\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u300b(Ancestral Worship)\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4f53\u7cfb\u90fd\u662f\u5176\u9644\u5eb8\uff1b\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u5207\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u548c\u672c\u8d28\uff1b(22)\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u800c\u5728\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c48\u670d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002(23)<\/p>\n

\u6768\u683c\u975e\u5bf9\u664f\u739b\u592a\u6b64\u6587\u6df1\u8868\u8d5e\u540c\u3002\u6768\u683c\u975e\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u534e\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u4e0e\u9ed1\u6697\u6743\u52bf\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u662f\u6551\u4eba\u4ece\u7f6a\u4e2d\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u800c\u5f81\u670d\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u6765\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u4eca\u5929\u8fd9\u6837\u5730\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6b63\u6210\u500d\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b8c\u5168\u5360\u9886\u8fd9\u7247\u5e7f\u88a4\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002\u201d(24)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6768\u683c\u975e<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u5927\u90fd\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u52a0\u4ee5\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u53ca\u5bb9\u5fcd\u3002\u603b\u8ba1\u5f53\u65e5\u53d1\u8a00\u768420\u591a\u540d\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5317\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u4f55\u7279(W.S.Holt)\u7b49\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u8f83\u4e3a\u7f13\u548c\u53ca\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u5904\u7406\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u8d28\u7591\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6743\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u653e\u5f03\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f\u201d(25)<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bae\u9898\u662f\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u4f1a\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6392\u65a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u662f\u4e0e\u62b5\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u5112\u3001\u4f5b\u3001\u9053\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f1a\u8bae\u9884\u671f\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5927\u4f1a\u516c\u63a821\u4f4d\u8d44\u6df1\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u547c\u5401\u6027\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u3002(26)\u8be5\u51b3\u8bae\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u662f\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u660e\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u7684\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u62dc\u6b7b\u4eba\u3001\u62dc\u6728\u77f3\u505a\u6210\u7684\u5076\u50cf\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u533a\u8fd8\u62dc\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u618e\u6076\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u798f\u97f3\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53d8\u5f97\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u53bb\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u548c\u968f\u4e4b\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u516c\u544a\uff0c\u90fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u5185\u5730\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u4e86\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u655e\u5f00\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u5c31\u4ece\u7f6a\u7684\u5974\u5f79\u4e2d\u89e3\u8131\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u201d(27)<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u540e\u6765\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u503e\u5411\u76f8\u5bf9\u63a5\uff0c\u6392\u65a5\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u6210\u4e861877\u5e74\u9996\u5c4a\u8d74\u534e\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u672c\u6b21\u5ba3\u6559\u5927\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4f55\u5982\u6b64\u5f3a\u52bf\u6392\u65a5\u5305\u62ec\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u5462\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u5176\u201c\u51b3\u8bae\u201d\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u6670\uff1a\u5173\u952e\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u89c6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u660e\u201c\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u201d\uff1b\u5176\u4e3b\u6d41\u610f\u8bc6\u5373\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u5217\u5f3a\u8feb\u4f7f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u655e\u5f00\u201d\u7684\u6709\u5229\u65f6\u673a\uff0c\u201c\u8981\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u800c\u5f81\u670d\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u6700\u5927\u533a\u522b\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e8c)\u4f1a\u540e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u4f5c\u4e13\u9898\u8fa9\u62a4<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u65e0\u89c6\u4e0a\u8ff01877\u5e74\u9996\u5c4a\u8d74\u534e\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u4e4b\u201c\u51b3\u8bae\u201d\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u601d\u8003\u4e0e\u51c6\u5907\uff0c1880\u5e749\u670825\u65e5\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u51fa\u5e2d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4f1a(American Oriental Society)\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u54e5\u4f26(\u6bd4\u4e9a)\u4e66\u9662\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u3002(28)\u6b64\u6587\u7cfb\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff01877\u5e74\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u201c\u51b3\u8bae\u201d\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u4e13\u9898\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8be5\u65871881\u5e74\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6559\u52a1\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u4e0a\u8282\u9009\u53d1\u8868\uff1b\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5b57\u300b\u4e2d\u5168\u6587\u520a\u51fa\u3002(29)<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u300a\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u300b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u6c49\u5b66\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u796d\u7956\u662f\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u60a0\u4e45\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u4ece\u796d\u7956\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u4ea7\u751f\u7b97\u8d77\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e09\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7f13\u6162\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u8036\u7a23\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u796d\u7956\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u5230\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u5468\u671d\uff0c\u796d\u7956\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b80\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793c\u4eea\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u523b\u677f\u548c\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u201d(30)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u796d\u7956\u6784\u6210\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u796d\u7956\u201c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u81f3\u5c0a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5a01\u4e25\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u795e\u7947\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u796d\u62dc\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u50e7\u4fa3\u6216\u957f\u5b98\u6765\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u796d\u62dc\u7956\u5148\u5374\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u804c\u8d23\u3002\u7956\u5148\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u795e\u3002\u796d\u62dc\u7956\u5148\u5c31\u662f\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u656c\u3002\u201d(31)<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8bba\u53ca\u796d\u7956\u4e0e\u5112\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u796d\u7956\u201c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5728\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u662f\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u5373\u62db\u547c\u7956\u5148\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76d1\u62a4\u795e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u4fe1\u7956\u5148\u575f\u5893\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5bf9\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8ff7\u4fe1\u4fe1\u5ff5\u201d\u3002(32)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u796d\u7956\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5e1d\u738b\u796d\u7956\u3002\u7687\u5ba4\u4e3a\u5b5d\u884c\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5f62\u5f0f\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u7687\u5bb6\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5355\u72ec\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u796d\u7940\u7684\u5e1d\u738b\u5e99\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7687\u5e1d\u8fd8\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u53e4\u6cbf\u88ad\u7684\u793c\u4eea\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u796d\u53f8\u7684\u5929\u575b\u796d\u5929\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u7956\u5148\u548c\u81f3\u5c0a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e0a\u5e1d\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u796d\u7940\u3002(33)<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u796d\u7956\u3002\u796d\u7956\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u80dc\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u4ee5\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u3002(34)<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u5b97\u65cf\u796d\u7956\u3002\u796d\u7956\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u5bb6\u65cf\u548c\u90e8\u65cf\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u3002(35)<\/p>\n

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\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bba\u8ff0\u663e\u7136\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u5e26\u504f\u89c1\u5730\u5168\u9762\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5728\u8be5\u6587\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u201c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\uff1b\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u6240\u501f\u9274\u548c\u5438\u6536\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u201d(38)\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u796d\u7956\u4e60\u4fd7\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u201c\u5584\u548c\u7f8e\u201d\u3002(39)\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u63a5\u7740\u63d0\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u64ad\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684(\u796d\u7956)\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff1f\u201d(40)\u4ed6\u5217\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u4f9b\u9009\u7b54\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u65e0\u89c6\u5176\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fc7\u4f26\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u963b\u788d\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5c06\u796d\u7956\u5236\u5ea6\u201c\u4ece\u5145\u6ee1\u795d\u798f\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u8fde\u6839\u62d4\u8d77\u201d\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5584\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u6574\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u201d\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u90fd\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u521d\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u9664\u5916\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u786e\u51ff\u65e0\u7591\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5373\u5b5d\u608c\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e86\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u795e\u4e3b\u724c\u4f4d\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5411\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5ba3\u6218\uff01\u201d(41)<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e0a\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u300a\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u5177\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u7279\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u8f83\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e0a\u6e90\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6db5\u4e49\u3001\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5176\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u6c49\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u8f83\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\u91ca\u8bfb\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u5373\u5927\u5927\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8fdb\u5165\u540c\u6587\u9986\u4e4b\u524d\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u4ea6\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u7b49\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u4e0e\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u201c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u6001\u5ea6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u878d\u901a\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u6700\u5927\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u8bba\u53ca\u4f20\u6559\u7b56\u7565\u95ee\u9898(\u6b64\u70b9\u4e0e\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u4e00\u81f4)\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u662f\u8be5\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4ece\u6c49\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u5bfc\u9762\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u5584\u548c\u7f8e\u201d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u201c\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5584\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e8e\u8be5\u6587\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u201d\u90fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u201c\u4ece\u5145\u6ee1\u795d\u798f\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u8fde\u6839\u62d4\u8d77\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u8bf4\u4e0e1877\u5e74\u9996\u5c4a\u8d74\u534e\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u6240\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u5012\u201c\u51b3\u8bae\u201d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u7b26\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u81f3\u5c11\u5ef6\u7eed\u52301890\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5728\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u7684\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u8bba\u4e89\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u548c\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0e\u6027\u8d28\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff1a\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u7eaf\u5c5e\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u8bba\u4e89\uff0c\u5176\u201c\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u7ec8\u7a76\u662f\u4f20\u6559\u201d\u3002\u800c\u65f6\u4efb\u540c\u6587\u9986\u603b\u6559\u4e60\u7684\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\uff0c1869\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\u5df2\u5411\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u603b\u90e8\u9012\u4ea4\u8f9e\u5448\uff0c\u8f9e\u53bb\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u804c\u52a1\u3002(42)\u5f53\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u6210\u4e3a\u665a\u6e05\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u6838\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u4efb\u4f55\u6559\u6d3e\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u665a\u6e05\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8bba\u4e89\u3002(43)<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u6253\u4e71\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u534e\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7edf\u4e00\u53d1\u58f0\u4e4b\u4f01\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u30011890\u5e74\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u518d\u8bba\u796d\u7956<\/p>\n

1890\u5e74\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5411\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5f15\u53d1\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e00)\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u518d\u8bba\u796d\u7956<\/p>\n

1890\u5e745\u67087\u65e5\u81f320\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b0\u6559\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ec\u5f00\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u64b0\u5199\u300a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u2014\u2014\u6073\u8bf7\u5bb9\u5fcd\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u672a\u80fd\u5230\u4f1a\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u4ea4\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u5317\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u674e\u4f73\u767d(G.Reid)\u4ee3\u4e3a\u5ba3\u8bfb\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\uff0c\u5373\u516c\u5f00\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u201d\u6392\u65a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u63d0\u51fa\u5f02\u8bae\u3002(44)\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e3b\u8981\u9610\u660e\u5982\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u597d\u60c5\u611f\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4f73\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u9634\u95f4\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u4e0e\u8fc7\u4e16\u7236\u6bcd\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u9075\u5faa\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u611f\u60c5\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u732e\u796d\u6765\u53ec\u5524\u7236\u6bcd\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u81ea\u7136\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u91cc\u65e0\u7591\u5b58\u5728\u8ff7\u4fe1\u548c\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a(\u56e0\u7d20)\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u8d77\u6211\u4eec\u8d5e\u540c\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u73cd\u60dc\u67d0\u4e9b\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6210\u5458\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6811\u7684\u6811\u6839\u628a\u6563\u6c99\u51dd\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7956\u5148\u7684\u7960\u5802\u91cc\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5524\u8d77\u56db\u5904\u5206\u6563\u7684\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u5fc3\u8001\u4eba\u4e0e\u513f\u7ae5\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5bb6\u65cf\u6210\u5458\u5f62\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e92\u5229\u4e92\u52a9\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u81ea\u5c0a\u5fc3\u548c\u826f\u597d\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002(45)<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u796d\u7956\u793c\u4eea\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5373\u62dc(posture)\u3001\u7948(invocation)\u548c\u796d(offering)\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b3c\u7edf\u5426\u5b9a\u3002(46)<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u91ca\u8bfb\uff1a\u201c\u62dc\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5f62\u6210\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u59ff\u52bf\u4e5f\u7528\u6765\u5bf9\u5728\u4e16\u7684\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u5c0a\u656c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5229\u5c06\u5b83\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\u8c34\u8d23\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ea1\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5bf9\u6d3b\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff1f\u201c\u7948\u201d\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ea1\u8005\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u201c\u796d\u201d\u5177\u6709\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4f9b\u54c1\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6ca1\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u62ff\u9c9c\u82b1\u4f9b\u54c1\u53c2\u52a0\u846c\u793c\u6216\u653e\u5728\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u575f\u5893\u4e0a\u662f\u6709\u9519\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u62ff\u9c9c\u82b1\u88c5\u70b9\u575f\u5893\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u5949\u4e0a\u6c34\u679c\u548c\u8089\u7c7b\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5462\uff1f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6b7b\u8005\u98df\u7269\u662f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u732e\u796d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5929\u771f\u548c\u7f8e\u597d\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002(47)<\/p>\n

\u4e8e\u662f\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u65ad\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8981\u53bb\u8c34\u8d23\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u7cfb\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8c28\u614e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ece\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u5904\u7406\u5b83\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u4f1a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u201d(48)\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u91c7\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u201c\u6587\u660e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u4e60\u60ef\u505a\u6cd5\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u7262\u8bb0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6b27\u5316\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002\u201d(49)<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u63d0\u9192\u4eba\u4eec\uff1a\u52ff\u5fd8\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u660e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u4e60\u60ef\u505a\u6cd5\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e1c\u65b9\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u957f\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u6c49\u5b66\u609f\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5411\u6559\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u5fe0\u544a\uff1a\u5373\u518d\u6b21\u201c\u6073\u8bf7\u5bb9\u5fcd\u201d\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u5173\u8054\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u56e0\u6559\u7687\u7684\u796d\u7956\u7981\u4ee4\u800c\u4ee4\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u56e0\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7981\u6b62\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6559\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u96be\u602a\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u7981\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff01\u5b83\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6536\u590d\u56e0\u6559\u7687\u6240\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u5730\u76d8\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u5bf9\u2018\u5929\u2019\u548c\u2018\u4e0a\u5e1d\u2019\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u80fd\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u796d\u7956\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u52a0\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u201d(50)<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u300a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u2014\u2014\u6073\u8bf7\u5bb9\u5fcd\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u662f\u7ee71880\u5e749\u6708\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u573a\u5408\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u7bc7\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\u91ca\u8bfb\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e8c)\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u767d\u70ed\u5316<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u300a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u2014\u2014\u6073\u8bf7\u5bb9\u5fcd\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u5728\u9610\u660e\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u6db5\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u53d1\u51fa\u547c\u5401\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u5c06\u6b64\u79cd\u4eea\u5f0f\u7565\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u5176\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u8c10\u5171\u5904\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u201d(51)<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u613f\u671b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u56de\u5e94\u4ed6\u7684\u5374\u662f\u672c\u6b21\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u538b\u5012\u6027\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4e0e\u4f1a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5747\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u6beb\u65e0\u201c\u548c\u8c10\u5171\u5904\u201d\u53ef\u8a00\u7684\u5f3a\u786c\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5185\u5730\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u6234\u5fb7\u751f\u5bf9\u6b64\u6781\u4e3a\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bb9\u5fcd\u796d\u7956\u4e00\u4e8b\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u62a8\u51fb\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u796d\u7956\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8036\u548c\u534e\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5d07\u62dc\u90fd\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u2026\u2026\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u53bb\u8ba8\u8bba\u2018\u5bb9\u5fcd\u796d\u7956\u2019\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u3002\u201d(52)\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6b66\u6797\u5409(F.Ohlinger)\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u5bf9\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u6216\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba9\u6b65\u201d\u3002(53)\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\u767d\u6c49\u7406(H.Blodget)\u5ba3\u8bfb\u4e86\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u664f\u9a6c\u592a\u57281877\u5e74\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8981\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u3002(54)\u7f8e\u56fd\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u8d56\u6069(D.N.Lyon)\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5411\u4ea1\u4eba\u81f4\u656c\u3001\u7948\u6c42\u548c\u732e\u796d\u8fd8\u4e0d\u7b97\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u6709\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e86\u3002\u201d(55)<\/p>\n

\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5927\u4f1a\u8fd8\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e861877\u5e74\u9996\u5c4a\u8d74\u534e\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u5168\u9762\u6392\u65a5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u72c4\u8003\u6587(C.W.Mateer)\u5728\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u201c\u8981\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u8bad\u7ec3\u597d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80dc\u8fc7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65e7\u5f0f\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u201c\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u6839\u9664\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u3002(56)<\/p>\n

\u4f1a\u8bae\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u6d78\u793c\u4f1a\u674e\u63d0\u6469\u592a\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u674e\u4f73\u767d\u3001\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u7b49\u5c11\u6570\u77e5\u540d\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u8868\u793a\u652f\u6301\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u674e\u4f73\u767d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u5bf9\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u62e5\u6709\u7f8e\u4e3d\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b97\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff1b\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002(57)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u674e\u63d0\u6469\u592a<\/p>\n

\u5927\u4f1a\u7ed3\u675f\u524d\uff0c\u5f53\u6234\u5fb7\u751f\u5401\u8bf7\u6240\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u610f\u89c1\u8005\u8d77\u7acb\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u660e\u7acb\u573a\u65f6\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u4f17\u5747\u7ad9\u7acb\u8868\u6001\u3002(58)\u5927\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u51b3\u8bae\uff1a\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u786e\u8ba4\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u796d\u7956\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206(59)\uff1b\u5e76\u628a\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4ece\u5927\u4f1a\u5370\u5237\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5254\u9664\u3002(60)<\/p>\n

1877\u5e74\u4e0e1890\u5e74\u4e24\u6b21\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u5747\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f3a\u786c\u6392\u65a5\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u796d\u7956\u201d\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u662f\u8be5\u65f6\u671f\u6765\u534e\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5171\u8bc6\u30021890\u5e74\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u5c16\u9510\u5316\u518d\u6b21\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8be5\u65f6\u671f\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8bba\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e09)\u4f1a\u540e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u8bba\u4e89\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u56de\u5e94<\/p>\n

1890\u5e74\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u201c\u51b3\u8bae\u201d\u5168\u9762\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7684\u201c\u796d\u7956\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u65e0\u7591\u53d7\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u534e\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6392\u65a5\u3002\u4f46\u672c\u6b21\u5927\u4f1a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e1d\u6beb\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n

1894\u5e74\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u7ff0\u6797\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u4ed6\u4e8e1890\u5e745\u6708\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u6240\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u2014\u2014\u6073\u8bf7\u5bb9\u5fcd\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u7f16\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\uff1b\u7bc7\u540d\u6539\u4e3a\u300a\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u300b\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e8e\u8be5\u6587\u9644\u5e26\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8fd9\u4e00\u8c26\u865a\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u9057\u61be\u5730\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e4b\u58f0\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5411\u6211\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u8868\u793a\u540c\u60c5\u3002\u91cd\u5370\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u6fc0\u52a8\u7684\u5927\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u652f\u6301\u3002\u201d(61)<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e8e1896\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u8bb0\u300b(A Cycle of Cathay,or,China,South and North:with Personal Reminiscences\uff0c1896)\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c1901\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u6c49\u5b66\u83c1\u534e\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c1904\u5e74\u4e8e\u300a\u6559\u52a1\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u656c\u62dc\u7956\u5148\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\uff1f\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c1906\u5e74\u64b0\u5199\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c9\u9192\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u90fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c0a\u5e08\u91cd\u6559\u3001\u5b5d\u656c\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u656c\u754f\u7956\u5148\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u5f97\u597d\u3002\u201d(62)<\/p>\n

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\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7b49\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u796d\u7956\u8bba\u8bf4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6765\u534e\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u9010\u6b65\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bbd\u677e\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e4b\u8d8b\u5411\uff0c\u5982\uff1a1907\u5e74\u6765\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e3e\u884c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6765\u534e\u201c\u767e\u5e74\u5927\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fbe\u6210\u201c\u5171\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u4f1a\u524d\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5404\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u95e8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7f8e\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u6b66\u660c\u6587\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u7fdf\u96c5\u683c(J.Jackson)\u62c5\u5f53\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ec\u96c6\u4eba\u3002\u7fdf\u96c5\u683c\u68c0\u8ba8\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1b\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u4e00\u6982\u800c\u8bba\uff1b\u201c\u796d\u7956\u56e0\u7740\u5176\u542b\u6709\u7684\u771f\u7406\u800c\u7559\u5b58\u8fbe\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u540c\u60c5\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u62d4\u9664\u6bd2\u8349\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u9ea6\u82d7\u540c\u65f6\u6254\u6389\u3002\u201d(65)\u7fdf\u96c5\u683c\u627f\u8ba4\u796d\u7956\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5177\u6709\u5b5d\u4eb2\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u796d\u7956\u5bf9\u7ef4\u62a4\u5bb6\u65cf\u5b8c\u6574\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\u201c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u53ca\u6587\u660e\u80fd\u5982\u6b64\u957f\u4e45\u5730\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u796d\u7956\u3002\u201d(66)\u7fdf\u96c5\u683c\u6240\u8c08\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u8bb8\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4ee5\u5f80\u8868\u8fbe\u8fc7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4e0e1877\u5e74\u30011890\u5e74\u4e24\u6b21\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c1907\u5e74\u201c\u767e\u5e74\u5927\u4f1a\u201d\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u539f\u5148\u5f3a\u786c\u53cd\u5bf9\u796d\u7956\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u660e\u663e\u51fa\u73b0\u677e\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u534e\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6392\u65a5\u7acb\u573a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u677e\u52a8\u3002\u59821916\u5e749\u6708\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e7f\u5b66\u4f1a\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u8f9e\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e861890\u5e74\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u201c\u5728\u534e\u897f\u56fd\u6559\u58eb\u62db\u96c6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u201d\u65f6\u5bf9\u201c\u62dc\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u89c2\u70b9\u3002(67)\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u8f9e\u5178\u300b\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u201c\u62dc\u7940\u7956\u5148\u4e4b\u4f26\u7406\u201d\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u201c\u4e0e\u5176\u5b9e\u7528\uff0c\u8003\u62dc\u7956\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u65e0\u5bb9\u7591\u8651\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u6709\u76ca\u52a9\uff1b\u76f8\u6cbf\u6570\u5343\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e4b\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5c0a\u91cd\u5b5d\u9053\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u611f\u60c5\u3002\u62dc\u7956\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u62dc\u795e\u4e4b\u98ce\uff0c\u81ea\u53e4\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u878d\u6d3d\u4e3a\u4e00\u3002\u201d(68)<\/p>\n

1939\u5e7412\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u6559\u5b97\u5e87\u62a4\u5341\u4e8c\u4e16(Pope Pius \u216b\uff0c1939-1958\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d)\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u793c\u4eea\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7531\u4f20\u4fe1\u90e8\u9881\u5e03\u4ee4\uff0c\u6536\u56de\u4ee5\u5f80\u6709\u5173\u201c\u796d\u5b54\u796d\u7956\u201d\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u3002\u201c\u81ea1742\u5e74\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9053\u7981\u8c15\uff0c\u81f3\u7981\u4ee4\u4e4b\u64a4\u9664\uff0c\u51e0\u8fd1\u4e8c\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u7981\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e8e\u7109\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u201d(69)<\/p>\n

\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u665a\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9010\u6e10\u6df1\u5316\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u4ed6\u4ea6\u66fe\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u796d\u7956\u95ee\u9898\u91c7\u53d6\u76f2\u4ece\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u5373\u5411\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u201c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u201d\u4f20\u6559\u7b56\u7565\u9760\u62e2\uff1b\u5728\u540c\u6587\u9986\u4efb\u804c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5f00\u59cb\u8d85\u8d8a\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u7684\u201c\u878d\u901a\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff1b\u5c24\u51761877\u5e74\u30011890\u5e74\u4e24\u6b21\u201c\u5ba3\u6559\u5927\u4f1a\u201d\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u897f\u65b9\u6765\u534e\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u91c7\u53d6\u5f3a\u52bf\u6392\u65a5\u4e4b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5374\u5927\u5531\u53cd\u8c03\uff0c\u5927\u8c08\u4e2d\u534e\u796d\u7956\u6587\u5316\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1901\u5e74\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u4eac\u5e08\u5927\u5b66\u5802\u524d\u5408\u5f71<\/p>\n

\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u52c7\u4e8e\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u201c\u796d\u7956\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u72ec\u6811\u4e00\u5e1c\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u5728\u534e\u516d\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u91cd\u89c6\u5168\u9762\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e8e1869\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5\u5c31\u4efb\u540c\u6587\u9986\u603b\u6559\u4e60\uff0c\u65cb\u5373\u8f9e\u53bb\u4f20\u6559\u804c\u52a1\uff1b\u4ece\u6b64\u5373\u4ee5\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7cbe\u529b\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u540c\u6587\u9986\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e0e\u6c49\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4ece\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u53cc\u91cd\u89c6\u89d2\u601d\u8003\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u6e05\u9192\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff1a\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u3001\u535a\u5927\u7cbe\u6df1\u3001\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u660e\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u529e\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u8be5\u5e9f\u9664\u65e7\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u91cd\u6784\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0a\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002\u201d(70)<\/p>\n

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