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\u6c64\u82e5\u671b<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u7684\u547c\u5401\u4e0b\uff0c\u6d2a\u82e5\u7ff0\uff08Jeande Fontaney\uff09\u7b495\u540d\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4e8e1687\u5e747\u6708\u62b5\u8fbe\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u6d59\u6c5f\u5de1\u629a\u91d1\u92d0\u867d\u7136\u5f97\u77e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u6697\u793a\u793c\u90e8\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u9a71\u9010\u4e86\u4e8b\u3002\u793c\u90e8\u9898\u8bf7\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u4ea4\u4e0e\u8be5\u5de1\u629a\u53d1\u51fa\u8fb9\u5883\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ee4\u56de\u4f0a\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u5230\u6765\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u540e\uff0c\u8bbe\u6cd5\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u6280\u4eba\u624d\u63a8\u8350\u7ed9\u4e86\u8fdc\u5728\u70ed\u6cb3\u7684\u5eb7\u7199\u3002\u4ed6\u5148\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5fa1\u524d\u4f8d\u536b\u8d75\u660c\u4f20\u9012\u53e3\u4fe1\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e0a\u594f\u30029\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u5c06\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u7684\u594f\u7ae0\u6279\u590d\u7ed9\u793c\u90e8\uff0c10\u670811\u65e5\u53d1\u51fa\u4e0a\u8c15\uff0c \u4ee4\u5c065\u4eba\u4e2d\u901a\u6653\u5386\u6cd5\u8005\u201c\u7740\u8d77\u9001\u6765\u4eac\u5019\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u201c\u542c\u5176\u968f\u4fbf\u5c45\u4f4f\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u6d2a\u82e5\u7ff0\u7b49\u4eba\u4e8e1688\u5e742\u6708\u5230\u8fbe\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u5df2\u4e8e\u8be5\u5e741\u6708\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u4eac\u521d\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u52a1\u7531\u4ee3\u7406\u201c\u6cbb\u7406\u5386\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5f90\u65e5\u6607\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u56e0\u6d2a\u82e5\u7ff0\u7b49\u4eba\u662f\u53d7\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u6d3e\u9063\u3001\u4ee5\u201c\u56fd\u738b\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u8eab\u4efd\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0e\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u5e76\u7acb\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u652f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u5eb7\u7199\u539f\u60f3\u628a\u6d2a\u82e5\u7ff0\u7b495\u4eba\u90fd\u7559\u5728\u8eab\u8fb9\u5019\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5f90\u65e5\u6607\u62c5\u5fc3\u5bab\u91cc\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u592a\u591a\u800c\u4e8e\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u9042\u6073\u8bf7\u5eb7\u7199\u53ea\u7559\u4e0b\u5176\u4e2d\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u5b83\u5f80\u3002\u5eb7\u7199\u8868\u793a\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8ba9\u5f90\u65e5\u6607\u51b3\u5b9a\u7559\u4eac\u4eba\u9009\u3002\u6700\u540e\u662f\u767d\u664b\uff08JoachimBouvet\uff09\u548c\u5f20\u8bda\uff08Jean-Fran\u00e7oisGerbillon\uff09\u7559\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u96cd\u6b63<\/p>\n

1727\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u590f\u771f\u591a\uff08HyacintvsJordanvs\uff09\u62b5\u8fbe\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5149\u5b66\u4eea\u5668\u4e13\u5bb6\u88ab\u4f20\u4fe1\u90e8\u6d3e\u6765\u4e3a\u6e05\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5e94\u4e0e1725\u5e7410\u6708\u62b5\u4eac\u7684\u6559\u7687\u4f7f\u8282\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u8282\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u845b\u8fbe\u90fd\uff08GottardPlaskowitz\uff09\u5728\u53d7\u96cd\u6b63\u53ec\u89c1\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u56de\u7f57\u9a6c\u590d\u547d\u540e\u5c06\u518d\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u4e3a\u7687\u4e0a\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\u542c\u540e\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u5174\uff0c\u8bf4\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u66f4\u8212\u670d\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u9020\u529e\u5904\u6025\u9700\u73bb\u7483\u5236\u4f5c\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u6559\u5ef7\u6700\u540e\u9063\u6765\u4e86\u6709\u6b64\u6280\u827a\u7684\u590f\u771f\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6e05\u5bab\u4efb\u8bd1\u5458\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5df4\u591a\u660e\uff08Dominique Parrenin\uff09\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7518\u5bc2\u5bde\u30021728\u5e74\uff0c\u901a\u6653\u5386\u7b97\u7684\u5b59\u748b\uff08Alexandrede La Charme\uff09\u548c\u7cbe\u4e8e\u673a\u68b0\u5236\u9020\u7684\u6c99\u5982\u7389\uff08Valentin Chalier\uff09\u6765\u534e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u7684\u201c\u4e3e\u8350\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u201c\u664b\u4eac\u4efb\u804c\u201d\u3002\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u77e5\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u4ee5\u4f55\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u96cd\u6b63\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53e3\u5934\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6700\u5927\u3002\u636e\u96cd\u6b63\u4e03\u5e74\uff081729\u5e74\uff09\u6b63\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\u7684\u793c\u90e8\u9898\u62a5\uff0c\u662f\u5b59\u748b\u548c\u6c99\u5982\u7389\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u8fdb\u4eac\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u603b\u7763\u5b54\u6bd3\u73e3\u6d3e\u5458\u67e5\u5b9e\uff0c\u793c\u90e8\u636e\u96cd\u6b63\u5143\u5e74\u7981\u6559\u4ee4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u5177\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u8ddd\u96cd\u6b63\u5f00\u59cb\u7981\u6559\u5df2\u67096\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u62b5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5c1a\u80fd\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7531\u5934\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5728\u96cd\u6b63\u90a3\u91cc\u5f88\u6709\u201c\u9762\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u4e8e1698\u5e74\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u7cbe\u901a\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u5916\u4ea4\u573a\u5408\u62c5\u4efb\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u96cd\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u5c0a\u91cd\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4ee5\u793c\u76f8\u5f85\u201d\u3002\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u4e5f\u5f88\u5584\u4e8e\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u8c0b\u5229\u30021734\u5e74\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6280\u827a\u4e4b\u957f\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u8d75\u52a0\u5f7c\uff08Gabriel Boussel\uff09\u548c\u5434\u541b\uff08Pierre Foureau\uff09\u62b5\u8fbe\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u60f3\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6280\u827a\u4eba\u624d\u5f04\u8fdb\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u8fd9\u5e743\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u6781\u5176\u8c26\u606d\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u5411\u96cd\u6b63\u4e0a\u594f\uff0c\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u5e74\u8001\u529b\u8870\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u50a8\u5907\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u6073\u8bf7\u6279\u51c6\u65b0\u62b5\u6fb3\u95e8\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65c5\u9014\u8d39\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7406\u3002\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u96cd\u6b63\u5f53\u5373\u8868\u793a\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee4\u5e7f\u4e1c\u65b9\u9762\u6d3e\u5458\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u62a4\u9001\u8fdb\u4eac\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u5f00\u96cd\u4e7e\u65f6\u671f\u4eac\u57ce\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u4ee5\u594f\u7ae0\u5f62\u5f0f\u5411\u7687\u5e1d\u63a8\u8350\u6280\u827a\u4eba\u624d\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u76f8\u6cbf\u6210\u4e60\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081760\uff09\u524d\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u671d\u65b0\u6765\u7684\u201c\u6280\u827a\u4e4b\u4eba\u201d\u591a\u6570\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u3002\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u76d1\u6b63\u6234\u8fdb\u8d24\u3001\u76d1\u6b63\u5218\u677e\u9f84\uff08Augustvon Hallerstein\uff09\u548c\u76d1\u526f\u5f90\u61cb\u5fb7\u7b49\u90fd\u66fe\u4ee5\u201c\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u81e3\u201d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u594f\u62a5\u8fc7\u65b0\u6765\u8005\u3002\u4f9b\u804c\u4e8e\u5ef7\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u4e0a\u594f\u8a00\u4e8b\u65e9\u5728\u987a\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u65f6\u671f\u7531\u4e8e\u88ab\u7687\u5e1d\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u5bb6\u91cc\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u7687\u5e1d\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5f53\u9762\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fd8\u662f\u4e66\u9762\u5448\u8bf7\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u96cd\u6b63\u671d\u548c\u4e7e\u9686\u671d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u4eb2\u5bc6\u4e86\uff0c\u5f53\u6709\u4e8b\u5411\u7687\u5e1d\u201c\u4e5e\u6c42\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee5\u594f\u7ae0\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081724\uff09\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u6234\u8fdb\u8d24\u7b49\u4eba\u8bf7\u6c42\u5c06\u5404\u7701\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u6539\u63d2\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u594f\u758f\u201c\u51e0\u7ecf\u5468\u6298\u201d\u624d\u5448\u5230\u96cd\u6b63\u624b\u4e0a\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u7531\u5185\u52a1\u5e9c\u8f6c\u5448\u5bab\u5185\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u594f\u6298\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u6234\u8fdb\u8d24\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u6388\u4e88\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u76d1\u6b63\uff0c\u52a0\u793c\u90e8\u4f8d\u90ce\u8854\uff0c\u5b98\u5c45\u4e8c\u54c1\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u76d1\u6b63\u548c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4f4d\u76d1\u526f\u7531\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u51fa\u4efb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u9053\u5149\u521d\u5e74\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u804c\u8854\uff0c\u4e0a\u594f\u8a00\u4e8b\u5c31\u65b9\u4fbf\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u4eac\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u521d\u7531\u603b\u7ba1\u5185\u52a1\u5e9c\u5927\u81e3\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u540e\u7531\u519b\u673a\u5927\u81e3\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u594f\u7ae0\u5148\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u9014\u5f84\u5448\u9001\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90ce\u4e16\u5b81\uff08GiuseppeCastiglione\uff09\u5728\u4e7e\u9686\u5230\u4ed6\u753b\u5ba4\u770b\u4ed6\u4f5c\u753b\u65f6\u8fdd\u4f8b\u9762\u5448\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\u594f\u6298\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e7e\u9686\u65f6\u671f\u6700\u65e9\u4e00\u6279\u8fdb\u4eac\u7684\u201c\u6280\u827a\u4e4b\u4eba\u201d\u5e94\u662f\u5f20\u7eaf\u4e00\uff08Seafinvs A.S. Ioanne Bapta\uff09\u3001\u5e2d\u6f84\u6e90\uff08Sigismondodi San Nicol\u00e1\uff09\u3001\u4efb\u91cd\u9053\uff08Jacques Antonini\uff09\u548c\u5085\u4f5c\u9716\uff08F\u00e9lix daRocha\uff094\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8e\u4e7e\u9686\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081737\uff09\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u521d\u4e5d\u4ece\u5e7f\u5dde\u201c\u8d77\u7a0b\u8d74\u4eac\u201d\u3002\u6682\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u67e5\u5230\u63a8\u8350\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u67e5\u5230\u7684\u4e7e\u9686\u671d\u6709\u5173\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u8fdb\u4eac\u7684\u594f\u62a5\u548c\u5fa1\u6279\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e7e\u9686\u4e09\u5e74\uff081738\uff09\u4e5d\u6708\u5341\u56db\u65e5\uff1a\u201c\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u81e3\u5f90\u61cb\u5fb7\u3001\u5df4\u591a\u660e\u3001\u6c99\u5982\u7389\u3001\u90ce\u4e16\u5b81\u8c28\u594f\uff0c\u5207\u81e3\u7b49\u4ece\u524d\u66fe\u5bc4\u4fe1\u8981\u9009\u6570\u4eba\u80fd\u6548\u529b\u8005\u524d\u6765\u3002\u4eca\u63a5\u6fb3\u95e8\u6765\u4fe1\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e94\u4eba\u6c42\u7687\u4e0a\u5c06\u59d3\u540d\u6309\u65e7\u4f8b\u4ea4\u4e0e\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7763\u629a\uff0c\u4ee4\u5176\u6d3e\u4eba\u4f34\u9001\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u5177\u6298\u594f\u95fb\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u4e09\u5e74\u4e5d\u6708\u5341\u56db\u65e5\u594f\u3002\u672c\u65e5\u5949\u65e8\uff1a\u7740\u4ea4\u6d77\u671b\u884c\u6587\u8be5\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\uff0c\u4ee4\u5176\u6765\u4eac\u3002\u94a6\u6b64\u3002\u201d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u594f\u62a5\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd8\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e7e\u9686\u516d\u5e74\u3001\u516b\u5e74\u3001\u4e5d\u5e74\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7528\u8bed\uff1a\u201c\u6c42\u7687\u4e0a\u6555\u4ee4\u201d\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7763\u629a\u201c\u7167\u4f8b\u201d\u5dee\u4eba\u4f34\u9001\u8fdb\u4eac\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u5fa1\u6279\u540e\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5185\u52a1\u5e9c\u6216\u519b\u673a\u5904\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u884c\u6587\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u529e\u7406\u3002\u6234\u8fdb\u8d24\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u65e7\u4f8b\u201d\u662f\u6307\u7687\u5e1d\u6555\u4ee4\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7763\u3001\u629a\u5dee\u4eba\u62a4\u9001\u201c\u6280\u827a\u4e4b\u4eba\u201d\u8fdb\u4eac\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u65e7\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u81ea\u987a\u6cbb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7763\u3001\u629a\u594f\u62a5\u7684\u6280\u827a\u4eba\u624d\u81ea\u7136\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d1f\u8d23\u6d3e\u4eba\u62a4\u9001\uff0c\u7531\u5728\u4eac\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u63a8\u8350\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u7531\u793c\u90e8\u3001\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u6216\u5185\u52a1\u5e9c\u6d3e\u4eba\u53bb\u8fce\u63a5\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5230\u4e86\u4e7e\u9686\u524d\u671f\uff0c\u201c\u6280\u827a\u4e4b\u4eba\u201d\u8fdb\u4eac\u5374\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5728\u4eac\u4f9b\u804c\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u594f\u8bf7\u2014\u7687\u5e1d\u5fa1\u6279\u2014\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7763\u3001\u629a\u843d\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4eac\u57ce\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u95f4\u63a5\u6307\u6325\u5730\u65b9\u5927\u5458\u7684\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u8ba9\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7763\u3001\u629a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5341\u5206\u5c34\u5c2c\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4e7e\u9686\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081759\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u624d\u627e\u51c6\u65f6\u673a\uff0c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4e7e\u9686<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u4efb\u8f89<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

17-18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6fb3\u95e8\u98ce\u666f<\/p>\n

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\u7ed3\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n

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