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\u6c83\u514b\u6208\u6d1b\u592b(Dmitri Volkogonov)\u8bf4\uff0c1930 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u6cbb\u8b66\u5bdf(NKVD)\u519b\u5b98\u91cc\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u201c\u51b7\u9177\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u72ac\u5112\u548c\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u72c2\u201d\u3002 \u524d\u82cf\u8054\u95f4\u8c0d\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u00b7\u970d\u8d6b\u6d1b\u592b(Nikolai Khoklov)\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d1f\u8d23\u62db\u52df\u65b0\u624b\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0a\u53f8\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u9ad8\u5b98\u5e15\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u82cf\u6735\u666e\u62c9\u6258\u592b(Pavel Sudoplatov)\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u6307\u793a\u662f\uff0c\u201c<strong>\u627e\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u547d\u8fd0\u6216\u5929\u6027\u53d7\u8fc7\u4f24\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u6027\u683c\u4e11\u964b\u3001\u6709\u81ea\u5351\u60c5\u7ed3\u3001\u55dc\u6743\u3001\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u6b32\u4f46\u53c8\u5c61\u906d\u632b\u6298\u548c\u4e0d\u987a\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6216\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u627e\u90a3\u4e9b\u867d\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u53d7\u51bb\u997f\u4e4b\u82e6\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u56e0\u8d2b\u56f0\u800c\u611f\u5230\u7f9e\u8fb1\u7684\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u5927\u3001\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4f18\u8d8a\u611f\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c1d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u751c\u5934\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6b7b\u5fc3\u584c\u5730\u5730\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-57c62a09806ea0a9d7264d5044ad4c1d_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f7f\u5f97\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u9677\u5165\u4e00\u79cd\u8fd1\u4e8e\u6b47\u65af\u5e95\u91cc\u7684\u7126\u8651\u3001\u6355\u98ce\u6349\u5f71\u7684\u731c\u7591\u548c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c<\/strong>\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6467\u6b8b(demoralizing)\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<strong>\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6bd4\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u62b5\u6297\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9000\u5316\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u7b49\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u547d\u672c\u80fd\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u547d\u6c42\u751f\u3001\u907f\u514d\u8089\u4f53\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u4eba\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u5168\u65e0\u5ec9\u803b\u3001\u5974\u6027\u5341\u8db3\u3001\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u4e3a\u3002<\/strong>\u79d8\u5bc6\u7edf\u6cbb\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u884c\u4f7f\u548c\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u540c\u6837\u6709\u7740\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8150\u8680\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<strong>\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e0c\u745f\u62c9\u00b7\u535a\u514b(Sissela Bok)\u5728\u300a\u79d8\u5bc6\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u91cc\u8bf4\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8fd0\u7528\u79d8\u5bc6\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u201c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6709\u4f7f\u547d\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7f54\u987e\u5e38\u89c4\u9053\u5fb7\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u65e6\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u529b\u91cf\u6216\u5b9e\u884c\u5168\u9762\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5371\u9669\u5c31\u4f1a\u589e\u9ad8\u3002\u79d8\u5bc6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u884c\u4f7f\u79d8\u5bc6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u3002 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\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u201d\u7684\u771f\u76f8(inconvenient truth)\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u5343\u65b9\u767e\u8ba1\u5730\u6253\u63a2\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u9690\u79c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u60f3\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u60f3\u6293\u4f4f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u548c\u628a\u67c4\uff0c\u5c06\u4e4b\u7528\u505a\u8981\u631f\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8bb9\u8bc8\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d8\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u987a\u4ece\u5e2e\u51f6\u3002\u5e2e\u51f6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u544a\u5bc6\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u968f\u5730\u5145\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u773c\u7ebf\uff0c\u76d1\u89c6\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u6c47\u62a5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u4e3e\u4e00\u52a8\u3002<strong>\u544a\u5bc6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u52a0\u5267\u4eba\u4eec\u6050\u60e7\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u80cc\u53db\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7b56\u52a8\u548c\u5f3a\u8feb\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u544a\u5bc6\u662f\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u4e00\u7bad\u53cc\u96d5\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u80fd\u5c3d\u91cf\u83b7\u53d6\u9690\u79d8\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u74e6\u89e3\u4efb\u4f55\u56e2\u7ed3\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bb3\u6015\u88ab\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u4eb2\u4eba\u544a\u5bc6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4fe1\u4efb\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u5f7b\u5e95\u5b64\u7acb\u3001\u6e3a\u5c0f\u3001\u65e0\u52a9\u3002\u544a\u5bc6\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u6700\u5bb3\u6015\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u96be\u514d\u6709\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u628a\u67c4\u4f1a\u843d\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u624b\u91cc\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u91cc\u90fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u300a\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u5f80\u4e8b\u300b\u91cc\u90a3\u79cd\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f6\u60f6\u4e0d\u53ef\u7ec8\u65e5\u7684\u88ab\u544a\u5bc6\u7126\u8651\u548c\u6050\u60e7\u3002<strong>\u6700\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u544a\u5bc6\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4eb2\u670b\u597d\u53cb\u3001\u540c\u4e8b\u719f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51fa\u5356\u548c\u80cc\u53db\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e07\u5ff5\u4ff1\u7070\u3001\u7edd\u671b\u538c\u4e16\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u63ed\u53d1\u3001\u68c0\u4e3e\u3001\u5411\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c47\u62a5\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u540c\u6837\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u3002<\/strong>\u9648\u5f92\u624b\u7684\u300a\u6545\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6240\u601d\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u544a\u5bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u5236\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u544a\u5bc6\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u544a\u5bc6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u72ac\u5112\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u544a\u5bc6\u7684\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee5\u544a\u5bc6\u4e3a\u8363\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u662f\u5077\u5077\u544a\u5bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53c8\u5e76\u4e0d\u771f\u7684\u4ee5\u544a\u5bc6\u4e3a\u803b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u544a\u5bc6\u3002\u90b5\u71d5\u7965\u5728\u300a\u6545\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6240\u601d\u300b\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u91cc\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u544a\u5bc6\u57281953 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src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-ee330d3c8048ffd309973f78a861ef17_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u300a\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u5f80\u4e8b\u300b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u72ec\u81ea\u5bf9\u6297\u6781\u6743\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u4e2d\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f9b\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5229\u7528\u7684\u79c1\u6b32\u548c\u8f6f\u5f31\u3002\u5f25\u5c14\u987f\u5728\u300a\u5931\u4e50\u56ed\u300b\u91cc\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u5fc3\u7075\u62e5\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u6211\u6816\u606f\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u5730\u72f1\u4e2d\u7684\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u5929\u5802\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u72f1\u201d;\u5e15\u65af\u5361\u5c14(Blaise 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