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v. Board of Education, 1954\uff09\u548c\u7f57\u4f0a\u8bc9\u97e6\u5fb7\u6848\uff08Roe v. Wade\uff0c1973\uff09\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u3002\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u8fdd\u53cd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5357\u65b9\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u62b5\u5236\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u751a\u81f3\u6d3e\u5175\u5230\u5357\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u5f3a\u529b\u4fdd\u62a4\u9ed1\u4eba\u5b66\u751f\u8fdb\u5165\u767d\u4eba\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u800c\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u6b64\u6848\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u7406\u89e3\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u540e\u4e00\u6848\u4ef6\u5219\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u4eab\u6709\u5815\u80ce\u6743\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u548c\u653f\u754c\u53cd\u590d\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/b5955d5de89ce089\" \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\u25b2\u8bfa\u5c14\u739b\u00b7\u9ea6\u79d1\u7ef4\uff08Norma McCorvey\uff09\uff0c\u7f57\u4f0a\u8bc9\u97e6\u5fb7\u6848\u53d1\u8d77\u8005\uff0c\u201c\u7b80\u00b7\u7f57\u4f0a\u201d\u4e3a\u5176\u5316\u540d<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u867d\u7136\u5176\u5224\u51b3\u7ecf\u5e38\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u603b\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u98ce\u53e3\u6d6a\u5c16\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u603b\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f53\u73b0\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e0\u7591\u4e0d\u518d\u662f1787\u5e74\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u5927\u4f53\u4ecd\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u6a21\u6837\u3002\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u5c06\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u6210\u5c31\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u795e\u5723\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6027\u3002\u575a\u6301\u5baa\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5408\u4f17\u4e3a\u4e00\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6784\u6210\u6837\u6001\uff1a\u591a\u56fd\u8054\u5408\u4e8e\u524d\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u79fb\u6c11\u4e8e\u540e\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u4e09\u3001<\/strong><strong>\u5baa\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\uff08constitution\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u8fa8\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u81f3\u5c11\u4e09\u5c42\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u59d1\u4e14\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u522b\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\uff08the constitution\uff09\u3001\u201c\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u201d\uff08<em>the Constitution<\/em>\uff09\u548c\u201c\u5baa\u5f8b\u201d\uff08constitutional law\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c \u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6700\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6210\u6587\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5178\u3002\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cbe\u82f1\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u4e2d\u6240\u6559\u6388\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\uff08American constitutional law\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ee5\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u5224\u4f8b\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6559\u4e49\u6784\u6210\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u4fa7\u91cd\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u4f8b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6559\u6761\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5f8b\u5e08\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u6240\u521b\u9020\u548c\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u3001\u4ee5\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u6587\u672c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5f8b\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5baa\u5f8b\u201d\u3002\u800c\u66f4\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\uff08the American constitution\uff09\u4e00\u822c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u5178\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u683c\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u6587\u5316\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5baa\u5236\u201d\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u5236\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u548c\u5baa\u5f8b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4e0e\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e0d\u6210\u6587\uff08unwritten\uff09,\u6216\u8005\u51c6\u786e\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u5178\uff08uncodified\uff09\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\u5b9e\u9645\u5305\u542b\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672a\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u5178\u5316\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u60ef\u4f8b\u7b49\uff08Akhil Reed Amar,\u00a0<em>America\u2018s Unwritten Constitution<\/em>\uff0cBasic Books, 2012\uff09\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u4f8b\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff08<em>Constitution<\/em>\uff09\u548c\u5baa\u5f8b\uff08constitutional law\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u5236\uff08constitution\uff09\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u5baa\u5f8b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u4e00\u5957\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e00\u5957\u7e41\u590d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4ee5\u5f00\u5934\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u6848\u4ef6\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u804c\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5bf9\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u95ee\u4e00\u822c\u5982\u6b64\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u5141\u8bb8\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5141\u8bb8\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff1f\u5bf9\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u901a\u884c\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8bba\u8fa9\u8005\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u6216\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u90a3\u91cc\u5bfb\u6c42\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u8bba\u8fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e89\u8bba\uff1a\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u5426\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u6240\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0d\u80fd\u627f\u62c5\u751f\u80b2\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u540e\u4e16\u7e41\u884d\uff1f\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u5426\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff1f\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u82e5\u5c06\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e89\u8bae\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u8bba\u8fa9\uff0c\u987b\u7528\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u5957\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u8bba\u8fa9\u4f9d\u636e\u6307\u5411\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u5219\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u7387\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u7a76\u7adf\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u8c01\u6765\u51b3\u65ad\uff1f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff1a\u5baa\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u51b3\u65ad\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u82e5\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u6709\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u603b\u7edf\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5373\u544a\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e89\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u6587\u672c\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u95ee\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f1a\u628a\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4ea4\u7ed9\u54ea\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1f\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6291\u6216\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u5404\u5dde\u4eba\u6c11\uff1f\u82e5\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u89c4\u5219\uff1b\u82e5\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u53ef\u6709\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u5185\u6218\u4e4b\u524d\u5357\u5317\u53cc\u65b9\u66fe\u4e89\u8fa9\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5b58\u5e9f\u95ee\u9898\u5373\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u51b3\u65ad\u8005\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff1f\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff1f\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u9996\u5148\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6b63\u4e49\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7a76\u7adf\u5bf9\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u4f55\u79cd\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c06\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8c01\uff1f\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6761\u6587\u4e00\u822c\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b3c\u7edf\u800c\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\uff0c\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u4eba\u6562\u516c\u5f00\u6311\u6218\u8054\u90a6\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u5dde\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u8c01\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u91cd\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ea\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u521b\u8bbe\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u73b0\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\u00a0\uff08American constitutional law\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u67091803\u5e74\u7684\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\uff08Mabury v. Madison\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5c31\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u8a00\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u56fe\u793a\u800c\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5ead\u8bbc\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/186c409034b1e179\" \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\u25b2\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\u4e2d\u8ba4\u53ef\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u62e5\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u683c\u8a00<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u800c\u82e5\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u8bae\u9898\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u987b\u7528\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u672f\u8bed\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u8fdb\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u505a\u6d3e\u5c06\u5176\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u5baa\u5f8b\u7684\u5916\u89c2\uff0c\u5c06\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8f6c\u55bb\u5230\u4e45\u8fdc\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d78\u6da6\u5230\u7ef5\u957f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u7f51\u7edc\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u53bb\u89e3\u8bfb\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5224\u8bcd\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u201d\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u8fdb\u5165\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u6cd5\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7269\u3002\u5957\u7528\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u96c6\u4f53\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u8fde\u73af\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff08chain novel\uff09\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e76\u975e\u8574\u542b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6216\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5c3c\u91c7\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u201d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u5957\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u5957\u8bed\u8a00\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u672c\u8eab\u5851\u9020\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4ee52012\u5e74\u7684\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u6848\uff08National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 US519[2012]\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5f3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u95ee\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u533b\u6539\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u5b83\u95ee\u7684\u662f\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u533b\u6539\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u54081787\u5baa\u6cd5\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u201c\u8d38\u6613\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\uff08commerce clause\uff09\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u3002\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u7b2c\u516b\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u6709\u6743\u89c4\u5236\u5dde\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4ece\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u662f\u9650\u5236\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53ca\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u80fd\u7ba1\u7406\u5dde\u4e0e\u5dde\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e72\u6d89\u5dde\u5185\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u5f8b\u5e08\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u751a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u6765\u51b3\u65ad\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u60ca\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e3b\u5ba1\u610f\u89c1\u6700\u7ec8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5f81\u7a0e\u6743\u4e2d\u5f15\u7533\u51fa\u5f3a\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7b26\u5408\u7a0e\u6536\u6761\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5f53\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u70ed\u95e8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u5815\u80ce\u6743\u5229\u6216\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u6743\u5229\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u63e1\u5176\u6df1\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u5982\u540c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u8bed\u8bcd\u9700\u5728\u628a\u63e1\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8bed\u5883\uff08context\uff09\uff0c\u6587\u672c\uff08text\uff09\u5f88\u96be\u5f97\u5230\u6070\u5207\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>\u56db\u3001<\/strong><strong>\u5408\u4f17\u4e3a\u4e00<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u6839\u672c\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u53ca\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u95e8\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u6839\u672c\u5728\u4e8e\u4fe1\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5723\u4e66\u7684\u819c\u62dc\u548c\u5bf9\u5723\u5e08\u7684\u5d07\u656c\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7236\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8981\u5bb3\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5199\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u65e0\u7f3a\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6765\u5b9e\u65bd\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u7ea6\u675f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u6587\u672c\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u7f8a\u76ae\u7eb8\u7684\u969c\u788d\u201d\u00a0\uff08parchment barriers\uff09\u3002\u8981\u4f7f\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7f8a\u76ae\u7eb8\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u6c11\u4f17\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u4fe1\u9760\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6210\u529f\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u652f\u6491\uff1a\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u5c06\u5baa\u6cd5\u770b\u4f5c\u672c\u6c11\u65cf\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8c61\u5f81\u4e88\u4ee5\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u5316\u662f\u52fe\u8fde\u6743\u529b\u548c\u6587\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u662f\u7c98\u5408\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5728\u4e8e\u6b64\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5efa\u6210\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e43\u81f3\u76f8\u540c\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u672a\u5fc5\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u73ba\u4e0a\u94ed\u523b\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7acb\u56fd\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u201c\u5408\u4f17\u4e3a\u4e00\u201d\uff08e 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src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/ab0d082f6770033c\" \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\u25b2\u201c\u5408\u4f17\u4e3a\u4e00\u201d\uff08e pluribus 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Cassier\uff09\u66fe\u6709\u8bba\u8ff0\uff1a\u4eba\u4f9d\u9760\u8c61\u5f81\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8c61\u5f81\u6784\u9020\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ece\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5409\u5c14\u8328\uff08Clifford Geertz\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u63cf\u201d\uff08thick description\uff09\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u8be5\u65cf\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6df1\u63cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u4e00\u7ec4\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u8be5\u8bed\u5883\u6240\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5ea6\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8bb0\u5f55\u67d0\u4e2a\u65cf\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u793e\u533a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u987b\u653e\u5728\u8be5\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u7f51\u201d\uff08web of meanings\uff09\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u79c9\u627f\u6b64\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5361\u6069\uff08Paul W.Kahn\uff09\u5728\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08<em>The Cultural Study of Law<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u5361\u6069\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u652f\u6491\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u91c7\u53d6\u4ee5\u4e0a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4ea6\u662f\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u5904\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u201c\u903b\u8f91\u201d\u548c\u6df1\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c06\u5076\u7136\u548c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7279\u5f81\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u6574\u5168\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c31\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u63cf\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u4ee5\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6240\u5efa\u6784\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u6c11\u65cf\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/a4322e2d7fc4bc65\" \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\u25b2\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5361\u897f\u5c14\uff08Ernst Cassier\uff0c1874\u20141945\uff09<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u4ece\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e43\u81f3\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u5728\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f20\u7edf\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u683c\u4f26\u987f\uff08Mary Ann 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