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\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u5173\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u6210\u56e0\u53ca\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f<\/p>\n
\u672c\u8282\u5c06\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u65e9\u671f\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8d2a\u6c61\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\u201c\u8d2a\u6c61\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5426\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7528\u201c\u8d2a\u6c61\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u8457\u8ff0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u89c1\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u56e0\u5176\u6240\u597d\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u6572\u8bc8\u201d\u548c\u201c\u52d2\u7d22\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5546\u4eba\u53ca\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e00\u8e0f\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8fce\u63a5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6572\u8bc8\u548c\u52d2\u7d22\u8086\u8650\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u6587\u5316\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98John Francis Davis\u6307\u51fa\u538b\u69a8\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ba1\u7406\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4e2d\u5c24\u4e3a\u7316\u7357\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e2d\u5916\u5546\u4eba\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u201c\u6d77\u7ef5\u4e00\u6837\u201d\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u201c\u7ecf\u5e38\u6709\u6240\u8868\u793a\u201d\u3002[2]\u66fe\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u4f9b\u804c\u7684H\uff0eB\uff0eMorse\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u9a7b\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u7275\u5236\u7684\u6d77\u5173\u673a\u6784\u7684\u52d2\u7d22\u4e4b\u4e0b\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u5c06\u5916\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u64cd\u7eb5\u4e8e\u80a1\u638c\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u8005\u4ece\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u90a3\u91cc\u69a8\u53d6\u5927\u91cf\u94b1\u8d22\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u88ab\u8feb\u540c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u5f81\u6536\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5206\u8d43\u3002\u201d[3]\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u00a0Pere Jean\uff0eJoseph\u2014Marie Amiot\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u8d2a\u6c61\u662f\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u4f9b\u804c\u5b98\u5e9c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4eba\u6781\u5176\u7f55\u89c1\uff1b\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u79c1\u6b32\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u7b80\u76f4\u51e4\u6bdb\u9e9f\u89d2\u3002\u201d[4]<\/p>\n
Gabriel Magaillans\uff0c\u5728\u6e05\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u524d\u4fbf\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b3a\u8bc8\u884c\u9a97\u666e\u904d\u6d41\u884c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u50da\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u8086\u65e0\u5fcc\u60ee\uff0c\u53ea\u77e5\u5982\u4f55\u6b3a\u9a97\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c8\u4e00\u8d77\u6b3a\u9a97\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u201d[5]Justus Doolittle\u4e0eWells Williams\u4e5f\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u6309\u7167Wells Williams\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5411\u5c5e\u4e0b\u7d22\u8981\u94b1\u8d22\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u76d7\u7528\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fb5\u541e\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u653f\u5e9c\u50a8\u5907\u3001\u8d48\u6d4e\u7269\u54c1\u3001\u9977\u4ff8\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u90fd\u6781\u4e3a\u5728\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u60ca\u8bb6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8d25\u9732\u4e0e\u5426\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u8859\u95e8\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u540f\u5458\u4eec\u6536\u53d7\u8d3f\u8d42\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u80e5\u540f\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u5b98\u50da\u4eec\u624b\u4e2d\u7528\u6765\u538b\u69a8\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6bcf\u4efd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5176\u624b\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u548c\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u90fd\u5f97\u9644\u4e0a\u8d3f\u8d42\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fbe\u3002\u201d[6]<\/p>\n
Justus Doolittle\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u7684\u201c\u8d3f\u8d42\u201d\u3002\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5e55\u53cb\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4efb\u4f55\u524d\u6765\u62dc\u8bbf\u5176\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u7d22\u8981\u201c\u95e8\u5305\u201d\uff1b\u80e5\u540f\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u6b3a\u538b\u548c\u52d2\u7d22\u79ef\u84c4\u5927\u7b14\u8d22\u5bcc\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u72f1\u540f\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5211\u62f7\u6253\u56da\u72af\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u6572\u8bc8\u94b1\u8d22\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u80e5\u540f\u548c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u524d\u7a0b\u4e0e\u9988\u8d60\u65b0\u4efb\u5b98\u5458\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u662f\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u7684\u4e8b\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9988\u8d60\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d3f\u8d42\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f97\u5230\u65b0\u4efb\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5173\u7167\u800c\u9001\u7684\u201d\uff1b\u8d3f\u8d42\u5982\u6b64\u98ce\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f17\u591a\u73b0\u4efb\u5b98\u5458\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8d3f\u8d42\u6216\u6350\u7eb3\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u7528\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u5b98\u4f4d\u7684\u3002\u201d[7]<\/p>\n
\u65e9\u671f\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u975e\u6cd5\u6216\u4e0d\u8f68\u884c\u4e3a\u8fd8\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u5179\u4e0d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bb0\u8f7d\u591a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u591a\u5f97\u7684\u4e00\u624b\u6750\u6599\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f88\u96be\u907f\u514d\u5e26\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u597d\u6076\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u65f6\u4ee3\u7279\u5f81\u6216\u504f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/p>\n
\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u8d2a\u6c61\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8bfe\u9898\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cbe\u786e\u4e14\u9002\u4e8e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7ecf\u9662\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d2a\u6c61\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u53ef\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u8d2a\u6b32\u201d\uff1b\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ca\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6743\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d2a\u6c61\u662f\u201c\u5b98\u5458\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ee5\u671f\u975e\u6cd5\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u6536\u5165\u201d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u4ece\u4e8b\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u6240\u7528\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5927\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\u4e0e\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u76f8\u5173\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u3001\u9700\u6c42\u53ca\u4ea4\u6362\u7b49\u89c2\u5ff5\u6f14\u7ece\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\u5219\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u4e0a\u3002[8]<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6e05\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u201ccorruption\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bd1\u8bcd\u6c47\u201c\u8d2a\u6c61\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201ccorruption\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u201c\u5305\u542b\u6709\u592a\u591a\u79cd\u65e2\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5e38\u89c4\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u201d[9]\uff1b\u201c\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684’corruption’\u53ca\u5176\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u5bf9\u8bd1\u8bcd\u2018\u8d2a\u6c61\u2019\u90fd\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b3c\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u6240\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u201d[10]\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4fbf\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed9\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u542f\u53d1\u540e\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u8d2a\u6c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u2014\u5b98\u540f\u2014\u2014\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8303\u7574\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5415\u5143\u9aa2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8003\u8651\u7684\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u94b1\u8d22\u4ea4\u6613\u53ca\u5176\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3002\u8d2a\u6c61\u201c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4f01\u56fe\u589e\u52a0\u4e2a\u4f53\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e0d\u5408\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8d3f\u8d42\u3001\u52d2\u7d22\u3001\u632a\u7528\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u4ea7\u3001\u5f87\u79c1\u3001\u4efb\u4eba\u552f\u4eb2\u53ca\u62c9\u5e2e\u7ed3\u6d3e\u7b49\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u662f\u8d2a\u6c61\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u4e0e\u94b1\u8d22\u53d1\u751f\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5415\u4fbf\u8d4b\u4e88\u201c\u8d2a\u6c61\u201d\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u7531\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u5c06\u94b1\u8d22\u9001\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u5747\u906d\u53d7\u635f\u5931\u3002\u201d[11]\u518d\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u5415\u53c8\u5c06\u8d2a\u6c61\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u5728\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u8d2a\u6c61\u3002<\/p>\n
Judy Yee\uff0eHwei Shen\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e26\u6709\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8272\u5f69\u4e14\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u89e6\u72af\u4e86\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u5178\u3001\u6216\u867d\u4e0d\u6210\u6587\u4f46\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0f\u6216\u8005\u8981\u4e48\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u8981\u4e48\u6c11\u4f17\u56e0\u6b64\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u8be5\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u662f\u8d2a\u6c61\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[12]<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ea\u662fNancy Park\u8d2a\u6c61\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5404\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u201d[13]\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u5979\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u95f4\u601d\u60f3\u7b49\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u3002<\/p>\n
Nancy Park\u4ee5\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u8d2a\u6c61\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5207\u4eba\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u89c4\u201c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b9a\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u8d8a\u8fc7\u8be5\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u89c4\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u5979\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u6240\u6709\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e0d\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5f92\u84c4\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c0b\u6c42\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u201d\uff1b\u6e05\u4ee3\u53cd\u8d2a\u6c61\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5747\u88ab\u6536\u5728\u201c\u6536\u8d43\u201d\u6761\u76ee\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff1b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u4e3a\u201c\u6536\u8d43\u201d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u72af\u7f6a\u5305\u62ec\u5b98\u540f\u6536\u8d22\u3001\u4ee5\u52bf\u538b\u4eba(\u5750\u8d43\u6216\u5750\u8d43\u4e4b\u7f6a)\u3001\u52d2\u7d22\u3001\u82db\u655b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6536\u53d7\u8d3f\u8d42\u7b49\u3002\u4ece\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0cNancy Park\u65ad\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u627f\u62c5\u516c\u5171\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5377\u5165\u6216\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u7684\u4e92\u60e0\u884c\u4e3a\u5747\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u7981\u6b62\u201d[14]\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u80e5\u540f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u8d60\u4e92\u60e0\u884c\u4e3a\u5747\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u8d2a\u6c61\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f53Nancy Park\u5c06\u89c6\u89d2\u8f6c\u5411\u5b98\u50da\u6587\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5979\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6cd5\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5bf9\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u5904\u7406\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u6587\u5316\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u53ca\u5b98\u50da\u4eec\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u6781\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u793c\u54c1\u4e0e\u7279\u6743\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u7c98\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u800c\u793c\u54c1\u3001\u964b\u89c4\u3001\u8d3f\u8d42\u3001\u52d2\u7d22\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6781\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u800c\u5fae\u5999\u3002\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u5757\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u8bb2\u6781\u4e3a\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u968f\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u800c\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u201d[15]<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a2\u8ba8\u516c\u4f17\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u8d2a\u6c61\u65f6\uff0c\u00a0Nancy Park\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6750\u6599\u662f\u6c11\u95f4\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u620f\u5267\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u5e73\u8bdd\u7b49\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5979\u611f\u5230\u666e\u901a\u5927\u4f17\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d2a\u6c61\u52a0\u91cd\u4e86\u6c11\u95f4\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002Nancy Park\u5bf9\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f83\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u201d\u53c8\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u5927\u7ec4\uff1a\u4e00\u7ec4\u662f\u6709\u5b98\u804c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u5219\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b98\u804c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5979\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u6587\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u4e00\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7528\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u89c9\u5f97\u8d2a\u6c61\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n
Robert Marsh\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u8d2a\u6c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b98\u5458\u201c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5546\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u516c\u4ec6\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u5458\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u6709\u610f\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u4f7f\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u6309\u7167\u540e\u542f\u8499\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u6765\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5b98\u5458\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6807\u4e0a\u201c\u8d2a\u6c61\u201d\u7684\u8bb0\u53f7\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u6240\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6b63\u662f\u5b98\u5458\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u73af\u5883\u53ca\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u4f55\u65f6\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002[16]<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u6210\u56e0<\/p>\n
\u6709\u5173\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b98\u540f\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u7c7b\uff1a<\/p>\n
(\u4e00)\u6b32\u58d1\u96be\u586b<\/p>\n
\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u6b32\u58d1\u96be\u586b\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u9662\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e60\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e60\u8bed\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d2a\u6c61\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u6027\u4e2d\u7684\u8d2a\u6b32\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u5f53\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u591a\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u6beb\u65e0\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5415\u5143\u9aa2\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u89e6\u53ca\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u8f83\u4e3a\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d2a\u6b32\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002[17]<\/p>\n
(\u4e8c)\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u7f3a\u4e4f\u62b5\u5fa1\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u89c4\u8303<\/p>\n
\u65e9\u671f\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7528\u4ee5\u62b5\u5236\u8d2a\u6c61\u7b49\u90aa\u6076\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u8303\u6216\u826f\u77e5\u3002Gabriel Magaillans\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6765\u4e16\u4e0e\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5956\u60e9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u5fcf\u6094\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e78\u798f\u5c31\u662f\u4eab\u4e50\uff0c\u662f\u8363\u534e\u5bcc\u8d35\uff1b\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u53d6\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ec8\u4f1a\u901d\u53bb\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u60dc\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8df5\u8e0f\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u8bda\u5b9e\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u8840\u4eb2\u548c\u53cb\u8c0a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u5176\u957f\u671f\u5c45\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5177\u6709\u6743\u5a01\u6027\uff1bWells Williams\u4fbf\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002[18]<\/p>\n
(\u4e09)\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u52a9\u957f\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u503e\u5411<\/p>\n
Nancy Park\u62e9\u53d6\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u3002\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u5e94\u76f8\u5e94\u6709\u6240\u6539\u53d8\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u793c\u5c1a\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u540e\u53f0\u8001\u677f\u7684\u770b\u91cd\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u8d2a\u6c61\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u9884\u9632\u53ca\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5979\u5c06\u201c\u62a5\u201d\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u793c\u5c1a\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u56de\u62a5\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u6069\u60e0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u671b\u8dfb\u8eab\u4ed5\u9014\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5176\u4eba\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u5b98\u534a\u804c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4fbf\u671f\u5f85\u4ed6\u201c\u77e5\u6069\u56fe\u62a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8865\u507f\u4ee5\u524d\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u62d6\u6b20\u7684\u503a\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4e00\u65e6\u5b98\u5458\u5229\u7528\u804c\u6743\u6216\u5730\u4f4d\u4e3a\u5176\u4eb2\u53cb\u8c0b\u79c1\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u53c8\u4f1a\u88ab\u63a7\u8d2a\u6c61\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u793c\u5c1a\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6069\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u540e\u53f0\u6216\u9760\u5c71\u2014\u2014\u7684\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u516c\u4e4b\u4e8e\u4f17\u3002[19]\u5979\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u5b54\u98de\u529b\u53caSusan Mann\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u540e\u53f0\u6216\u9760\u5c71\u5982\u540c\u5e2e\u6d3e\u6597\u4e89\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u8005\uff0c\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u6839\u7531\u201d\u3002[20]<\/p>\n
(\u56db)\u519c\u6c11\u6216\u5e73\u6c11\u5bf9\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u5bbd\u5fcd<\/p>\n
\u5415\u5143\u9aa2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u519c\u6c11\u88ab\u52a8\u5fcd\u8ba9\u7684\u6027\u683c\u4e5f\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u519c\u6c11\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u56de\u51fb\u201c\u538b\u8feb\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5e78\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u77e5\u53bf\u6240\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u201d\u519c\u6c11\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d77\u800c\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u201c\u77e5\u53bf\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4efb\u671f\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u6307\u671b\u7740\u6709\u4e9b\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4f1a\u53d6\u4ee3\u90a3\u4e9b\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u77e5\u53bf\u7684\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u6765\u81ea\u5112\u5bb6\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u5e76\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b49\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u4e0d\u6562\u7f6e\u7591\u5b98\u540f\u7ec5\u7f19\u4eec\u4eab\u53d7\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u91d1\u699c\u9898\u540d\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u4eab\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u4eba\u4e00\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u8d77\u800c\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u524d\u9014\u6e3a\u832b\uff0c\u540e\u679c\u4e5f\u6781\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e14\u6700\u540e\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee5\u60b2\u5267\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5e76\u975e\u660e\u667a\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002[21] Nancy Park\u5219\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u6216\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u662f\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u8d2a\u6c61\u8d85\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u754c\u9650\u65f6\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u6216\u5e73\u6c11\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u8d77\u800c\u53cd\u6297\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u7684\u3002[22]<\/p>\n
(\u4e94)\u6ee1\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61<\/p>\n
\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ee1\u6d32\u7edf\u6cbb\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002Zhomas Taylor Meadows\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u6ee1\u65cf\u4eba\u8c0b\u6c42\u5b98\u4f4d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u5c31\u9053\u5fb7\u7d20\u8d28\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u5176\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u8fdc\u900a\u4e8e\u5176\u6c49\u65cf\u540c\u4e8b\u6216\u5c5e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u88ab\u4f18\u5148\u5f55\u7528\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5f97\u4e5f\u5feb\uff1b\u800c\u5927\u6279\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u6709\u5d07\u9ad8\u5fd7\u5411\u7684\u6c49\u65cf\u4eba\u5219\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8c0b\u6c42\u5b98\u4f4d\u65f6\u5c61\u906d\u632b\u6298\u4e0e\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u201d\u4e45\u800c\u4e45\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u5bf9\u6c49\u65cf\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u79cd\u79cd\u5987\u5b7a\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u6c49\u65cf\u5b98\u5458\u666e\u904d\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e0d\u6cd5\u7684\u8bf1\u56e0\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u201d[23]\u5415\u5143\u9aa2\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u6ee1\u65cf\u4eba\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4efb\u610f\u6b3a\u51cc\u6c49\u65cf\u5e73\u6c11\u5e76\u52d2\u7d22\u6c49\u65cf\u5b98\u5458\u3002[24]<\/p>\n
(\u516d)\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8feb\u4f7f\u5b98\u540f\u8d2a\u6c61<\/p>\n
\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u773c\u5149\u76ef\u4f4f\u4e86\u6350\u7eb3\u4e0e\u8d22\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u4e0a\uff0cWells Williams\u53caRobert Marsh\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\u6350\u7eb3\u5236\u5ea6\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e76\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4f17\u591a\u4e0d\u6cd5\u4e0e\u90aa\u6076\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u3002[25]\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6350\u7eb3\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u529b\u5ea6\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u95ee\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0e\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6350\u7eb3\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u90fd\u5728\u9610\u8ff0\u6e05\u4ee3\u8d22\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8d22\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u5c42\u5b98\u540f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4fbf\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6210\u51e0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n
1\uff0e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u96be\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u89c2\u70b9\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e00\u81f4\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4ff8\u7984\u6781\u4f4e\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b98\u540f\u4eec\u5374\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u81ea\u5df1\u638f\u8170\u5305\u7ef4\u6301\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u4ed8\u8fd9\u79cd\u804c\u4f4d\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u4fbf\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5730\u5408\u6cd5\u6216\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u655b\u8d22\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
H\uff0eB\uff0eMorse\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u6e05\u4ee3\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u52d2\u7d22\u4e0e\u6e05\u4ee3\u8d22\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4ff8\u7984\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6e05\u4ee3\u8d22\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u9677\u5165\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5374\u4e3a\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b98\u5458\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u82db\u655b\u94b1\u8d22\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u6240\u655b\u94b1\u8d22\u5219\u5927\u5927\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002[26]<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u77bf\u540c\u7956<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u77bf\u540c\u7956\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u6536\u53d7\u964b\u89c4\u3002\u77bf\u540c\u7956\u5173\u4e8e\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u65e8\u5728\u4e8e\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u5728\u97e6\u4f2f\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u201d\u201c\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u201d\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u522b\u6837\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u77bf\u540c\u7956\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u77e5\u53bf\u4e0e\u53bf\u8859\u95e8\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u7ec4\u4e3b\u8981\u540f\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u6781\u5176\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5374\u50cf\u5e7d\u7075\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u77bf\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6210\u7acb\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u77bf\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8d39\u5c3d\u5468\u6298\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u77e5\u53bf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u548c\u8d22\u6e90\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u7ef4\u6301\u53bf\u8859\u95e8\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3002\u77bf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u77e5\u53bf\u7684\u4ff8\u7984\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u4ed6\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u5c11\u6570\u500d\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u5e94\u4ed8\u5730\u65b9\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u201d\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5176\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u6536\u5165\u80fd\u591f\u652f\u4ed8\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5f00\u9500\uff0c\u77e5\u53bf\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6536\u53d6\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u964b\u89c4\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6536\u53d6\u964b\u89c4\uff0c\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u50da\u4eec\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u8d34\u8865\u4f4e\u5fae\u7684\u4ff8\u7984\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u77bf\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6536\u53d6\u964b\u89c4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8d2a\u6c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u6536\u53d6\u964b\u89c4\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e4b\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u6240\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u6536\u53d6\u964b\u89c4\u4e0e\u8d3f\u8d42\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d3f\u8d42\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u662f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u7136\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u201c\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6536\u53d6\u964b\u89c4\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u6670\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u3002\u201d\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u6240\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u80e5\u540f\u65f6\uff0c\u77bf\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c31\u8d8a\u53d1\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u77bf\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u80e5\u540f\u4eec\u201c\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u2026\u2026\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u8d2a\u6c61\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u3002[27]<\/p>\n
\u77bf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c49\u5b66\u754c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u53cd\u54cd\uff0cMadeleine Zelin\u4fbf\u6b65\u5176\u540e\u5c18\uff0c\u5c06\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u63ed\u793a\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u77e5\u53bf\u3001\u77e5\u5e9c\u3001\u5de1\u629a\u53ca\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u4e4f\u7684\u9677\u9631\u4e2d\u82e6\u82e6\u6323\u624e\u7740\u3002Zelin\u5c06\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u7684\u5404\u9879\u652f\u51fa\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u8859\u95e8\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u201d\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u4e00\u7701\u6216\u4e00\u53bf\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u7ef4\u4fee\u6240\u7528\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u3002\u5728Zelin\u7684\u5355\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u8859\u95e8\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u201d\u652f\u51fa\u5404\u9879\u4e0e\u77bf\u6240\u5217\u5927\u4f53\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u66f4\u591a\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5979\u5bf9\u4e00\u7701\u6216\u4e00\u53bf\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u7ef4\u4fee\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5b54\u5e99\u3001\u724c\u574a\u53ca\u5fa1\u7b14\u533e\u989d\u7684\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u5824\u575d\u53ca\u704c\u6e89\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u8859\u95e8\u623f\u5c4b\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u57ce\u5899\u3001\u4ed3\u5e93\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u5728\u4e3b\u8981\u9a7f\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u6865\u6881\u516c\u8def\u7684\u4fee\u7f2e\uff0c\u707e\u6c11\u7684\u8d48\u6d4e\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u591a\u534a\u5e76\u4e0d\u51fa\u8d44\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u81ea\u884c\u7b79\u5907\u3002\u5176\u6570\u989d\u4e4b\u5de8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5df2\u4ee4\u4eba\u5482\u820c\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u8859\u95e8\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u201d\u652f\u51fa\u201c\u9eef\u7136\u5931\u8272\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u770b\uff0cZelin\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u6b3e\u9879\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u6beb\u65e0\u7f6e\u7591\u5176\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4f59\u5730\u3002Zelin\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u632a\u79fb\u3001\u6536\u53d6\u8017\u7fa1\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u79cd\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u6240\u96be\u514d\uff0c\u4e14\u6709\u7406\u53ef\u4f9d\u3002\u65e2\u5982\u6b64\uff0cZelin\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u80af\u5c06\u00a0corruption(\u8d2a\u6c61)\u4e00\u8bcd\u7528\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u77bf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0cZelin\u7528\u201c\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u770b\u4f3c\u201c\u4e0d\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002[28]<\/p>\n
2\uff0e\u80e5\u540f\uff1a\u8d2a\u6c61\u4e61\u7ec5\u7684\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f8a<\/p>\n
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3\uff0e\u4eac\u5b98\u5962\u4f88\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8d2a\u6c61\u7684\u6839\u6e90<\/p>\n
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\u56db\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u8d2a\u6c61<\/p>\n
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\u4e94\u3001\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u548c\u73c5\u6848<\/p>\n
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Nancy Park\u5219\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u548c\u73c5\u5e76\u975e\u6e05\u4ee3\u8d2a\u6c61\u7316\u7357\u7684\u7f6a\u9b41\u7978\u9996\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5176\u4e3b\u5b50\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f8a\uff1b\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u672c\u4eba\u6781\u55dc\u5404\u5730\u98ce\u7269\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u4f46\u4e0d\u5236\u6b62\u81e3\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5448\u8d21\u54c1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9f13\u52b1\u6709\u4f59\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7fa4\u81e3\u65e0\u4e0d\u4e3a\u8d21\u54c1\u800c\u7ede\u5c3d\u8111\u6c41\uff0c\u6240\u8d39\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u5fae\u8584\u7684\u4ff8\u7984\u6240\u80fd\u627f\u62c5\u5f97\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8d2a\u6c61\u5728\u6240\u96be\u514d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4e7e\u9686\u540e\u671f\u8d2a\u98ce\u65e5\u70bd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u56e0\u3002[41]<\/p>\n
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