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\u4f5c\u8005: \u5218\u6587\u4fca<\/section>\n
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\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd8\u8bbe\u533a\uff0c\u4e00\u533a\u7531\u6570\u4e2a\u4e61\u9547\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u533a\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u7f16\u4e3a\u8054\u961f\uff0c\u8054\u961f\u957f\u7531\u533a\u957f\u517c\u4efb\uff0c\u8bbe\u526f\u8054\u961f\u957f\u4e00\u4eba\u8f85\u52a9\u3002\u5404\u53bf\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff0c\u5373\u5e38\u5907\u961f (1933\u5e74\u51ac\u505c\u5f81) \u3001\u9884\u5907\u961f\u3001\u540e\u5907\u961f\u3001\u7279\u79cd\u540e\u5907\u961f (1934\u5e746\u6708\u8d77\u7f16\u8bad) \u3001\u51ac\u9632\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u3002\u5728\u7ec4\u8bad\u6c11\u56e2\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u89c6\u5e38\u5907\u961f\uff0c\u5e38\u5907\u961f\u505c\u5f81\u540e\u5219\u4ee5\u540e\u5907\u961f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u6751 (\u8857) \u5e94\u5c06\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u72b6\u51b5\u7b49\u6761\u4ef6\u5408\u683c\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u5c3d\u6570\u7f16\u6210\u540e\u5907\u961f\u4e00\u961f\u3002\u540e\u5907\u961f\u5185\u5206\u4e3a\u7532\u7ea7\u961f\u3001\u4e59\u7ea7\u961f\u3002\u7532\u7ea7\u961f\u7531\u5e74\u9f84\u572818\u5c81\u81f330\u5c81\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u7f16\u6210\uff0c\u4e59\u7ea7\u961f\u753131\u5c81\u81f345\u5c81\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u7f16\u6210\u3002\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u7ea7\u961f\u4e2d\u4ee59\u81f313\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e00\u73ed\uff0c\u8bbe\u73ed\u957f\uff1b\u6bcf\u4e09\u73ed\u6216\u56db\u73ed\u4e3a\u4e00\u6392\uff0c\u8bbe\u6392\u957f\uff1b\u82e5\u5e72\u6392\u4e3a\u4e00\u961f\uff0c\u7531\u961f\u957f\u6307\u6325\uff0c\u526f\u961f\u957f\u4e00\u4eba\u534f\u52a9\u3002\u961f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u519b\u961f\u7684\u8fde\uff0c\u4e61 (\u9547) \u7ea7\u7684\u5927\u961f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8425\uff0c\u533a\u7ea7\u7684\u8054\u961f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u56e2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a18\u81f345\u5c81\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u201c\u5747\u6709\u53c2\u52a0\u6c11\u56e2\u4e4b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e4b\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u7531\u4fdd\u536b\u56fd\u5bb6\u79cd\u65cf\u4e4b\u8d23\u4efb\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5747\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c4\u907f\u201d[2] (P4) \u3002\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8d77\u521d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u8bc6\u5b57\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u8bfe\u76ee\u6709\u5b66\u79d1\u548c\u672f\u79d1\u4e24\u7c7b\u3002\u5b66\u79d1\u8ba1\u6709\u6e38\u51fb\u6218\u672f\u3001\u9632\u7a7a\u9632\u6bd2\u5e38\u8bc6\u3001\u6551\u62a4\u5e38\u8bc6\u3001\u95f4\u8c0d\u5e38\u8bc6\u7b49\uff1b\u672f\u79d1\u6709\u5236\u5f0f\u6559\u7ec3\u3001\u9635\u4e2d\u52e4\u52a1\u6f14\u4e60\u3001\u6e38\u51fb\u6218\u6f14\u4e60\u7b49\u3002\u519b\u8bad\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u57ce\u53a2\u56e2\u961f\u6bcf\u5e743\u6708\u81f38\u6708\uff0c\u4e61\u6751\u56e2\u961f\u6bcf\u5e749\u6708\u81f3\u6b21\u5e743\u6708\u7684\u519c\u95f2\u65f6\u8282 (\u6c11\u56e2\u56e2\u5175\u4e0d\u8131\u79bb\u751f\u4ea7) \u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56e2\u5175\u90fd\u8981\u8bad\u7ec3180\u5c0f\u65f6\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u56e2\u5175\u8bad\u7ec3\u671f\u6ee1\u9000\u4f0d\u540e\u8fd8\u8981\u5728\u6bcf\u5e74\u5143\u67084\u65e5\u81f310\u65e5\u590d\u4e60\u4e00\u5468\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u8bfe\u76ee\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u515a\u4e49\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u7565\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fb5\u7565\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u6cbb\u6982\u8981\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u8bad\u7ec3\u6240\u8bbe\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6709\u201c\u519c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u7b49[3] (P25-31) \u3002\u8bc6\u5b57\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6559\u6750\u7531\u5e7f\u897f\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u7f16\u5199\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3001\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5e38\u8bc6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5e38\u8bc6\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u540e\u5907\u961f\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u7531\u519b\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u4efb\u7763\u7ec3\u5b98\u53ca\u52a9\u6559\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e61\u6751\u957f\u7531\u6c11\u56e2\u5e72\u90e8\u5b66\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5145\u4efb\uff0c\u9042\u6539\u7531\u4e61\u6751\u957f\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u7763\u7ec3\u5b98\u548c\u52a9\u6559\u8d1f\u8d23\u8f85\u4f50\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u56e2\u7ba1\u533a\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u8005\u5219\u7531\u90e8\u961f\u519b\u5b98\u62c5\u4efb\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u57f9\u517b\u6c11\u56e2\u5e72\u90e8\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u6c11\u56e2\u5e72\u90e8\u8bad\u7ec3\u961f\u3001\u6c11\u56e2\u5e72\u90e8\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u5458\u6240\u53d7\u8bad\u7ec3\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u957f\u3001\u8bfe\u76ee\u66f4\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fbe\u5230\u201c\u5168\u7701\u7686\u5175\u201d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u5404\u7ea7\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u519b\u8bad\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u8bad\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u4e9b\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u523b\u82e6\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u6c11\u56e2\u57f9\u517b\u519b\u4e8b\u5e72\u90e8\u3002\u516c\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u519b\u8bad\u4ece1934\u5e744\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u5171\u8ba1\u4e24\u671f\uff0c1\u4e07\u4f59\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u519b\u8bad\u3002\u519b\u8bad\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u56fd\u6c11\u519b\u8bad\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u662f180\u5c0f\u65f6[3] (P66-71) \u3002\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u201c\u5168\u6c11\u8bad\u7ec3\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5373\u4e0d\u95ee\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u804c\u4e1a\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u9636\u7ea7\u5c5e\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u51e1\u5c5e\u58ee\u4e01\u53ef\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u6548\u529b\u8005\uff0c\u7686\u987b\u53c2\u52a0\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u6545\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u8bad\u4e0e\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u519b\u8bad\u5c31\u5e7f\u4e49\u8a00\uff0c\u6089\u4e3a\u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e4b\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201d[3] (P4) \u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u5728\u7ec4\u8bad\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u804c\u80fd\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u519b\u4e8b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u6269\u5927\u5175\u6e90\u3001\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65bd\u5175\u5f79\u6cd5\u3001\u6839\u9664\u532a\u60a3\u7b49\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u968f\u7740\u8bad\u7ec3\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u804c\u80fd\u968f\u4e4b\u589e\u591a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6307\u5bfc\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c1932\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5e7f\u897f\u65bd\u653f\u65b9\u9488\u53ca\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u201c\u4e09\u81ea\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e09\u5bd3\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u3002\u201c\u4e09\u81ea\u201d\u6307\u201c\u81ea\u536b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u6cbb\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u7ed9\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u536b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u7ed9\u3002\u201c\u4e09\u5bd3\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u662f\u6307\u201c\u5bd3\u5175\u4e8e\u56e2\u3001\u5bd3\u5c06\u4e8e\u5b66\u3001\u5bd3\u5f81\u4e8e\u52df\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5b9e\u65bd\u201c\u4e09\u81ea\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u4e2d\u201c\u81ea\u536b\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6848\u30021934\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u5e7f\u897f\u5efa\u8bbe\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\uff1b1935\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u515a\u653f\u519b\u8054\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\u518d\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5e03\u5168\u7701\u5b9e\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u5e7f\u897f\u515a\u653f\u519b\u8054\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u5e7f\u897f\u5efa\u8bbe\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\u7eb2\u9886\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5e7f\u897f\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u8981\u5927\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u56db\u5927\u5efa\u8bbe\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u56db\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u7b2c\u4e09\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u4ee5\u73b0\u884c\u6c11\u56e2\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u517b\u6210\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u536b\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u81ea\u7ed9\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6811\u7acb\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u201d[4] (P1-4) \u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u628a\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u56e2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u628a\u6c11\u56e2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u5404\u9879\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u9ec4\u65ed\u521d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5e7f\u897f\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6c11\u4f17\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5de9\u56fa\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6765\u63a8\u52a8\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201d[1] (P81) \u767d\u5d07\u79a7\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6c11\u56e2\u672c\u6765\u662f\u5e7f\u897f\u539f\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ece\u524d\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5b83\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u5145\u5b9e\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u6c42\u81ea\u536b\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u6c42\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u6c42\u81ea\u7ed9\u3002\u201d[1] (P68) \u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u5f53\u5c40\u529b\u6c42\u201c\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u517b\u6210\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5e38\u8bc6\u4e0e\u6280\u80fd\uff1b\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u63a8\u52a8\u5e76\u6539\u8fdb\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u4ea7\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5efa\u8bbe\uff1b\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u56e2\u7ed3\u7cbe\u795e\u53bb\u5065\u5168\u4e61\u6751\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1b\u8fd0\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u53bb\u63a8\u884c\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b\u8fd0\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u5236\u5ea6\u53bb\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u529b\u91cf\u201d[5] (P33-34) \u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u8f7d\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u7701\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u4f17\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201d[6] (P42) \uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u628a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6539\u9020\u3001\u804c\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u6c11\u56e2\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u539f\u5148\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u81ea\u536b\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u65e7\u6c11\u56e2\u201d\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\u6c11\u56e2\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u5de9\u56fa\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u53c8\u5728\u4e61\u9547\u3001\u6751\u8857\u4e24\u7ea7\u5b9e\u884c\u201c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u5236\u201d\uff1a\u5728\u4eba\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e61 (\u9547) \u957f\u3001\u6751 (\u8857) \u957f\u517c\u4efb\u56fd\u6c11\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u6821\u6821\u957f\u548c\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u5927\u961f\u957f\u3001\u961f\u957f\uff1b\u5728\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e61 (\u9547) \u6751 (\u8857) \u516c\u6240\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u961f\u90e8\u4e09\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u5408\u5e76\u529e\u516c\uff0c\u4eba\u5458\u4e92\u52a9\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u529e\u516c\u8bbe\u5907\u4e92\u7528\uff1b\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e61 (\u9547) \u3001\u6751 (\u8857) \u516c\u6240\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u9886\u5bfc\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u529b\u91cf\u63a8\u52a8\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u4ee5\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u6821\u5b9e\u65bd\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u8f85\u52a9\u5efa\u8bbe\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u4e61 (\u9547) \u957f\u3001\u6751 (\u8857) \u957f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u638c\u63e1\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u4e61 (\u9547) \u957f\u3001\u6751 (\u8857) \u957f\u591a\u4e3a\u6c11\u56e2\u5e72\u90e8\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u7ed3\u4e1a\u5b66\u5458\u62c5\u4efb\u3002\u4e00\u4eba\u517c\u4efb\u4e09\u804c\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u8282\u7701\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u6d88\u9664\u4e09\u804c\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u5e7f\u897f\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6c11\u56e2\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u519b\u4e8b\u96c6\u6743\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u5458\u65b9\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u30021940\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\uff1b\u4ece1940\u5e747\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5404\u53bf\u5206\u522b\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u6c11\u5175\u56e2\u56e2\u90e8\u53ca\u533a\u4e61 (\u9547) \u4fdd\u961f\u3001\u7532\u73ed\uff0c\u201c\u539f\u6709\u53bf\u6c11\u56e2\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u53ca\u6240\u8f96\u5404\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e00\u5f8b\u6539\u7ec4\u201d\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u968f\u4e4b\u89e3\u4f53\u3002\u201c\u6b64\u4e00\u66f4\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u56fd\u6c11\u5175\u56e2\u4e4b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u5bb9\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c11\u56e2\u5236\u5ea6\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u751a\u591a\u3002\u4e14\u5e7f\u897f\u6240\u6709\u4e4b\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u5747\u5df2\u7f57\u5165\u2018\u56fd\u6c11\u5175\u56e2\u2019\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6539\u7ec4\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u5f15\u8d77\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5e7f\u897f\u8fc7\u53bb\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f3c\u9887\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u610f\u65e8\uff0c\u4e0d\u8c0b\u800c\u5408\u3002\u201d[3] (P14-15) \u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u5bf9\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5e7f\u897f\u793e\u4f1a\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u82a6\u6c9f\u6865\u4e8b\u53d8\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u7fa4\u60c5\u6fc0\u594b\uff0c\u6842\u7cfb\u9996\u9886\u529b\u4e3b\u53d1\u52a8\u5168\u56fd\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u5e76\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5e7f\u897f\u52a8\u5458\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u7531\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u4e3b\u6301\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u52a8\u5458\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u961f\u5f00\u8d74\u7586\u573a\u524d\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u4ee5\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u3001\u767d\u5d07\u79a7\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u544a\u540c\u5fd7\u53ca\u6c11\u4f17\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u5b58\u4ea1\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6b21\u81ea\u536b\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u4eba\u4eec\u201c\u52a0\u7d27\u9752\u5e74\u519b\u8bad\uff0c\u5145\u5b9e\u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5c65\u884c\u5175\u5f79\u4e49\u52a1\u201d[6] (P7-8) \u3002\u5e7f\u897f\u4eba\u6c11\u54cd\u5e94\u7231\u56fd\u5c06\u9886\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u3001\u767d\u5d07\u79a7\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u52a8\u5458\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u52a8\u5458\u5c24\u4e3a\u8fc5\u901f\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e00) \u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u5145\u5b9e\u7f16\u7ec4<\/p>\n

\u65e9\u57281935\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u5f53\u5c40\u5c31\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u6218\u65f6\u52a8\u5458\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u8179\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u65e6\u5bf9\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u5168\u9762\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5219\u8fc5\u901f\u628a\u6842\u519b (\u542b\u7b2c\u4e03\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516b\u4e24\u4e2a\u519b) \u4ece5\u4e2a\u5e08\u6269\u5927\u523016\u4e2a\u5e08\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u7528\u4e24\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u5b98\u3001\u5175\u5458\u3001\u6b66\u5668\u88c5\u5907\u548c\u519b\u9700\u54c1\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u6842\u7cfb\u6309\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ba1\u5212\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u88c5\u59073\u4e2a\u519b\u5317\u4e0a\u6297\u65e5\u3002\u539f\u6765\u6842\u519b\u6bcf\u5e08\u8f963\u4e2a\u56e2\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6309\u4e59\u79cd\u5e08\u7f16\u5236\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e08\u8f962\u65c5\uff0c\u6bcf\u65c5\u8f962\u56e2\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u5e08\u8981\u65b0\u589e1\u4e2a\u56e2\u3002\u539f\u6709\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516b\u4e24\u4e2a\u519b\u6240\u9700\u5175\u5458\u5f81\u8c03\u9000\u4f0d\u8001\u5175\u5f52\u961f\u8865\u8db3\uff1b\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u519b\uff0c\u519b\u5b98\u4ece\u5357\u5b81\u519b\u6821\u8c03\u914d\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u9700\u5f81\u8c03\u6c11\u56e2\u7f16\u6210\u3002\u4e00\u7ecf\u53f7\u53ec\uff0c\u5404\u53bf\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u7684\u56e2\u5175\u7686\u8e0a\u8dc3\u62a5\u540d\u5e94\u5f81\u3002\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u519b\u5373\u9f50\u88c5\u6ee1\u5458\u3002\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u5f81\u7f16\u6216\u5f81\u8865\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u4ece\u7279\u7f16\u540e\u5907\u961f\u8c03\u62e8\uff1b\u7279\u7f16\u540e\u5907\u961f\u4e0d\u8db3\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u5f81\u8c03\u53d7\u8bad\u671f\u6ee1\u9000\u4f0d\u56e2\u5175\u201d[2] (P109) \uff0c\u7279\u7f16\u540e\u5907\u961f\u3001\u9000\u4f0d\u56e2\u5175\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u4ec5\u53d7180\u5c0f\u65f6\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u53d7\u8bad\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u65b0\u5175\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u6b66\u5668\u88c5\u5907\uff0c\u9664\u4ee5\u524d\u4ece\u56fd\u5916\u8d2d\u8fdb\u7684\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u591a\u4e3a\u5e7f\u897f\u5404\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u6240\u9700\u519b\u88c5\u7531\u6842\u6797\u3001\u67f3\u5dde\u3001\u5357\u5b81\u7684\u88ab\u670d\u5382\u8d76\u5236\uff0c\u5e03\u978b\u5219\u52a8\u5458\u5404\u53bf\u7fa4\u4f17\u6350\u8d60\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6842\u7cfb\u5f53\u5c40\u8fd8\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u70ae\u5175\u56e2\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5de5\u5175\u56e2\uff0c\u5176\u5175\u5458\u4e5f\u591a\u7cfb\u52a8\u5458\u6c11\u56e2\u56e2\u5175\u5165\u4f0d\u3002\u603b\u8ba1\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u5317\u4e0a\u6297\u65e5\u7684\u5e7f\u897f\u90e8\u961f\u5171\u6709\u5341\u591a\u4e07\u4eba[7] (P31) \u30029\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516b\u519b\u4ece\u5357\u5b81\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4e58\u8239\u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\u8f6c\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u5317\u4e0a\u30029\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u519b\u4ece\u6842\u6797\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6b65\u884c\u5230\u8861\u9633\u540e\u8f6c\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u5317\u4e0a\u300210\u6708\u4e0a\u65ec\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u519b\u88c5\u5907\u5b8c\u6bd5\u4e5f\u5f00\u8d74\u524d\u7ebf\u3002\u9664\u628a\u5168\u90e8\u4e3b\u529b\u90e8\u961f\u6d3e\u5f80\u524d\u7ebf\u5916\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u8fd8\u628a\u5efa\u6210\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u7a7a\u519b\u7f16\u961f\u4ea4\u7531\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u519b\u4e8b\u5f53\u5c40\u8282\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u519b\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a (\u5305\u62ec\u8f7b\u673a\u67aa\u5382\u3001\u91cd\u673a\u67aa\u5382\u3001\u6b65\u67aa\u5382\u3001\u8feb\u51fb\u70ae\u5382\u3001\u5b50\u5f39\u5382\u3001\u98de\u673a\u4fee\u7406\u5382\u7b49) \u79fb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u519b\u5de5\u90e8\u95e8\u7edf\u7b79\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6297\u6218\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\uff0c\u6842\u7cfb\u5f53\u5c40\u6d3e\u51fa\u5927\u6279\u5175\u529b\u5f00\u8d74\u524d\u7ebf\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u7559\u5b88\u5e7f\u897f\u540e\u65b9\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u539f\u5c5e\u56db\u5341\u516b\u519b\u7684\u4e00\u4e03\u4e94\u5e08 (\u8f964\u4e2a\u56e2\u7ea61\u4e07\u4eba) \u3001\u5e7f\u897f\u7ee5\u9756\u516c\u7f72\u7f16\u7ec4\u76844\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u56e2\u53ca\u5404\u6c11\u56e2\u533a\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u7279\u7f16\u5927\u961f\uff0c\u9632\u52a1\u529b\u91cf\u4e0d\u8db3\u30021938\u5e74\u590f\u79cb\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u6709\u8fdb\u653b\u534e\u5357\u7684\u52a8\u5411\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u9042\u6210\u7acb\u65b0\u7f16\u5341\u4e5d\u5e08\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f3a\u9632\u52a1\u3002\u8be5\u5e08\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u7cfb\u4ece\u4e00\u4e03\u4e94\u5e08\u5206\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e2\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u56e2\u7ba1\u533a\u5f81\u8c03\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u62104\u4e2a\u65b0\u5175\u56e2\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e2\u9000\u8fd8\u4e00\u4e03\u4e94\u5e08\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e2\u5212\u5f52\u65b0\u6c34\u4e5d\u5e08\u300210\u6708\uff0c\u5e7f\u5dde\u6ca6\u9677\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u52a0\u5feb\u6269\u519b\u5907\u6218\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\uff0c\u9042\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e03\u4e94\u3001\u65b0\u5341\u4e5d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e08\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u6210\u7acb\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516d\u519b\uff0c\u7531\u590f\u5a01\u4efb\u519b\u957f\u3002\u6b66\u6c49\u4f1a\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u8003\u8651\u5230\u65e5\u519b\u5c06\u5165\u4fb5\u5e7f\u897f\uff0c\u6842\u7cfb\u7684\u6839\u636e\u5730\u5175\u529b\u8584\u5f31\uff0c\u6050\u88ab\u654c\u519b\u5360\u9886\u6467\u6b8b\uff0c\u9042\u547d\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u519b\u519b\u957f\u97e6\u4e91\u6dde\u7387\u8be5\u519b\u4e00\u4e09\u4e00\u3001\u4e00\u4e09\u4e94\u4e24\u5e08\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e03\u519b\u7684\u4e00\u4e03\u25cb\u5e08\u3001\u516b\u5341\u56db\u519b\u7684\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u5e08\u5f00\u56de\u5e7f\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd94\u4e2a\u5e08\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u5168\u90e8\u7559\u5728\u6e56\u5317\u3001\u5b89\u5fbd\u7f16\u5165\u6842\u519b\u5404\u90e8\uff0c\u5e72\u90e8\u5219\u6309\u539f\u7cfb\u7edf\u56de\u5230\u5e7f\u897f\u8865\u5145\u65b0\u5175\u6210\u519b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u536b\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u4eba\u6c11\u518d\u6b21\u6380\u8d77\u53c2\u519b\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c3\u4e07\u591a\u540d\u6c11\u56e2\u56e2\u5175\u5e94\u5f81\u5165\u4f0d\uff0c\u6269\u519b\u4efb\u52a1\u987a\u5229\u5b8c\u6210\u30021939\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e09\u5341\u4e00 (\u4e0b\u8f96\u4e00\u4e09\u4e00\u5e08\u3001\u4e00\u4e09\u4e94\u5e08\u3001\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u5e08) \u548c\u56db\u5341\u516d\u519b (\u4e0b\u8f96\u4e00\u4e03\u25cb\u5e08\u3001\u4e00\u4e03\u4e94\u5e08\u3001\u65b0\u5341\u4e5d\u5e08) \u4e24\u4e2a\u519b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u6210\u7acb\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\uff0c\u76f4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6842\u6797\u884c\u8425\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9a7b\u5b88\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e21939\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u53ec\u5f00\u4e2d\u592e\u5168\u4f1a\uff0c\u201c\u519b\u653f\u90e8\u62a5\u544a\u5404\u7701\u51fa\u5175\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e7f\u897f\u4e3a\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u56db\u5341\u4e5d\u4e07\u3002\u4ee5\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5b9e\u4e3a\u51fa\u5175\u6700\u591a\u4e4b\u4e00\u7701\u201d[3] (P34) \u3002\u81f31939\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u5175\u5458\u5f81\u8c03\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u4e0b\u5341\u4f59\u6b21\u4e86\u201d[1] (P171) \u3002\u5230\u6297\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u524d\uff0c\u201c\u5e7f\u897f\u5df2\u5171\u5f81\u58ee\u4e01\u516b\u5341\u4f59\u4e07\u5165\u8425\u77e3\u201d[8] (P1) \uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u4e3a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u56e2\u5175\u3002\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u524d\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u5e38\u5907\u519b\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e07\u591a\u4eba \uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u6709\u7ea680\u4e07\u56e2\u5175 (\u542b\u56fd\u6c11\u5175\u56e2\u56e2\u5175) \u88ab\u5f81\u8c03\u670d\u5f79\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e8c) \u5bf9\u6c11\u56e2\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u5229\u7528<\/p>\n

\u4ece1930\u5e74\u51ac\u52301937\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5171\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e86158\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u56e2\u5175[9] \u3002\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u66f4\u52a0\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u56e2\u3002\u603b\u8ba1\u52301940\u5e746\u6708\u6c11\u56e2\u5236\u5ea6\u5e9f\u9664\u65f6\u5e7f\u897f\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u5728200\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a[1] (P197) \u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u5f53\u5c40\u9664\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5175\u6e90\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f81\u8c03\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fee\u7b51\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u516c\u8def\u3001\u519b\u7528\u673a\u573a\u3001\u6c34\u5229\u8bbe\u65bd\u53ca\u7834\u574f\u4ea4\u901a\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u4e8e\u6c11\u56e2\u53d7\u8fc7\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4e14\u638c\u63e1\u6709\u6b66\u5668\u88c5\u5907\uff0c\u800c\u7559\u5b88\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5229\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u6b66\u88c5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u52a8\u5458\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u8ba2\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u6218\u65f6\u5404\u79cd\u52e4\u52a1\u73ed\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9e\u65bd\u529e\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u4ee5\u540e\u5907\u961f\u73b0\u6709\u4e4b\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u914c\u91cf\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u7f16\u4e3a\u5ba3\u4f20\u3001\u8b66\u5907\u3001\u6e38\u51fb\u3001\u7279\u52a1\u3001\u901a\u8baf\u3001\u6d88\u9632\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u7b49\u52e4\u52a1\u73ed\u201d\uff0c\u4ecd\u5f52\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u961f\u957f\u3001\u526f\u961f\u957f\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u52e4\u52a1\u73ed\u7684\u7f16\u7ec4\uff0c\u7531\u5404\u53bf\u653f\u5e9c\u7763\u996c\u5404\u7ea7\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u961f\u957f\u3001\u526f\u961f\u957f\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u5404\u52e4\u52a1\u73ed\u7f16\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u52a0\u4ee5\u76f8\u5e94\u8bad\u7ec3\u5e76\u4f5c\u6f14\u4e60\u3002\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u5404\u79cd\u52e4\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u4f19\u98df\u7531\u53bf\u653f\u5e9c\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u9047\u6709\u4f24\u4ea1\u5219\u4e88\u4ee5\u629a\u6064[10] (P25-28) \u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u52e4\u52a1\u73ed\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u9664\u8981\u5e94\u5f81\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u5175\u5f79\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u670d\u6c11\u56e2\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u3001\u6c11\u56e2\u6e38\u51fb\u73ed\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u7684\u5175\u5f79\u3002\u6c11\u56e2\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7f16\u7ec4\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u5e38\u5907\u961f\uff0c\u5176\u5175\u5458\u662f\u7531\u9884\u5f81\u5175\u62bd\u8c03\u6765\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u56e2\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5175\u8425\u6216\u8865\u5145\u56e2\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u9700\u8981\u8865\u5145\u5175\u5458\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u4ece\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u62bd\u8c03\u3002\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u8db3\u65f6\u518d\u62bd\u8c03\u9884\u5f81\u5175\u8865\u5145\u3002\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u5e73\u65f6\u8bad\u7ec3\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u88c5\u5907\u4e5f\u8f83\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u5e38\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u5355\u4f4d\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u6c11\u56e2\u6e38\u51fb\u73ed\u662f\u4ece\u6c11\u56e2\u540e\u5907\u961f\u62bd\u9009\u4eba\u5458\u7f16\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u987b\u5148\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5404\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u56de\u4e61\u4ee5\u6e38\u51fb\u73ed\u5f62\u5f0f\u7b49\u5019\u8c03\u5ea6\u3001\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u7531\u5404\u6c11\u56e2\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u7acb\u30021939\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u7ee5\u7f72\u5728\u6842\u6797\u3001\u67f3\u5dde\u3001\u5357\u5b81\u3001\u68a7\u5dde\u3001\u7389\u6797\u3001\u767e\u8272\u5404\u533a\u8bbe\u7acb\u96c6\u8bad\u6e38\u51fb\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\uff0c\u6bcf\u533a\u6210\u7acb\u51e0\u4e2a\u6e38\u51fb\u5927\u961f\u3002\u5176\u5175\u5458\u6765\u6e90\u4e00\u662f\u62db\u52df\u5fd7\u613f\u5175\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u5c06\u6c11\u56e2\u6e38\u51fb\u73ed\u62bd\u8c03\u6765\u7684\u56e2\u5175\u96c6\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u7531\u56e2\u5175\u81ea\u5e26\uff0c\u5f85\u9047\u3001\u5f39\u836f\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u300210\u6708\uff0c\u56e0\u7ecf\u8d39\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5404\u533a\u6e38\u51fb\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u88ab\u88c1\u64a4\uff0c\u961f\u4f0d\u5c31\u5730\u89e3\u6563\uff0c\u5175\u5458\u591a\u9001\u5f80\u7b2c\u4e94\u6218\u533a\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u58ee\u4e01\u88ab\u5f81\u8c03\u8fdb\u5165\u6c11\u56e2\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u3001\u6c11\u56e2\u6e38\u51fb\u73ed\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u6c11\u56e2\u56e2\u5175\u670d\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u5175\u5f79\u3002\u670d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u5175\u5f79\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u57281939\u5e74\u65e5\u5bc7\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5165\u4fb5\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u201c\u5168\u7701\u5404\u4e61\u6751\u58ee\u4e01\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u5458\uff0c\u603b\u6570\u5728\u767e\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6b63\u5728\u7ec4\u8bad\u7684\u6c11\u56e2[11] (P16) \u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u767e\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u6307\u88ab\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u6b66\u88c5\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5168\u662f\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u89c1\u6c11\u56e2\u5df2\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u52a8\u5458\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u6ca6\u9677\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u4e0e\u6297\u8005\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u591a\u8d77\uff0c\u4f46\u5c1a\u672a\u666e\u904d\u201d[8] (P2) \u3002\u52301944~1945\u5e74\u65e5\u519b\u518d\u6b21\u4fb5\u5165\u5e7f\u897f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5404\u5730\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u6216\u6b63\u5728\u53d7\u8bad\u7684\u56e2\u5175\u54cd\u5e94\u5f53\u5c40\u53f7\u53ec\u81ea\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc7\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u536b\u961f\u3001\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u4e0e\u654c\u519b\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u89c9\u81ea\u613f\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u5e94\u5f81\u670d\u5f79\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u5927\u91cf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e2\u5175\u6210\u7acb\u6297\u65e5\u81ea\u536b\u56e2\u3001\u81ea\u536b\u961f\u7b49\u6b66\u88c5\u534f\u52a9\u519b\u961f\u4f5c\u6218\u3001\u5b88\u536b\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u4ea4\u901a\u901a\u8baf\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e09) \u5e7f\u897f\u5b66\u751f\u519b<\/p>\n

1936\u5e74\u4e24\u5e7f\u4e8b\u53d8\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u4e3a\u4e86\u52a8\u5458\u6c11\u4f17\u3001\u663e\u793a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u8bad\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5927\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7acb\u5b66\u751f\u519b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5e7f\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u3002\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u9274\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5de5\u4f5c\u51fa\u8272\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u62db\u6536\u77e5\u8bc6\u9752\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u968f\u90e8\u961f\u505a\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u51fa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u62a5\u540d\u5e94\u8003\u8005\u8fbe\u56db\u4e94\u5343\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53ea\u5f55\u53d6\u4e86200\u591a\u4eba\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u5e7f\u897f\u5927\u5b66\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e24\u7cfb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f30\u591a\u4eba\u548c\u56fd\u9632\u827a\u672f\u793e\u7537\u5973\u793e\u5458\u5341\u591a\u4eba\u52a0\u5165\u5b66\u751f\u519b\uff0c\u4e00\u5171280\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u6ee1\u6000\u7231\u56fd\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u4e8e1937\u5e7410\u6708\u5e95\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6842\u6797\u5e02\u5357\u90ca\u674e\u5bb6\u6751\u53d7\u8bad\u300211\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5728\u674e\u5bb6\u6751\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u5efa\uff0c\u5168\u79f0\u201c\u5e7f\u897f\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5927\u961f\u201d\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5728\u674e\u5bb6\u6751\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5973\u5b66\u751f\u8fd8\u52a0\u5b66\u4e86\u6218\u5730\u533b\u62a4\u77e5\u8bc6\u300212\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6765\u5230\u6842\u6797\u300212\u65e5\u4e0a\u5348\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u7ee5\u9756\u516c\u7f72\u3001\u5e7f\u897f\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u7701\u5987\u5973\u6297\u654c\u540e\u63f4\u4f1a\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u8054\u5408\u4e3e\u884c\u6b22\u9001\u5927\u4f1a\u300214\u65e5\u65e9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u51fa\u53d1\u5317\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u5c4a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u534a\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u6597\u961f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u4f5c\u961f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5404\u5730\u505a\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6297\u6218\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021939\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5949\u4ee4\u89e3\u6563\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7f\u897f\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u6b66\u6c49\u6ca6\u9677\u540e\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u65e5\u5bc7\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5229\u7528\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u624d\u667a\u548c\u7231\u56fd\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ec4\u5efa\u89c4\u6a21\u57281000\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c4a\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u30021338\u5e7410\u6708\u5e9511\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u62a5\u8003\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u62a5\u540d\u8005\u8fd11.9\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u589e\u52a0\u5f55\u53d6\u540d\u989d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f55\u53d64200\u4eba\uff0c\u7f16\u4e3a3\u4e2a\u56e2\u30021939\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u6842\u6797\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u5728\u6842\u6797\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u56e2\u5f00\u8d74\u5e73\u4e50\uff0c\u4e8c\u56e2\u5f00\u8d74\u6842\u5e73\uff0c\u4e09\u56e2\u5f00\u8d74\u5bbe\u9633\uff0c\u5c31\u5730\u518d\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u30024\u6708\uff0c\u5404\u56e2\u5206\u6563\u81f3\u519c\u6751\u5f00\u5c55\u5ba3\u4f20\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u534f\u52a9\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u843d\u5b9e\u5404\u9879\u5907\u6218\u63aa\u65bd\u30021939\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u7f16\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u56e2\u7f29\u7f16\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e2\u3002\u5728\u6842\u5357\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6295\u5165\u5230\u6218\u5730\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021940\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u53c8\u7f29\u7f16\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\uff0c\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u64a4\u9500\u30027\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u6b63\u5f0f\u6539\u79f0\u5e7f\u897f\u5b66\u751f\u519b\u56e2\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u6307\u6325\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u9996\u9886\u5411\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u627f\u8bfa\uff1a\u5e7f\u897f\u5c06\u52a8\u5458\u4e8c\u767e\u4e07\u58ee\u4e01\u4e0a\u524d\u7ebf\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bfa\u8a00\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5151\u73b0\u3002\u201c\u4ee5\u5168\u7701\u4e00\u5343\u4e8c\u767e\u516b\u5341\u4e07\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u52a8\u5458\u4e8c\u767e\u4e07\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u800c\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u786e\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u201d[12] (P7)<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236<\/strong>\u5bf9\u5e7f\u897f<\/strong>\u6297\u6218\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458<\/strong>\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n

1939\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u9ec4\u540c\u4ec7\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u77ed\u4fc3\u65f6\u95f4\u5f81\u8c03\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u4e07\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u662f\u9e21\u72ac\u4e0d\u60ca\uff0c\u79cb\u6beb\u65e0\u72af\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u7b97\u96be\u5f97\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u201d[1] (P171) \u4e0d\u4e45\u8bb8\u9ad8\u9633\u4e5f\u64b0\u6587\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6297\u6218\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5175\u5458\u5f81\u8c03\uff0c\u5c06\u8fbe\u516d\u5341\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u51fa\u5175\u4e3a\u591a\uff1b\u7136\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u65e0\u751a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6c11\u4f17\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56fa\u4e50\u4e8e\u5e94\u5f81\uff1b\u653f\u5e9c\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ea6\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u3002\u5176\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5982\u6b64\u8005\uff0c\u7686\u6570\u5e74\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u56e2\u4e4b\u6548\u529b\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[2] (P108-109) \u5177\u4f53\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u5bf9\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u6297\u6218\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u5177\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u4f5c\u7528:<\/p>\n

(\u4e00) \u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u5f81\u5175\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6297\u6218\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8d28\u91cf\u517c\u4f18\u7684\u5175\u5458<\/p>\n

\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u6570\u91cf\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u961f\u4f0d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5175\u6e90\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6c11\u56e2\u56e2\u5175\u81f3\u5c11\u53d7\u8fc7180\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fd8\u53d7\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u201c\u51e1\u66fe\u53d7\u6b64\u79cd\u4e25\u683c\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e4b\u56fd\u6c11\uff0c\u5fc5\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u4f18\u826f\u4e4b\u5175\u58eb\u201d[3] (P10) \u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u91cd\u89c6\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u590d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u96be\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u548c\u505a\u597d\u6218\u4e89\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6269\u5145\u5b9e\u529b\u4e0e\u5404\u8def\u519b\u9600\u4e89\u6743\u593a\u5229\u3001\u6839\u9664\u532a\u60a3\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u5b89\u3001\u9547\u538b\u9769\u547d\u52bf\u529b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u62b5\u5fa1\u5916\u654c\u5165\u4fb5\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5e94\u5bf9\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u767d\u5d07\u79a7\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u6b65\u6b65\u4fb5\u7565\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9760\u56fd\u8054\uff0c\u6216\u9760\u54ea\u4e00\u56fd\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9760\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u51c6\u5907\u6b66\u529b\u81ea\u536b\u3002\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6709\u5f3a\u6743\u624d\u6709\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u8981\u6b66\u88c5\u624d\u80fd\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7f16\u7ec3\u6c11\u56e2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5145\u5b9e\u5f3a\u6743\u3001\u6b66\u88c5\u6c11\u4f17\u3001\u51c6\u5907\u81ea\u536b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u201d[13] (P10-11) 1933\u5e743\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u9ec4\u65ed\u521d\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8c08\u5230\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u6297\u6218\u51c6\u5907\u65f6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u672c\u8eab\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8981\u6781\u529b\u6574\u987f\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6d88\u8bf4\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u6c11\u56e2\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8981\u52a0\u7d27\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u6d88\u8bf4\u7684\uff1b\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u5168\u4f53\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9632\u536b\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u628a\u5168\u526f\u529b\u91cf\u62ff\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u534f\u52a9\u519b\u961f\uff1a\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u624d\u5f97\u5145\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6551\u56fd\u624d\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u3002\u201d[14] (P2) \u5e7f\u897f\u5f53\u5c40\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u5168\u7701\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c11\u56e2\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6539\u52df\u5175\u5236\u4e3a\u5f81\u5175\u5236\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c1933\u5e74\u9881\u884c\u7684\u300a\u5175\u5f79\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u52bf\u5267\u70c8\u52a8\u8361\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u52df\u5175\u5236\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u56fd\u9632\u9700\u8981\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u52df\u5175\u5236\u7684\u91cf\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u4e0d\u591f\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u4e00\u6218\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u662f\u52df\u5175\u5236\u7684\u8d28\u592a\u574f\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u65e0\u4e1a\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u6e38\u6c11\uff0c\u5bf9\u9769\u547d\u65e0\u660e\u767d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d1f\u62c5\u8d77\u6781\u5c0f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7834\u574f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201d[15] (P10) \u53ea\u6709\u5b9e\u884c\u56fd\u6c11\u666e\u904d\u4e49\u52a1\u5175\u5f79\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u8d28\u91cf\u624d\u4f1a\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u65bd\u5f81\u5175\u5236\uff0c\u6842\u7cfb\u5f53\u5c40\u5236\u8ba2\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5175\u5f79\u6cd5\u5e7f\u897f\u65bd\u884c\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u30021934\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u8bd5\u884c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5f81\u5175\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f83\u6df1\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f81\u5175\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5bb9\u6613\u4e86\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5e7f\u5927\u9752\u5e74\u79ef\u6781\u5e94\u5f81\uff0c\u201c\u5c45\u7136\u516b\u5343\u5175\u989d\u5982\u9650\u53ec\u96c6\uff0c\u5404\u5904\u6c11\u4f17\u90fd\u4e3e\u884c\u76db\u5927\u7684\u6b22\u9001\u65b0\u5175\u5165\u4f0d\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u60c5\u81f4\u751a\u5f62\u8e0a\u8dc3\u201d[5] (P42) \u30021935\u5e74\u548c1936\u5e74\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c4a\u5f81\u5175\uff0c\u5f81\u5175\u4efb\u52a1\u4e5f\u5982\u671f\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5e94\u5f81\u58ee\u4e01\u51e118\u5c81\u81f330\u5c81\u8005\uff0c\u7f16\u4e3a\u6218\u6597\u5175\uff1b31\u5c81\u81f345\u5c81\u8005\uff0c\u7f16\u4e3a\u8fd0\u8f93\u5175\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u300a\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u6761\u4f8b\u300b <\/p>\n

(\u4e8c) \u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u201c\u5c1a\u6b66\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u6c14\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u5168\u7701\u7686\u5175\u201d\u7684\u8d8b\u5411\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u51c6\u6b66\u88c5\u961f\u4f0d\uff0c\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6f5c\u529b<\/p>\n

\u201c\u597d\u7537\u4e0d\u5f53\u5175\uff0c\u597d\u94c1\u4e0d\u6253\u9489\u201d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5e7f\u897f\u201c\u56e0\u6c11\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e4b\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u6b66\u5316\u7cbe\u795e\u4e4b\u63d0\u5021\uff0c\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u91cd\u6587\u8f7b\u6b66\u4e4b\u6076\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u519b\u4e8b\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e4b\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u91cd\u8981\u800c\u826f\u597d\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u201d[3] (P33) \u30021935\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u767d\u5d07\u79a7\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u6211\u51fa\u5de1\u5404\u5904\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u2018\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u2019\u4e8b\u53d8\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u6bcf\u95ee\u5230\u5404\u5730\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\uff1a\u6562\u4e0d\u6562\u53bb\u6253\u4ed7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u4f4e\u5934\u4e0d\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u771f\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fc3\u5f81\u5175\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5927\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\uff1b\u95ee\u5230\u6253\u4ed7\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5f88\u613f\u610f\uff1b\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u6c11\u56e2\u529e\u5f97\u4e45\u4e86\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5efa\u8bbe\u6709\u4e86\u6210\u7ee9\u3002\u201d[1] (P76) \u8fd0\u7528\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c9\u609f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u826f\u597d\u6548\u679c\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u5e7f\u897f\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u867d\u6a35\u592b\u7267\u5b50\uff0c\u6751\u5987\u8001\u59aa\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u77e5\u9053\u7231\u56fd\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u4ee5\u89c6\u4e03\u516b\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9053\u91cc\u8ba1\u3002\u201d[1] (P210) \u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u4f7f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u58ee\u4e01\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5168\u7701\u6c11\u4f17\u201c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u754f\u60e7\u65e5\u5bc7\u4e4b\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u4e4b\u6297\u6218\u7cbe\u795e\u201d[8] (P1) \u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6c11\u4f17\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u89c9\u609f\u666e\u904d\u5f97\u5230\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u58ee\u4e01\u80fd\u79ef\u6781\u5e94\u5f81\u53c2\u519b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u519b\u7684\u56e2\u5175\u5219\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u6c11\u56e2\u7279\u7f16\u961f\u3001\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u3001\u52e4\u52a1\u73ed\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u536b\u5927\u540e\u65b9\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u53c2\u4e0e\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u519b\u7528\u8bbe\u65bd\u5982\u516c\u8def\u3001\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u673a\u573a\u3001\u6218\u58d5\u7b49\u30021939~1940\u5e74\u548c1944~1945\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u4e24\u6b21\u5165\u4fb5\u5e7f\u897f\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u4f17\u90fd\u80fd\u81ea\u89c9\u54cd\u5e94\u5f53\u5c40\u53f7\u53ec\uff0c\u575a\u58c1\u6e05\u91ce\u3001\u914d\u5408\u6b63\u89c4\u519b\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u6c11\u56e2\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u3001\u81ea\u536b\u961f\u7b49\u6b66\u88c5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6295\u5165\u5230\u6218\u573a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u56e2\u5175\u81ea\u884c\u6210\u7acb\u6b66\u88c5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6253\u51fb\u654c\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

(\u4e09) \u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u987a\u5229\u5b9e\u65bd<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u6842\u7cfb\u53d6\u5f97\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u57fa\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5927\u529b\u6574\u7406\u548c\u6539\u5584\u4e61\u6751\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u5305\u62ec\u8c03\u67e5\u6237\u53e3\u3001\u89c4\u5212\u4e61\u6751\u533a\u57df\u3001\u7f16\u5b9a\u6237\u7532\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u6237\u7c4d\uff0c\u51e1\u4eba\u5fc5\u5f52\u6237\u3001\u6237\u5fc5\u5f52\u7532\u3001\u7532\u5fc5\u5f52\u6751 (\u8857) \u3001\u6751 (\u8857) \u5fc5\u5f52\u4e61 (\u9547) \uff1b\u53c8\u5b9e\u884c\u6237\u7c4d\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5c45\u6c11\u51e1\u751f\u6b7b\u5a5a\u5ac1\u8fc1\u5f99\u7b49\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e25\u5389\u53d6\u7f14\u60e9\u6212\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4eba\u4e8b\u6709\u4e86\u8c03\u67e5\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u9047\u8981\u5b9e\u884c\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u65b9\u4e0d\u611f\u89c9\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u201d[1](P168) \u5e7f\u897f\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u7f16\u5236\u4e0e\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u5341\u6237\u4e3a\u7532\u3001\u5341\u7532\u4e3a\u6751 (\u8857) \u3001\u5341\u6751 (\u8857) \u4e3a\u4e61 (\u9547) \uff1b\u6c11\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u6bcf\u6751 (\u8857) \u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u7f16\u4e3a\u540e\u5907\u961f\u4e00\u961f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e61 (\u9547) \u7f16\u4e3a\u4e00\u5927\u961f\uff0c\u7531\u5f53\u5c40\u6d3e\u9063\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u5927\u961f\u957f\u3001\u961f\u957f\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5168\u7701\u5b9e\u884c\u201c\u653f\u6559\u56e2\u201d\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u7684\u653f\u52a1\u4e0e\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d[1](P168) \u3002\u4e61\u9547\u5927\u961f\u4e4b\u4e0a\u662f\u53bf\u6c11\u56e2\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\uff0c\u7531\u53bf\u957f\u4efb\u53f8\u4ee4 (\u6709\u4e9b\u53bf\u8bbe\u533a\uff0c\u7531\u533a\u957f\u4efb\u6c11\u56e2\u8054\u961f\u957f) \uff0c\u53bf\u4ee5\u4e0a\u662f\u533a\u6c11\u56e2\u6307\u6325\u90e8\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u76f4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5168\u7701\u6700\u9ad8\u519b\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7f16\u5236\uff0c\u9047\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4e00\u7eb8\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u5458\u5168\u4f53\u58ee\u4e01\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u56e2\u7684\u7f16\u5236\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u52a8\u5458\u673a\u6784\u3002\u201d[12] (P18) \u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u5c42\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5728\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u540e\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u3001\u7eaa\u5f8b\u5316\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u8981\u63a5\u53d7\u6c11\u56e2\u5927\u961f\u957f (\u517c\u4e61\u957f\u6216\u9547\u957f\u3001\u6821\u957f) \u3001\u961f\u957f (\u517c\u6751\u957f\u6216\u8857\u957f\u3001\u6821\u957f) \u7684\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u519b\u4e8b\u52a8\u5458\u6548\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u4e0e\u767d\u5d07\u79a7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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