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\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u201c\u4e4c\u739b\u201d\uff1a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5b97\u6559\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u539f\u578b<\/p>\n

\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u8054\u5408\u7406\u5ff5\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u516c\u793e\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e4c\u739b\u201d\uff08Umma\uff09\u3002\u201c\u4e4c\u739b\u201d\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u65af\u6ce2\u897f\u6258\uff08John L. Esposito\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6559\u5386\u5143\u5e74\u9009\u5b9a\u5728\u516c\u5143622\u5e74\uff0c\u5373\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7387\u9ea6\u52a0\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u9ea6\u5730\u90a3\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e4c\u739b\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b9a\u5728610\u5e74\uff0c\u5373\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u9996\u6b21\u63a5\u53d7\u5b89\u62c9\u542f\u793a\u4e4b\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u4ea6\u53ef\u7aa5\u89c1\u4e4c\u739b\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u6cdb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u5c3c\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6cdb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4ee5\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6307\u5357\u548c\u5411\u5bfc\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u56db\u5927\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b9e\u65bd\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5316\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6614\u65e5\u7684\u8363\u8000\uff0c\u8ba9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u98d8\u626c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u5c3c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u6b27\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u662f\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\u3002\u5728\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u5c3c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u65ad\u53f7\u53ec\u5404\u56fd\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u2014\u2014\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u3001\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u4e0d\u5206\u5b66\u6d3e\u548c\u6559\u6d3e\uff0c\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\uff1b\u5e0c\u671b\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u80fd\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u643a\u624b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u6cdb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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