\u4f5c\u8005: \u5f90\u78a7\u541b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u6765\u6e90: \u6c42\u662f\u5b66\u520a\u6742\u5fd7<\/p>\n
\u5f15 \u8a00<\/p>\n
19\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u56f4\u7ed5\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e3b\u7ebf\u5c55\u5f00\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002\u5360\u636e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e3b\u6d41\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5b66\u6d3e\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d(civilized states)\u4e0e\u201c\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d(non-civilized states)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u53ea\u80fd\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7531\u201c\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\uff08Family of Nations\uff09\u3002\u800c\u201c\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u5219\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u987b\u83b7\u201c\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u8ba4\u53ef\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u5b8c\u5168\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e3b\u6d41\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u53d1\u751f\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u90fd\u88ab\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u53d8\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8bd5\u7528\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5219\u4ecd\u662f\u201c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e5f\u88ab19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u662f\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u672c\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u91ce\u86ee\u201d\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u5176\u7406\u7531\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u6f20\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u5219\u65f6\u523b\u4ee5\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u5374\u80fd\u591f\u4e13\u4e1a\u5a34\u719f\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6863\u6848\u8d44\u6599\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d6b\u5170\u5fb7\uff08Douglas Howland\uff09\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u5efa\u6784\u8d77\u7684\u6709\u5173\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u8bdd\u8bed\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0a\u5e76\u65e0\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bed\u8a00\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u5e94\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u8bc1\u66f4\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u5b9a\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u8d6b\u5170\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u88c1\u5b9a\u5e76\u975e\u57fa\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u8eab\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8d56\u9a8f\u6960\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\u7684\u8f83\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u8f83\u91cf\u4e2d\u663e\u7136\u8d25\u7ed9\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u672a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u5784\u65ad\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5c55\u793a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u906d\u9047\u548c\u60f3\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u6218\u540e\u4ee5\u591a\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u9646\u7eed\u51fa\u7248\u6709\u5173\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bba\u8457\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u8457\u6d41\u4f20\u5230\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8d5e\u626c\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4ee5\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u4e3a\u5951\u673a\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u5851\u9020\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u91ce\u86ee\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f9d\u65e7\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0\u8bba\u8bc1\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u79ef\u6781\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u53d1\u58f0\uff1b\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9664\u7531\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u5e94\u5bf9\u4ea4\u6d89\u5916\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u9c9c\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u89c2\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u621a\u5176\u7ae0\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7684\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u6bb5\u843d\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u591a\u4fa7\u91cd\u5bf9\u8bc1\u636e\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u4f2a\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u5b59\u653e\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7f3a\u4e4f\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u732e\u7684\u652f\u6491\uff1b\u4e14\u56e0\u672a\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u89c2\u70b9\u505a\u7ec6\u81f4\u68b3\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u6848\u4ef6\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e89\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u7b3c\u7edf\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u6234\u4e1c\u9633\u5bf9\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u68b3\u7406\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u754c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u6599\u53d7\u9650\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u89c2\u70b9\u65e0\u6cd5\u6446\u8131\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u9ad8\u6865\u4f5c\u536b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u9700\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc1\u8bcd\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bba\u8bf4\u7b49\u4f5c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5ba1\u89c6\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n
\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5bf9\u672c\u6848\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c619\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53ca\u5404\u65b9\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u70b9<\/p>\n
\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u2460\u6709\u5173\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u539f\u59d4\uff0c\u5728\u7532\u5348\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bae\u5e76\u975e\u672c\u6587\u6240\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u4e3a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5206\u6790\u6240\u9700\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u4e14\u6700\u4e0d\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002
\n1894\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u7206\u53d1\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u519c\u6c11\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u653f\u5e9c\u8bf7\u6c42\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u5175\uff0c\u534f\u52a9\u5e73\u5b9a\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5141\u51c6\u540e\uff0c\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u8f6e\u8239\u516c\u53f8\u79df\u7528\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5546\u8239\uff0c\u8fd0\u8f7d1100\u4f59\u540d\u5b98\u5175\uff0c\u4e8e7\u670823\u65e5\u4ece\u5858\u6cbd\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5f00\u5f80\u7259\u5c71\u3002\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u4e8e1894\u5e747\u670825\u65e5\u884c\u9a76\u81f3\u4e30\u5c9b\u6d77\u9762\u9644\u8fd1\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u65e5\u65b9\u89c6\u7ebf\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230(Naniwa)\u8239\u5458\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u8ddf\u968f\u3001\u6295\u951a\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e34\u68c0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u8239\u957f\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5374\u906d\u5230\u8239\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u8fd4\u56de\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u5927\u6cbd\u53e3\u5cb8\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u7ecf\u6570\u8f6e\u8c08\u5224\u65e0\u679c\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u8230\u5c06\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u51fb\u6c89\uff0c\u81f4\u5168\u8230\u5b98\u5175\u5927\u591a\u9047\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n
1894\u5e748\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u6d77\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1894\u5e7411\u6708\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4e2d\u65e5\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u961f\u6709\u6743\u6263\u7559\u6216\u51fb\u6c89\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e5\u672c\u65e0\u987b\u5bf9\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u627f\u62c5\u4efb\u4f55\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u5e94\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u62c5\u3002<\/p>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5404\u56fd\u6709\u5173\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u70b9<\/p>\n
1.\u65e5\u672c<\/p>\n
\u65e5\u65b9\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e24\u6b65\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u6848\u9002\u7528\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u5e73\u6cd5\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u5bf9\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e34\u68c0\u3001\u641c\u67e5\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u5176\u51fb\u6c89\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u8fdf\u81f38\u67081\u65e5\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65e5\u65b9\u9700\u8bba\u8bc1\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5ba3\u6218\u4e3a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4(Tokichi Masao)\u4e8e1896\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u8036\u9c81\u6cd5\u5f8b\u671f\u520a\u300b(Yale Law Journal)\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4ed6\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u6218\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5f00\u6218\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5f00\u6218\u524d\u53d1\u5e03\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u77e5\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u5173\u5ba3\u6218\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5ba3\u6218\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u5ba3\u6218\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u8230\u8239\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u524d\u5df2\u5728\u4e30\u5c9b\u6d77\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u70ae\u6218\uff0c\u8fd9\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u4e24\u56fd\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u9ad8\u6865\u4f5c\u536b(Takahashi)\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5ba3\u6218\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u6848\u9002\u7528\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u786e\u5b9a\u9002\u7528\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u7ee7\u800c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u5bf9\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e34\u68c0\u3001\u641c\u67e5\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u5176\u51fb\u6c89\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9ad8\u6865\u4f5c\u536b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u65e5\u672c\u300a\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3a\u654c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u56e0\u80c1\u8feb\u800c\u53d7\u96c7\u7684\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u654c\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u62ff\u6355\uff1b\u5982\u654c\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5ba1\u5224\u6e2f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u89c6\u5f53\u65f6\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u8239\u957f\u53ef\u5c06\u654c\u8239\u8239\u5458\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u8d27\u7269\u8f6c\u79fb\u81f3\u5df1\u8239\u540e\u5c06\u654c\u8239\u51fb\u6c89\u3002\u201d\u9ad8\u6865\u4f5c\u536b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u53cc\u65b9\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u534f\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u654c\u56fd\uff09\u8fd0\u8f93\u519b\u961f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u5176\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e5\u672c\u6709\u6743\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u62ff\u6355\uff1b\u62ff\u6355\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u519b\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e5\u519b\u7edd\u65e0\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u9001\u5f80\u5ba1\u5224\u6e2f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e5\u65b9\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5728\u8981\u6c42\u8239\u4e0a\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u4eba\u5458\u5f03\u8230\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u51fb\u6c89\u3002<\/p>\n
\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4\u4ece\u6218\u65f6\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u884c\u4e3a\u6b63\u540d\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u56e0\u5176\u4e2d\u7acb\u8eab\u4efd\u83b7\u76ca\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u53c2\u6218\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4fdd\u6301\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u516c\u6b63\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e3a\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd0\u8f93\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u519b\u961f\u8fd0\u8f93\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5176\u5c06\u4e3a\u6b64\u5411\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u4e14\u4efb\u4f55\u8fa9\u79f0\u8bf8\u5982\u51fa\u4e8e\u88ab\u80c1\u8feb\u6216\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u539f\u56e0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u7406\u7531\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u514d\u8d23\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u6355\u83b7\u65b9\u4e0d\u987b\u5bf9\u56e0\u5176\u6355\u83b7\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u635f\u5931\u63d0\u4f9b\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5176\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u672a\u80fd\u5728\u5bf9\u8239\u53ea\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u5224\u540e\u518d\u884c\u6355\u83b7\u201d\u3002\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u56e0\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd0\u8f93\u519b\u961f\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u4e2d\u7acb\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u654c\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u3002<\/p>\n
2.\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u514b(Westlake)\u548c\u80e1\u5170\u5fb7\uff08Holland\uff09\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u58f0\u652f\u6301\u65e5\u672c\u3002\u4e24\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u6848\u9002\u7528\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\u3002\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u514b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5ba3\u6218\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u8df5\u5374\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u53cd\uff1b\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd0\u8f93\u519b\u961f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u5176\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u4e2d\u7acb\u4eba\u683c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8865\u5145\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5df2\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u88ab\u6e05\u519b\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u8239\u957f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f9d\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u610f\u5fd7\u7387\u8230\u6295\u964d\uff1b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u519b\u961f\u82e5\u88ab\u8fd0\u5f80\u671d\u9c9c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u80e1\u5170\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u65e5\u519b\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u767b\u4e0a\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u76f8\u5a01\u80c1\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u670d\u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u65f6\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5e94\u53d7\u5230\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u4e34\u68c0\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u65e5\u672c\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff1b\u82e5\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6355\u83b7\u4eba\u5458\u767b\u8239\uff0c\u5219\u65e5\u65b9\u53ef\u91c7\u53d6\u5fc5\u8981\u63aa\u65bd\u5f3a\u8feb\u8239\u53ea\u670d\u4ece\u6307\u4ee4\uff1b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u8fd0\u8f7d\u7684\u662f\u654c\u56fd\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5c5e\u6781\u7aef\u5371\u9669\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e5\u65b9\u53ef\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u672c\u6848\u4e2d\u65e5\u519b\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u529b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u5fc5\u8981\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u65f6\u4efb\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u519b\u5927\u81e3\u897f\u4e61\u4ece\u9053<\/p>\n
\u9664\u4ee5\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u6208\u5f17(J.M.Gover)\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u6742\u5fd7\u300b(Law Review and Magazine)\u520a\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u81f3\u5c11\u5e94\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u56fd\u53d1\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8bc1\u660e\u7b2c\u4e09\u56fd\u786e\u5df2\u77e5\u6089\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8ba9\u7b2c\u4e09\u56fd\u5c65\u884c\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u5e94\u5c06\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5e26\u5f80\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6e2f\u53e3\u63a5\u53d7\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u65b9\u6848\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u88c5\u5907\u9f50\u5168\u7684\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u9762\u5bf9\u6ca1\u6709\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u5546\u8239\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u6b63\u5e38\u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u5176\u51fb\u6c89\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u4e0a\u6beb\u65e0\u9632\u5fa1\u80fd\u529b\u76841000\u591a\u540d\u5b98\u5175\u8fdb\u884c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6d88\u706d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
3.\u4e2d\u56fd<\/p>\n
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\u621a\u5176\u7ae0\u641c\u96c6\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u53f2\u5b9e\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4e2d\u65e5\u53cc\u65b9\u5e76\u672a\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e24\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u6c9f\u901a\u6e20\u9053\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u7545\u901a\u7b49\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u621a\u5176\u7ae0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u672a\u5bf9\u843d\u6c34\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u65bd\u6551\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5ba3\u6218\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u85e4\u5409\u6b63\u96c4\u6240\u8a00\u90a3\u822c\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5ba3\u6218\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8457\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u970d\u5c14(William Edward Hall)\u66fe\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u575a\u6301\u5ba3\u6218\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5965\u7279\u5f17\u8036(M.Hautefeuille)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5ba3\u6218\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\uff0c\u5ba3\u6218\u524d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u654c\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u6cd5(le droit primitif)\u201d\u7684\u516c\u7136\u4fb5\u72af(flagrant violations)\u3002\u91cc\u514b\u5c14\u6885(Riquelme)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e49\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u53cc\u65b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5ba3\u6218\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u544a\u77e5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff1b\u4e0d\u5ba3\u800c\u6218\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u53c2\u6218\u56fd\u603b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5f00\u8131\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8(Oppenheim)\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5ba3\u6218\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ece\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5ba3\u6218\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u800c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u548c\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u9700\u4ee5\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u5df2\u660e\u786e\u65e0\u8bef\u5730\u5f97\u77e5\u5f00\u6218\u4fe1\u606f\u4e3a\u51c6\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u60e0\u987f(Henry Wheaton)\u627f\u8ba418\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u8df5\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u5ba3\u800c\u6218\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u81f3\u5c11\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u654c\u5bf9\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u4e0e\u654c\u56fd\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u81ea\u613f\u6cd5(the voluntary law of nations)\u6548\u529b\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5982\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc4\u5224\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u8981\u6c42\u8d54\u507f\u6216\u9700\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b98\u5458\u5c31\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u51fa\u5177\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\u5df2\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u53cc\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u89c6\u4e2d\u65e5\u95f4\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u30021894\u5e748\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b98\u5458\u5c31\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u81f4\u7535\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u91d1\u4f2f\u5229\uff0c\u7535\u62a5\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u56e0\u4e2d\u65e5\u5747\u672a\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u672c\u6848\u4e2d\u6709\u6743\u5c31\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u88ab\u51fb\u6c89\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u635f\u5931\u7d22\u8981\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u89c1\u4e0d\u56e0\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u4f7f\u5c31\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u53f2\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u660e\u6848\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4e2d\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u82f1\u4e09\u56fd\u5747\u672a\u89c6\u6218\u4e89\u5df2\u7ecf\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u9886\u4e8b\u4f9d\u65e7\u7559\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e14\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u6bcf\u5929\u7167\u4f8b\u5347\u6302\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u65d7\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u8981\u6c42\u4ea4\u6218\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5f80\u6765\u7acb\u5373\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u8282\u4ece\u654c\u56fd\u64a4\u79bb\u5e76\u505c\u6b62\u9886\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u83f2\u5229\u83ab\u5c14(Robert Phillimore)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u4f7f\u4ece\u4e00\u56fd\u64a4\u79bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5373\u5c06\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4ee3\u7406\u516c\u4f7f\u5c0f\u6751\u5bff\u592a\u90ce(Komura Jutar\u014d)\u5728\u5ba3\u6218\u5f53\u65e58\u67081\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u624d\u79bb\u5f00\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f48\u5c0f\u65f6\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u9886\u4e8b\u8fd8\u8054\u7cfb\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u526f\u9886\u4e8b\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u68ee(Wilkinson)\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4e00\u540c\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u53d1\u51fa\u5b98\u65b9\u8d3a\u7535\uff0c\u5e86\u795d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u751f\u65e5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u65e5\u672c\u5185\u9601\u5916\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u7684\u9646\u5965\u5b97\u5149(Mutsu)\u4e8e7\u670831\u65e5\u4f1a\u89c1\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u65e5\u516c\u4f7f\u5df4\u5065\u7279(R.S.Paget)\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u63a5\u53d7\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5219\u4e2d\u65e5\u95f4\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u91d1\u4f2f\u5229\uff08Kimberley\uff09\u5199\u7ed9\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u82f1\u516c\u4f7f\u9752\u6728(Aoki)\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f9d\u65e7\u9f13\u52b1\u4e2d\u65e5\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6218\u4e89\u89e3\u51b3\u4e89\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u95f4\u5c1a\u672a\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u672c\u6848\u5e94\u9002\u7528\u548c\u5e73\u6cd5\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/p>\n
1.\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u6709\u6743\u4e34\u68c0\u5e76\u51fb\u6c89\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u4f9d\u636e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\uff0c7\u670825\u65e5\u4e2d\u65e5\u5c1a\u672a\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u672c\u6848\u9002\u7528\u548c\u5e73\u6cd5\u3002\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u5e76\u4e0d\u4eab\u6709\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u4e34\u68c0\u6743\uff0c\u66f4\u9051\u8bba\u5c06\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u51fb\u6c89\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u6240\u63f4\u5f15\u7684\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u5c1a\u672a\u9881\u5e03\u3002\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u300b(The Prize Court Law of Japan)\u4e8e1894\u5e748\u670820\u65e5\u9881\u5e03\uff0c\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u300b(The Japanese Prize Law)\u5219\u8fdf\u81f31894\u5e749\u67087\u65e5\u624d\u9881\u5e03\u3002\u5c24\u9700\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u300b\u9881\u5e03\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u66fe\u660e\u786e\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u90fd\u4e0d\u53d7\u65e5\u672c\u6355\u83b7\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u663e\u7136\u5e76\u672a\u5371\u9669\u7d27\u8feb\u5230\u5fc5\u987b\u51fb\u6c89\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u88ab\u8b66\u544a\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5e76\u672a\u575a\u6301\u7ee7\u7eed\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf7\u6c42\u9000\u56de\u5927\u6cbd\u53e3\u5cb8\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u662f\u88c5\u5907\u9f50\u5168\u7684\u6218\u8230\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5219\u662f\u672a\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u5546\u8239\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u4f5c\u6218\u80fd\u529b\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u6b63\u5e38\u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u5176\u51fb\u6c89\u3002<\/p>\n
2.\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u5bf9\u843d\u6c34\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u672a\u65bd\u6551\u63f4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdd\u6cd5\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u88ab\u51fb\u6c89\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u5bf9\u843d\u6c34\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u6253\u635e\u6551\u63f4\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u5bf9\u843d\u6c34\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u65bd\u6551\uff0c\u8239\u4e0a\u8fd11200\u4eba\u4e2d\u6700\u7ec8\u53ea\u6709\u7ea6200\u4eba\u5e78\u5b58\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u65e5\u672c\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u300a\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u534f\u52a9\u53d7\u4f24\u654c\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u65e5\u65b9\u6697\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u63aa\u65bd\u534f\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8131\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u526f\u9886\u4e8b\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u68ee\u5728\u53d1\u5f80\u8d38\u6613\u90e8\u7684\u7535\u62a5\u4e2d\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u6536\u5230\u6307\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u6d3e\u51fa\u4e24\u8258\u5168\u526f\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u653b\u51fb\u6ee1\u8f7d\u9003\u4ea1\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u8239\u53ea\uff1b\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u6d3e\u51fa\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u6551\u63f4\u4e86\u8239\u957f\u3001\u5927\u526f\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\u519b\u9700\u5b98\u3002\u83b7\u6551\u7684\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u8239\u957f\u8bf7\u6c42\u65e5\u65b9\u8425\u6551\u5176\u4ed6\u8239\u5458\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u65e5\u672c\u65e0\u52a8\u4e8e\u8877\u3002\u201d\u300a\u82f1\u6587\u864e\u62a5\u300b\uff08The Standard\uff09\u7684\u901a\u8baf\u5458\u4e5f\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u4e0d\u505c\u7528\u673a\u5173\u67aa\u626b\u5c04\u3001\u6d88\u706d\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u6323\u624e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\uff1b\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u8fd8\u4f01\u56fe\u9664\u6389\u6240\u6709\u8bc1\u4eba\uff0c\u9664\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u67097\u540d\u82f1\u56fd\u8bc1\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u3002\u201d\u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u82f1\u516c\u4f7f\u9752\u6728\u5728\u4e0e\u9646\u5965\u5b97\u5149\u7684\u5f80\u6765\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u65e5\u672c\u786e\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709\u8425\u6551\u4efb\u4f55\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e24\u56fd\u5c1a\u672a\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6d6a\u901f\u8230\u51fb\u6c89\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u5e76\u5411\u843d\u6c34\u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u5c04\u51fb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u884c\u4e3a\u635f\u6bc1\u4ed6\u56fd\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u6740\u5bb3\u4ed6\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u8fdd\u53cd\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u300a\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u5b9a\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u66fe\u4e8e8\u67083\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u8ba4\u5b9a\u65e5\u672c\u5e94\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u635f\u5931\u8d1f\u8d23\uff1b8\u670810\u65e5\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u91d1\u4f2f\u5229\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u540e\u8c03\u67e5\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca8\u670812\u65e5\u5728\u957f\u5d0e\u4e3e\u884c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6d77\u519b\u6cd5\u5ead\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u4ecd\u91cd\u7533\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b98\u5458\u4e8e8\u67082\u65e5\u5c31\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u81f4\u7535\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u91d1\u4f2f\u5229\u65f6\u5df2\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u56e0\u4e2d\u65e5\u5747\u672a\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6709\u6743\u5c31\u201c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u201d\u88ab\u51fb\u6c89\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u635f\u5931\u7d22\u8981\u8d54\u507f\u30028\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6536\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7535\u62a5\u540e\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u8be5\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u65e5\u672c\u65b0\u53d1\u6765\u7684\u7535\u62a5\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u635f\u5931\u6240\u5e94\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u81ea8\u670820\u65e5\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u6d77\u519b\u6cd5\u5ead\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8f6c\u800c\u58f0\u79f0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u635f\u5931\u8d1f\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u5b9a\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u62c5\u5b58\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff1a\u5373\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e14\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u6240\u8fd0\u8f93\u519b\u961f\u786e\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65e5\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u56e0\u534f\u52a9\u53c2\u6218\u56fd\u8fd0\u8f93\u519b\u961f\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u82f1\u56fd\u5c06\u65e0\u6743\u83b7\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u8865\u507f\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u5c1a\u672a\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u663e\u7136\u8fdd\u53cd\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u635f\u5931\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u82f1\u65b9\u7684\u635f\u5931\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u6216\u7531\u65e5\u672c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u81ea\u77e5\u5b58\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6700\u7ec8\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5c06\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u8d77\u79c1\u6cd5\u6848\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5f15\u7528\u4e2d\u82f1\u5728\u79df\u8d41\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u65f6\u6240\u7b7e\u8ba2\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e94\u652f\u4ed8\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u5199\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u82e5\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7206\u53d1\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5219\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u534f\u8bae\u7ec8\u6b62\uff1b\u6216\uff0c\u627f\u79df\u4eba\u53ef\u4e8e\u534f\u8bae\u7ec8\u6b62\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u4ee5190000\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5143\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u8d2d\u4e70\u8be5\u8239\u53ea\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u4e8e\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u51fb\u6c89\u9ad8\u5347\u53f7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7eb3\u738b\u5ba4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u652f\u6301\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5916\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u65e5\u65b9\u4e3a\u83b7\u897f\u65b9\u201c\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u8ba4\u53ef\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u7565\u8003\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u7b49\u591a\u65b9\u56e0\u7d20\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u505a\u9010\u4e00\u9610\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u9752\u6728\u5468\u85cf<\/p>\n
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\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u7565\u8003\u91cf\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5c40\u52bf\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7532\u5348\u5f00\u6218\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6781\u529b\u5728\u4e2d\u65e5\u95f4\u8c03\u505c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u907f\u514d\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u5f53\u82f1\u56fd\u53d1\u73b0\u6218\u4e89\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u8981\u6c42\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u6218\u524d\u627f\u8bfa\u4e0d\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u82f1\u79df\u754c\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ca\u5176\u4ea4\u901a\u7ebf\u8def\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u8282\u8282\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fdc\u4e1c\u539f\u6709\u683c\u5c40\u52bf\u5fc5\u5c06\u88ab\u6253\u7834\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0e\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6218\u80dc\u56fd\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4ea7\u751f\u654c\u5bf9\u60c5\u7eea\u662f\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6a2a\u8d2f\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4e00\u65e6\u5efa\u6210\u5e76\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u5747\u8861(the balance of power)\u5fc5\u5c06\u6539\u53d8\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8868\u793a\u540c\u60c5\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e5\u672c\u51fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u536b\u7684\u8003\u8651\u540c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
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