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C. 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A. Rowson\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u53f7\u4e0a\u6709\u4eba\u671d\u65c1\u8fb9\u5c0f\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u6254\u575b\u5b50\uff0c\u575b\u5b50\u51fb\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5934\u90e8\uff0c\u81f4\u5176\u843d\u6c34\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u53cc\u6845\u6a2a\u5e06\u8239\u201c\u6d77\u4f26\u201d\u53f7\uff08Helen\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u6c34\u624b\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u2022\u514b\u83b1\u65af\u6c83\uff08Thomas Creswell\uff09\u4e5f\u4f5c\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u53f7\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3e\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u575b\u5b50\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u8981\u671d\u6c34\u91cc\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u7838\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4efd\u76ee\u51fb\u8bc1\u8bcd\u5bf9\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u82e5\u900a\u548c\u514b\u83b1\u65af\u6c83\u4e24\u4eba\u5c31\u90fd\u77e2\u53e3\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u4eec\u66fe\u505a\u8fc7\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5426\u8ba4\u66fe\u770b\u5230\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u756a\u79ba\u77e5\u53bf\u6c6a\u4e91\u4efb\u4e5f\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u53d6\u8bc1\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u6c6a\u77e5\u53bf\u5728\u52d8\u9a8c\u73b0\u573a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5185\u5fc3\u5df2\u7136\u5224\u5b9a\u51f6\u624b\u5c31\u662f\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u79cd\u79cd\u53d6\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u5728\u6b64\u9884\u8bbe\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8ddd\u79bb\u6848\u53d1\u73b0\u573a\u4e0d\u8fdc\u7684\u6c11\u5987\u9648\u9ece\u6c0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u90ed\u6881\u6c0f\u7684\u5973\u513f\u90ed\u4e9a\u5973\uff0c\u90fd\u8bc1\u660e\u90ed\u6881\u6c0f\u662f\u88ab\u74e6\u575b\u5b50\u51fb\u4e2d\u8eab\u4ea1\u7684\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4e8b\u540e\u7f8e\u65b9\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u91cc\u8fde\u90ed\u6881\u6c0f\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u90ed\u82cf\u5a23\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u8bc1\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6848\u53d1\u65f6\u90ed\u82cf\u5a23\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u73b0\u573a\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u89c6\u90ed\u82cf\u5a23\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u90ed\u82cf\u5a23\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u8d76\u5230\u4e86\u73b0\u573a\uff0c\u4ece\u6c5f\u4e2d\u635e\u8d77\u4e86\u8eab\u4ea1\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u59bb\u5b50\u5934\u4e0a\u7684\u4f24\u53e3\u3001\u7834\u635f\u7684\u7b20\u5e3d\u548c\u4ecd\u65e7\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u6389\u4e86\u628a\u624b\u7684\u74e6\u575b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u603b\u8ba130\u4efd\u7ef4\u62a4\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u6e05\u767d\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u9012\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u962e\u5143\uff081817\u20131826\u5e74\u5728\u4efb\uff09\u548c\u756a\u79ba\u77e5\u53bf\u6c6a\u4e91\u4efb\u3002\u962e\u5143\u548c\u6c6a\u4e91\u4efb\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\u662f\u5728\u6a21\u7cca\u6848\u60c5\uff0c\u8981\u5e87\u62a4\u624b\u4e0b\u6c34\u624b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5176\u8bc1\u8bcd\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u962e\u5143\u540c\u65f6\u8ba9\u5c5e\u4e0b\u901a\u77e5\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\uff0c\u51f6\u624b\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e94\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u5224\u65bd\u7ede\u5211\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5907\u611f\u7d27\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/3cc031d112132180\" 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src=\"http:\/\/image.thepaper.cn\/www\/image\/7\/884\/436.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100%\" \/><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/4fa5f70955c719da\" 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Hughes\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u6c34\u624b\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fc7\u5f80\u5546\u8239\u9e23\u653e\u793c\u70ae\uff0c\u8bb5\u6599\u70ae\u5f39\u51fb\u4e2d\u4e86\u4e00\u8258\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a73\u8239\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e24\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8eab\u4ea1\u3002\u7ca4\u7701\u5b98\u5458\u8981\u6c42\u82f1\u65b9\u4ea4\u51fa\u8be5\u70ae\u624b\u4e88\u4ee5\u60e9\u529e\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0d\u60f3\u4ea4\u4eba\uff0c\u5f85\u5e7f\u5dde\u91c7\u53d6\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u82f1\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u70ae\u624b\u88ab\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5e7f\u5dde\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4e2d\u65b9\u5ba1\u7406\u540e\u5224\u5b9a\u8be5\u70ae\u624b\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u5bf9\u4e4b\u5904\u4ee5\u7ede\u5211\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u7ca4\u7701\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u6d89\u5916\u547d\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u65bd\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c31\u5730\u6b63\u6cd5\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u30021817\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\u665a\uff0c\u4e00\u8258\u540c\u6837\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u6469\u7684\u6697\u4e2d\u505a\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5546\u8239\u201c\u74e6\u5df4\u4ec0\u201d\u53f7\uff08Wabash\uff09\u505c\u6cca\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u4e00\u7fa4\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u76d7\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3002\u6d77\u76d7\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fc5\u96f7\u4e0d\u53ca\u63a9\u8033\u4e4b\u52bf\u6740\u4e86\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u526f\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u6c34\u624b\uff0c\u62a2\u53bb\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u94f6\u5143\u300135\u7bb1\u9e26\u7247\u548c\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u54c1\u30023\u540d\u7f8e\u56fd\u8239\u5458\u5728\u8df3\u6d77\u6e38\u5f80\u5cb8\u8fb9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6eba\u4ea1\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u540d\u6c34\u624b\u5728\u88ad\u51fb\u4e2d\u91cd\u4f24\uff0c\u4e24\u5929\u540e\u4e0d\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u9886\u4e8b\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\u5411\u4e2d\u65b9\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u60e9\u529e\u51f6\u624b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5341\u5206\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u7565\u53bb\u9e26\u7247\u70df\u88ab\u52ab\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u5c31\u6293\u83b7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4f19\u6d77\u76d7\uff0c\u7f34\u83b7\u4e86\u9e26\u7247\u82e5\u5e72\u7bb1\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u5468\u7684\u5ba1\u8baf\uff0c7\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u540d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5230\u573a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c5\u540d\u4e3b\u72af\u88ab\u62bc\u8d74\u5e7f\u5dde\u5211\u573a\u780d\u5934\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u4ece\u72af\u88ab\u6d41\u914d4000\u91cc\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u529e\u6848\u7684\u7ca4\u7701\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u4ece\u6d77\u76d7\u624b\u91cc\u7f34\u83b7\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u70df\u8868\u793a\u9707\u60ca\u548c\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u989c\u9762\u4e0a\u5f88\u4e0d\u597d\u770b\uff0c\u9042\u5c3d\u529b\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u5b50\u538b\u4e86\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u7406\u8d54\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u780d\u5934\u884c\u5211\u7684\u8840\u8165\u6b8b\u5fcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c1821\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u6d89\u4e8b\u6c34\u624b\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5e7f\u5dde\u57ce\u7684\u7ede\u5211\u67b6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u7ede\u6b7b\u3002\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8239\u4e1c\u8239\u957f\u4eec\u6240\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ece\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8fd0\u6765\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u70df\u4e07\u4e00\u88ab\u4e2d\u65b9\u67e5\u51fa\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\u989c\u9762\u5c3d\u5931\u7684\u7a98\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u5ba1\u5224\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1821\u5e749\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u8003\u666e\u5170\u5fb7\u8239\u957f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec5\u540d\u5728\u7ca4\u7f8e\u5546\u30015\u540d\u62bc\u8d27\u5458\u548c5\u540d\u8239\u957f\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u529e\u7406\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u4e00\u6848\u3002\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53c2\u52a0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9886\u4e8b\u5730\u4f4d\u9020\u6210\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51b3\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e94\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u573a\u9488\u5bf9\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u8981\u8fc7\u5802\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u5ba1\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7f8e\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u671d\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u65b9\u5411\u9760\u62e2\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6839\u636e1807\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u5ba1\u5224\u82f1\u7c4d\u6c34\u624b\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u2022\u5e0c\u6069\uff08Edward Sheen\uff09\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u5230\u573a\u7684\u524d\u4f8b\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u65b9\u4eba\u5458\u83b7\u51c6\u5230\u573a\u89c2\u770b\u5ead\u5ba1\uff081807\u5e74\u4e00\u7fa4\u9189\u9152\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6c34\u624b\u548c\u4e00\u7fa4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6597\u6bb4\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5931\u624b\u6253\u6b7b\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u65b9\u6700\u540e\u4ea4\u51fa\u5e0c\u6069\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51f6\u624b\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u540e\u5e0c\u6069\u88ab\u514d\u4e8e\u7ede\u5211\uff0c\u5224\u7f5a\u8865\u507f\u6b7b\u8005\u5bb6\u5c5e\u767d\u94f612\u4e244\u52062\u5398\uff09\u3002\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u544a\u8bc9\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u884c\u5546\uff0c\u884c\u5546\u590d\u8f6c\u9012\u7ca4\u7701\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u53f7\u4e0a\u5c31\u5730\u5f00\u5ead\u5ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5a01\u91cc\u5404\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u65b9\u5728\u5ead\u5ba1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7559\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u5b50\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8981\u6c42\u8ba9\u82f1\u56fd\u7267\u5e08\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\uff08Robert Morrison\uff0c1782\u20131834\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u5ead\u5ba1\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u65b0\u6559\u4f26\u6566\u4f20\u9053\u4f1a\uff08London Missionary Society\uff09\u4e8e1807\u5e74\u6d3e\u9063\u6765\u534e\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u518d\u7ed9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b\u514d\u8d39\u8239\u7968\uff0c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u53ea\u597d\u7ed5\u9053\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u8d5e\u52a9\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e58\u8239\u6765\u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8fd8\u5199\u4e86\u5c01\u4eb2\u7b14\u4fe1\u628a\u4ed6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u9886\u4e8b\u3002\u62b5\u8fbe\u5e7f\u5dde\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u5148\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d0b\u884c\u5f85\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\uff0c\u624d\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4efb\u804c\u3002\u4ed6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\u975e\u5e38\u52e4\u52c9\uff0c 1815\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u5370\u5237\u53d1\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u7f16\u7e82\u7684\u300a\u534e\u82f1\u5b57\u5178\u300b\uff08A Dictionary of the Chinese Language\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u7528\u6c49\u8bed\u8ddf\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5bf9\u534e\u8d38\u6613\u4e3b\u8981\u9760\u4f0d\u79c9\u9274\u7b49\u884c\u5546\u6216\u8005\u5e7f\u5dde\u57ce\u901a\u4e8b\u4eec\u7684\u8e69\u811a\u82f1\u6587\u6765\u5bf9\u4ed8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u7cbe\u901a\u6c49\u8bed\u7684\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u5e2e\u5fd9\uff0c\u662f\u610f\u6599\u4e2d\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/98054299b317ecfb\" 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Monroe\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c5\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c1817\u20131825\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u548c\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u2022\u6606\u897f\u2022\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff08John Quincy Adams\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c6\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c1825\u20131829\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff1b1817\u20131825\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u4efb\u95e8\u7f57\u603b\u7edf\u5185\u9601\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9053\u5149\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u4f46\u5747\u672a\u9001\u8fbe\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5e94\u5728\u7ca4\u7f8e\u5546\u7684\u5401\u8bf7\u6d3e\u9063\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u9886\u4e8b\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5185\u9601\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u88ab\u540e\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u95e8\u7f57\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e1c\u4e9a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u50cf\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5c31\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u6848\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u8fdc\u6bd4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8981\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u6848\u7ed3\u6848\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u4ee5\u540e\u76841821\u5e7412\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u201c\u6d9b\u914d\u5179\u201d\u53f7\uff08Topaze\uff09\u5728\u96f6\u4e01\u6d0b\uff08\u4f36\u4ec3\u6d0b\uff09\u4e0b\u951a\uff0c\u6d3e\u9063\u4e00\u652f\u6ca1\u6709\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u53d6\u6c34\u961f\u4f0d\u5230\u4f36\u4ec3\u5c9b\u53d6\u6de1\u6c34\u3002\u8be5\u53d6\u6c34\u961f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u6301\u7740\u957f\u77db\u548c\u7af9\u68cd\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u9a71\u8d76\uff0c\u82f1\u519b\u6d3e\u9063\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u961f\u58eb\u5175\u4e0a\u5cb8\u63a9\u62a4\u53d6\u6c34\u961f\u56de\u64a4\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u519b14\u4eba\u8d1f\u4f24\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u97622\u4eba\u4e27\u751f\u548c4\u4eba\u53d7\u4f24\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6d9b\u914d\u5179\u53f7\u8239\u957f\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Richardson\uff09\u81f4\u4fe1\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u962e\u5143\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u60e9\u529e\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6ecb\u4e8b\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u962e\u5143\u8981\u6c42\u53d7\u4f24\u8239\u5458\u4e0a\u5cb8\u63a5\u53d7\u4e2d\u65b9\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u68ee\u867d\u7136\u5141\u8bb8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u5230\u8239\u4e0a\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u62d2\u7edd\u4e2d\u65b9\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u8239\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u5b98\u65b9\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u53f7\u987a\u4ece\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u756a\u79ba\u53bf\u4e0a\u8239\u8c03\u67e5\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u516c\u5f00\u5ba1\u7406\u8239\u5458\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u962e\u5143\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u82f1\u65b9\u4ea4\u51fa\u4e24\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u62b5\u507f\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u4e24\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u88ab\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u68ee\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u68ee\u63d0\u8bae\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u88c1\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6c34\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u962e\u5143\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e7f\u5dde\u4e8e\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u73ed\u548c\u4e34\u65f6\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1\u670811\u65e5\u505c\u6b62\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4f46\u962e\u5143\u6700\u540e\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u73ed\u65e0\u4ece\u63a7\u5236\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u8230\uff0c\u9042\u4e0e\u82f1\u65b9\u548c\u89e3\uff0c\u6d3e\u5458\u767b\u8230\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u30022\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u8d38\u6613\u91cd\u542f\uff0c\u6b64\u6848\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece1821\u5e74\u4e2d\u7f8e\u3001\u4e2d\u82f1\u547d\u6848\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u9ad8\u6b4c\u731b\u8fdb\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u7403\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u5c24\u5176\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4e0a\u8230\u505a\u6b63\u5f0f\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u6562\u4e8e\u548c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u8239\u5219\u663e\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u987a\u4ece\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4ea4\u6d89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5c31\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4e2d\u65b9\u7ea0\u7f20\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7f8e\u65b9\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u5728\u5176\u8239\u53ea\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7acb\u516c\u5802\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5802\u4e4b\u4e0a\u98d8\u7740\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u661f\u6761\u65d7\uff0c\u80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src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/bb4d5150e5074bee\" \/><\/div>\n<p>1804\u5e74\u4e00\u540d\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u7ed8\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5ba1\u5224\u4e00\u540d\u5993\u5973\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff1b\u51fa\u81ea\u300a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u670d\u9970\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6d77\u5173\u300b,\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1a\u6ce2\u7279\u5170\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c193\u9875<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u7f8e\u5728\u534e\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u7b56\u30021826\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u82f1\u7f05\u6218\u4e89\uff081824\u5e743\u6708-1826\u5e742\u6708\uff09\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4ee3\u8868\u4ea8\u5229\u2022\u4f2f\u5c3c(Henry Burney, 1792-1845)\u4e0e\u4e34\u8fd1\u7684\u66b9\u7f57\u56fd\uff08\u5373\u6cf0\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u62c9\u739b\u4e09\u4e16\uff081824\u20131851\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u4e0e\u66b9\u7f57\u56fd\u738b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5212\u6e05\u82f1\u5c5e\u90a6\u571f\u548c\u66b9\u7f57\u6240\u5c5e\u90a6\u571f\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c2\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u82f1\u56fd\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u8005\u56fd\u5bb6\u653b\u51fb\u4e86\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f84\u76f4\u53bb\u62a5\u590d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u8005\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u9996\u5148\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u901a\u62a5\u4e8b\u7531\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u771f\u8bda\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u771f\u76f8\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u9519\u8bef\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u9519\u8bef\u52a0\u4ee5\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u66b9\u7f57\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u8005\u56fd\u5bb6\u653b\u51fb\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f84\u76f4\u53bb\u62a5\u590d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u8005\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u9996\u5148\u5411\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u901a\u62a5\u4e8b\u7531\uff0c\u7531\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u771f\u8bda\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u771f\u76f8\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u9519\u8bef\u5728\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u9519\u8bef\u52a0\u4ee5\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e2d\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u6743\u529b\u662f\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7cfb\u5916\u6765\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e00\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f7f\u82f1\u56fd\u591a\u5c11\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u3002\u52301855\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u66b9\u7f57\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u5305\u4ee4\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u300a\u5b9d\u5b81\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff09\uff08Bowring Treaty\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5c31\u5728\u6761\u7ea6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u5185\u660e\u786e\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5728\u66b9\u7f57\u5883\u5185\u7684\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\uff08consular jurisdiction\uff09\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u66b9\u7f57\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u6dcb\u6f13\u5c3d\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1833\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d3e\u5f80\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u7231\u5fb7\u95e8\u5fb7\u2022\u7f57\u4f2f\u5179\uff08Edmund Roberts \uff0c1784-1836\uff09\u4e0e\u66b9\u7f57\u56fd\u738b\u62c9\u739b\u4e09\u4e16\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u5373\u300a\u66b9\u7f57\u56fd\u738b\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u53cb\u597d\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5171\u5341\u6b3e\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e5d\u6b3e\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u96c5\u56fd\u5546\u5ba2\u4eba\u7b49\u81f3\u66b9\u56fd\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5949\u884c\u66b9\u56fd\u4e4b\u5404\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u201d\uff08\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u201c\u96c5\u56fd\u201d\u6307\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0\u547c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u201c\u96c5\u5f25\u7406\u5609\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u201d\uff09\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8981\u5728\u66b9\u7f57\u83b7\u5f97\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u7684\u4f01\u56fe\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5484\u5484\u903c\u4eba\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/cdfb22d22a8a1caf\" \/><\/div>\n<p>1833\u5e74\u7f8e\u66b9\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66b9\u7f57\u6587\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u6c49\u6587\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u6587\u56db\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u4e0d\u61c2\u82f1\u6587\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u61c2\u66b9\u7f57\u6587\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6c49\u6587\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u6587\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5145\u4f5c\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u66b9\u7f57\u7d20\u6765\u88ab\u6e05\u671d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u671d\u8d21\u5916\u85e9\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u66b9\u7f57\u5bf9\u4e0e\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5<\/p>\n<p>1834\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5ffd\u7136\u5c06\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u6848\u65e7\u4e8b\u91cd\u63d0\uff0c\u8bb5\u6599\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5f39\u30021834\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u300a\u5b63\u520a\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08Quarterly Review\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8c08\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u4fb5\u72af\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u4e86\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u5404\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u6293\u6355\u8087\u4e8b\u8005\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u8bf4\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f8a\u4ea4\u4e86\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u633d\u6551\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u51f6\u72af\u7684\u547d\u3002\u300a\u5b63\u520a\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u30021835\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u300a\u5317\u7f8e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08North American Review\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u957f\u7bc7\u53cd\u9a73\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u7f8e\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u6cf0\u62c9\u7eb3\u5a01\u6765\u5305\u5e87\u4efb\u4f55\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u8239\u5458\uff0c\u300a\u5b63\u520a\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u5b50\u865a\u4e4c\u6709\u3002\u300a\u5317\u7f8e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u63f4\u5f15\u4e861834\u5e741\u6708\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\uff08Chinese Repository\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8bc9\u8bf4\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u5e87\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u3002\u300a\u5317\u7f8e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><em>\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c31\u50cf\u7c73\u5e95\u4e9a\u4eba\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u7d20\u6765\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6740\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u507f\u547d\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u591a\u8d39\u7b14\u58a8\u53bb\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff08the law of nations\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u613f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u56fd\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\u540e\u5c31\u6709\u9075\u5b88\u8be5\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u4e94\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc71843\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u4e94\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5728\u534e\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u4ea4\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u5b98\u6309\u7167\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5ba1\u5224\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e3b\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7834\u574f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1844\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u987e\u76db\uff08Caleb Cushing\uff0c1800\u20131879\uff09\u540c\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u8006\u82f1\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u671b\u53a6\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u53cb\u597d\u548c\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c21\u6b3e\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u6743\u5229\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u987e\u76db\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u91ce\u5fc3\u548c\u8c08\u5224\u8981\u6c42\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u540e\uff0c\u987e\u76db\u5728\u8fa9\u62a4\u5982\u4f55\u652b\u53d6\u5728\u534e\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u65f6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5360\u7740\u5168\u7403\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56de\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5f02\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u53ef\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6559\u7684\u5f02\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7b49\u56de\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53bb\u5ba1\u5224\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u3002\u987e\u76db\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ece\u5b97\u6559\u89d2\u5ea6\u533a\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8be1\u8fa9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5bb6\u987e\u7ef4\u94a7\u5148\u751f\u7684\u9a73\u65a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6ca1\u6709\u987e\u76db\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u534e\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u6070\u662f\u5f53\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u4e3a\u60b2\u54c0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u5e94\u8be5\u8b66\u9192\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5728\u534e\u53f8\u6cd5\u7279\u6743\u4e00\u76f4\u52301943\u5e741\u6708\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u53d6\u6d88\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u53ca\u5904\u7406\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff08Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China\uff09\u65f6\u624d\u6700\u7ec8\u5e9f\u6b62\uff0c\u5230\u5f7c\u65f6\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u5728\u534e\u4eab\u53d7\u4e86\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u6574\u6574100\u5e74\u7684\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/5cdfa5e0be68e1c6\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u6e05\u672b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u5c40\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u8981\u88ab\u5217\u5f3a\u74dc\u5206\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5371\u673a<\/p>\n<p>1821\u5e74\u90ed\u6881\u6c0f\u4e4b\u6b7b\u662f\u4e00\u51fa\u60b2\u5267\uff0c\u4f46\u90ed\u6881\u6c0f\u8eab\u540e\u4e5f\u662f\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u5e7f\u5dde\u5f53\u5c40\u4e25\u8083\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u60e9\u5904\u51f6\u624b\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u5c06\u8fd120\u5e74\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c20\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u82f1\u6cd5\u7f8e\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7eb7\u7eb7\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u534e\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u518d\u591a\u7684\u90ed\u6881\u6c0f\u6709\u6b64\u60b2\u60e8\u4e4b\u6d89\u5916\u906d\u9047\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e5f\u7231\u83ab\u80fd\u52a9\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u662f\u754c\u5b9a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u201c\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u201d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u201c\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u201d\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u96c6\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u5728\u534e\u5916\u56fd\u79df\u754c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6700\u65e9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u516c\u5171\u79df\u754c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u79df\u754c\u3001\u82f1\u79df\u754c\u548c\u7f8e\u79df\u754c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u56fd\u4e2d\u4e4b\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56fe\u666f\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u70ae\u8230\u5916\u4ea4\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u5e76\u6d8c\u5165\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6587\u660e\uff08civilization\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7a7a\u524d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u548c\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u754c\u5b9a\u5e76\u5c42\u7ea7\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c42\u7ea7\u5316\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u987e\u76db\u4ece\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6765\u8fa9\u62a4\u5176\u652b\u53d6\u7684\u5728\u534e\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u4e00\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u660e\u8bc1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6309\u7167\u987e\u76db\u4e4b\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5747\u53d8\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5949\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65b9\u53ef\u4e0e\u7f8e\u6b27\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eab\u5f97\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u6070\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5dee\u5e8f\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u8fdb\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f5519\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5927\u6279\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8702\u62e5\u5165\u534e\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u62ef\u6551\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u6216\u8005\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u5d07\u4ef0\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u4e43\u662f\u5176\u63a8\u52a8\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e4b\u8d23\u4efb\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u540e\u4e16\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u601d\u6f6e\u904d\u5e03\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\u7684\u4e1b\u6797\u6cd5\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5bf919\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u800c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u65e7\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f68\u8ff9\u6240\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/cf2c1ebbb66511fb\" \/><\/div>\n<p>1869\u5e749\u670825\u65e5\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u300a\u54c8\u73c0\u5468\u520a:\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u520a\u300b(Harper&#8217;s Weekly, A Journal of Civilization)\u520a\u53d1\u7684Hunk E. 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