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Gozzi\uff0c1720-1806\u5e74\uff09\u6839\u636e\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u533a\u6709\u5173\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4f20\u8bf4\u96c6\u300a\u4e00\u5343\u96f6\u4e00\u65e5\u300b\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e8e1762\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u7740\u624b\u7f16\u5199\u300a\u56fe\u5170\u6735\u300b\uff08Turandot\uff09\u3002\u51e0\u7ecf\u540e\u4eba\u7eed\u5199\u548c\u6539\u7f16\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ee5\u4e09\u5e55\u6b4c\u5267\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e8e1926\u5e74\u5728\u8457\u540d\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c73\u5170\u7684\u65af\u5361\u62c9\u5927\u5267\u9662\uff08La 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src=\"https:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180328\/82c41033b6b34789a6bd3df9b9c40a28.jpeg\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u5f20\u827a\u8c0b\u5bfc\u6f14\u7684\u300a\u56fe\u5170\u6735\u300b\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u7248<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u4e09\u4e2a\u5178\u6545\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u7aa5\u89c6\u4e2d\u56fd\u98ce\u98ce\u9761\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u6f6e\u540c\u6837\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u540c\u671f\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u7ed8\u753b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6d1b\u53ef\u53ef\u98ce\u683c\u753b\u5bb6\u5f17\u6717\u514b\u65af\u2022\u5e03\u6b47\uff08Fran\u00e7ois Boucher\uff0c1703-1770\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u56db\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u98ce\u4e3a\u9898\u6750\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u3002\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u670d\u88c5\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u666f\u89c2\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e03\u6b47\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u4f53\u6001\u4e0e\u795e\u6001\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5973\u5b50\u5341\u5206\u76f8\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180328\/9c16f309aad74e1895aaa2bb1f2c56e4.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u6b47\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9493\u9c7c\uff0c\u7ea6\u4f5c\u4e8e1742\u5e74<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180328\/ff585a50e00347898f6bd199bf4d636c.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u6b47\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u7ea6\u4f5c\u4e8e1742\u5e74<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u98ce\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u827a\u672f\u53f2\u4e0a\u5360\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u5e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u6b27\u7f8e\u5230\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u90fd\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u6b64\u98ce\u8d77\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5411\u4e1c\u65b9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u62d3\u5c55\u6d77\u5916\u5e02\u573a\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6df7\u5408\u4e86\u5546\u4e1a\u673a\u9047\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u827a\u672f\u7684\u6c14\u606f\u3002\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u4e5f\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u80a1\u4e0d\u5927\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u98ce\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u7687\u5bb6\u827a\u672f\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u897f\u6d0b\u98ce\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5e26\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6070\u6070\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5728\u4ece\u5317\u4eac\u53d1\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\u5e76\u6269\u6563\u5f00\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u4ece\u5e7f\u5dde\u8d29\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8336\u53f6\u548c\u74f7\u5668\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u60f3\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u897f\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u53cc\u5411\u7684\u3002\u524d\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u660e\u672b\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u662f\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u671d\u4ea4\u66ff\uff0c\u4f46\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u6210\u529f\u7559\u5728\u4e86\u5317\u4eac\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6e05\u5ef7\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u5927\u6279\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4e0d\u8fdc\u4e07\u91cc\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u8dcb\u6d89\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5929\u6587\u5386\u6cd5\u3001\u5730\u56fe\u5236\u4f5c\u548c\u7ed8\u753b\u827a\u672f\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u4e3a\u6e05\u5ef7\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u8fbe\u5230\u4ece\u4e0a\u81f3\u4e0b\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u6279\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5927\u591a\u540d\u5782\u53f2\u518c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f9b\u804c\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u548c\u65af\u6d1b\u6587\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u5218\u677e\u9f84\uff08Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein\uff0c1703-1774\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5fa1\u7528\u753b\u5e08\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u90ce\u4e16\u5b81\uff08Giuseppe Castiglione\uff0c1688-1766\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u848b\u53cb\u4ec1\uff08Michel Benoist\uff0c1715-1774\u5e74\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\u7b49\u6cd5\u5219\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5728\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u663e\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6b23\u8d4f\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u96cd\u6b63\u7687\u5e1d\u5c31\u66fe\u8ba9\u90ce\u4e16\u5b81\u7ed9\u4ed6\u753b\u8fc7\u540c\u671f\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u7684\u5934\u6234\u5047\u53d1\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e4d\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u672c\u6765\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u665a\u5e74\u548c\u96cd\u6b63\u5e74\u95f4\u6e05\u5ef7\u5728\u57ce\u897f\u5317\u4fee\u5efa\u7687\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797\u5706\u660e\u56ed\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u5219\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u8fd9\u6279\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u56ed\u6797\u4fee\u5efa\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180328\/a7879a0306ff40d581c2cc1d1b2d1436.jpeg\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u96cd\u6b63\u7687\u5e1d\u4e4b\u897f\u6d0b\u88c5\u675f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u5373\u4f4d\u540e\u5373\u5728\u5706\u660e\u56ed\u5185\u5efa\u9020\u6b27\u5f0f\u56ed\u6797\uff0c\u7531\u7cbe\u901a\u7ed8\u753b\u827a\u672f\u7684\u90ce\u4e16\u5b81\u548c\u848b\u53cb\u4ec1\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u30021751\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u55b7\u6cc9\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5373\u8c10\u5947\u8da3\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6c34\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5c5e\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u81f31783\u5e74\uff0c\u603b\u5171\u4fee\u6210\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u7ebf\u6cd5\u6865\u3001\u6d77\u664f\u5802\u3001\u8fdc\u701b\u89c2\u7b49\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5341\u591a\u5ea7\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u4ee5\u6c49\u767d\u7389\u77f3\u96d5\u4e3a\u5efa\u6750\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u8f85\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7409\u7483\u74e6\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e0\u77f3\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u7247\u6df7\u5408\u4e2d\u6b27\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u897f\u6d0b\u697c\u201d\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u6d0b\u697c\u666f\u533a\u5728\u5706\u660e\u56ed\u5185\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ece\u53ef\u67e5\u7684\u6e05\u5bab\u6863\u6848\u770b\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u6b27\u6d32\u738b\u5ba4\u94fa\u9648\u4e2d\u56fd\u98ce\u90a3\u6837\u5728\u697c\u5185\u94fa\u8bbe\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u5730\u6bef\u3001\u58c1\u753b\u3001\u5bb6\u5177\u4e4b\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8c6a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5728\u63d0\u5021\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u6ee1\u6d32\u4e60\u4fd7\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u90a3\u6837\u505a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u897f\u6d0b\u697c\u7ec8\u7a76\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5916\u5728\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6ee1\u8db3\u5e1d\u738b\u5bf9\u5f02\u57df\u98ce\u60c5\u7684\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6e05\u671d\u6ee1\u6c49\u8499\u56de\u85cf\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5f02\u57df\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u548c\u6e05\u5ef7\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u751a\u81f3\u559c\u7231\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com\/images\/20180328\/c428a90def434eca8218216091d947a7.jpeg\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u5317\u4eac\u6545\u5bab\u85cf\u4e4b\u6d77\u664f\u5802\u56fe\u4e4b\u4e00\u9762<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u76f8\u4eff\u4f5b\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u7586\u5730\u533a\u7684\u201c\u75d5\u90fd\u65af\u5766\u7389\u201d\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u7389\u5668\u7684\u559c\u7231\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7687\u5e1d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fd0\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u85cf\u56de\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u77e5\u8bc6\u8003\u8ba2\u548c\u94a6\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u75d5\u90fd\u65af\u5766\u201d\u7684\u7528\u540d\uff0c\u8fd8\u7279\u547d\u5185\u52a1\u5e9c\u4e13\u95e8\u4eff\u5236\u8fd9\u79cd\u897f\u57df\u7389\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u75d5\u7389\u5236\u54c1\u5f88\u591a\u6070\u6070\u6446\u653e\u5728\u5706\u660e\u56ed\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u75d5\u90fd\u65af\u5766\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662fHindustan\u7684 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