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\n\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5728\u6caa\u5217\u5f3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u4ea6\u8bfb\u51fa\u4e86\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u5f26\u5916\u4e4b\u97f3\u3002\u5728\u6536\u5230\u58f0\u660e\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u8bb8\u9601\u68ee\uff08H. Knatchbull-Hugessen\uff09\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u8a79\u68ee\uff08Nelson T.Johnson\uff09\u4e8e\u5f53\u65e5\u4f1a\u6664\u3002\u4e8c\u4eba\u8ba1\u5212\u4e8e\u6b21\u65e5\u53ec\u5f00\u82f1\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u3001\u610f\u4e94\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u4f1a\u8bae\u5e76\u5171\u540c\u5411\u65e5\u672c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ea4\u6d89\uff1a\u201c\u9664\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e94\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u65e5\u672c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c06\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5411\u5176\u589e\u6d3e\u519b\u961f\u3002\u201d\u5728\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c9\u65e5\u7684\u4e94\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u4f1a\u8bae\u62df\u5b9a\u4e86\u81f4\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u7167\u4f1a\uff1a\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u8868\u793a\u5e0c\u671b\u907f\u514d\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d1\u751f\u6218\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u65e5\u65b9\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8868\u6001\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d1\u751f\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f62\u52bf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7d27\u5f20\u5316\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u53d1\u751f\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u201d
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\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

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\n\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e0a\u6d77\u6218\u4e8b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5df2\u6084\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u65e5\u672c\u89c6\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u64a4\u519b\u662f\u626d\u8f6c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5371\u5c40\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5219\u4f9d\u7136\u575a\u6301\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u591a\u6b21\u5411\u65e5\u672c\u63d0\u51fa\u63aa\u8f9e\u575a\u51b3\u7684\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ec5\u4e8e8\u670816\u65e5\u7531\u9a7b\u65e5\u5927\u4f7f\u683c\u9c81\uff08Joseph C. Grew\uff09\u5411\u65e5\u672c\u5916\u76f8\u5e7f\u7530\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7167\u4f1a\uff1a\u201c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\u5e76\u975e\u660e\u786e\u4e0a\u6d77\u6218\u4e8b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5f52\u5c5e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7ee7\u7eed\u6df1\u9677\u6218\u706b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e2d\u65e5\u53cc\u65b9\u65e0\u7591\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u201d\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\u9ad8\u6da8\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e0a\u6d77\u6218\u4e8b\u7684\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u751a\u81f3\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u63f4\u7528\u300a\u4e2d\u7acb\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u82f1\u7f8e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5df2\u6084\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u4fdd\u62a4\u65e5\u4fa8\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u6d41\u4ea7<\/p>\n

\u968f\u7740\u4e0a\u6d77\u6218\u4e8b\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u4e0e\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u79df\u754c\u5b88\u5907\u3002\u82f1\u7f8e\u6b64\u524d\u5df2\u8ba1\u5212\u96c6\u4e2d\u5b88\u5907\u516c\u5171\u79df\u754c\u82cf\u5dde\u6cb3\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u533a\u4ee5\u9632\u5176\u88ab\u6218\u706b\u6ce2\u53ca\uff0c\u800c\u9762\u5bf9\u65e5\u76ca\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u5747\u611f\u5230\u65e2\u6709\u5175\u529b\u4e0d\u6577\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u589e\u5175\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u201c\u516b\u4e00\u4e09\u201d\u4e8b\u53d8\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5373\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ece\u9999\u6e2f\u589e\u6d3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8425\u5175\u529b\u524d\u5f80\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u6218\u4e8b\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u6d77\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u674e\u987f\uff08Charles Little\uff09\u8981\u6c42\u7ee7\u7eed\u589e\u6d3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u8425\u30028\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8d6b\u5c14\u4e5f\u5ba3\u5e03\u5c06\u4ece\u672c\u571f\u6d3e\u90631200\u540d\u6d77\u519b\u9646\u6218\u961f\u58eb\u5175\u589e\u63f4\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002
\n\u4f46\u589e\u5175\u5e76\u975e\u6839\u672c\u529e\u6cd5\u30028\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53ec\u5f00\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u8054\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u7684\u6c49\u5b81\uff08R. H. Haining\uff09\u5c06\u519b\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u79df\u754c\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u201c\u5411\u4e0a\u6d77\u589e\u6d3e\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u56f0\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u519b\u961f\u53ea\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u79df\u754c\u5185\u66f4\u52a0\u62e5\u6324\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u65e5\u540e\u64a4\u79bb\u65f6\u8fd8\u5c06\u9020\u6210\u66f4\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u5927\u519b\u9e87\u96c6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u589e\u5175\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79df\u754c\u5b88\u5907\u4ec5\u662f\u676f\u6c34\u8f66\u85aa\u3002\u6c49\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e24\u652f\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5f7c\u6b64\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4fdd\u536b\u79df\u754c\uff0c\u5b88\u5907\u79df\u754c\u5916\u56f4\u7684\u5404\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u963b\u6321\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u519b\u3002\u201d
\n\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u53cc\u65b9\u64a4\u519b\u624d\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0a\u6d77\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6839\u672c\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u65e5\u5747\u4ee5\u5bf9\u65b9\u64a4\u519b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5df1\u65b9\u64a4\u519b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u64a4\u519b\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u6781\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5df2\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0a\u6d77\u6218\u4e8b\u627f\u62c5\u4e3b\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u8981\u6c42\u65e5\u672c\u9996\u5148\u64a4\u519b\u30028\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u8bb8\u9601\u68ee\u81f4\u7535\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u4ee5\u62a4\u4fa8\u4e3a\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u663e\u7136\u6b63\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u961f\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u5f97\u65e5\u672c\u4fa8\u6c11\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65e5\u672c\u771f\u6b63\u5173\u6ce8\u672c\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u64a4\u519b\u3002\u8bb8\u9601\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3b\u52a8\u627f\u8bfa\u4fdd\u62a4\u5728\u6caa\u65e5\u4fa8\u6362\u53d6\u65e5\u672c\u540c\u610f\u64a4\u519b\u3002<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

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\n\u7136\u800c\u9762\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u65e0\u6cd5\u79ef\u6781\u914d\u5408\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u6797\u8d5b\u611f\u6168\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u538b\u529b\u662f\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u5f3a\u70c8\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u65e5\u51b2\u7a81\u2018\u505a\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u2019\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u5374\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u907f\u514d\u5377\u5165\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f29\u6da1\u3002\u201d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ea6\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e8e8\u670823\u65e5\u81f4\u51fd\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\uff0c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u672a\u80fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5145\u5206\u5408\u4f5c\u6df1\u8868\u9057\u61be\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u4e27\u5931\u5176\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u4f59\u8bba<\/p>\n

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