{"id":51779,"date":"2025-05-29T15:03:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-29T07:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=51779"},"modified":"2025-05-29T15:03:54","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T07:03:54","slug":"%e4%b8%80%e7%99%be%e5%a4%9a%e5%b9%b4%e5%89%8d%ef%bc%8c%e9%bb%84%e9%87%91%e5%be%b7%e4%ba%89%e5%8f%96%e5%85%ac%e6%b0%91%e6%9d%83%e7%9a%84%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=51779","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u4e89\u53d6\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u6545\u4e8b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005: \u82ac\u5947\uff08Fin Qi\uff09\u00a0 \u6765\u6e90: \u7f8e\u534e\u53f2\u8bb0<\/p>\n<p>\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u6f58\u79cb\u8fb0 (Qiuchen Pan\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7acb\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u201c\u571f\u5730\u6743\u201d\uff08\u00a0<em>jus soli<\/em>\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u5185\u51fa\u751f\uff09\u548c\u201c\u8840\u8109\u6743\u201d\uff08<em>jus sanguinis<\/em>\uff0c\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff09\u4e24\u9879\u4f20\u7edf\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u5373\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6311\u6218\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u83b7\u5f97\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5f53\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd0\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6977\u6a21\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u8fdd\u53cd\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\u5462\uff1f \u8fd9\u8981\u4ece\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u8bf4\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u5371\u9669<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1870\u5e7410\u67081\u65e5 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Ark\uff09\u30101\uff0c2\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u534e\u5de5\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5927\u6279\u534e\u4eba\u5355\u8eab\u7537\u6027\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\u95ef\u8361\uff0c\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5355\u8eab\u7537\u6027\u52b3\u5de5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u5730\u7ed3\u5a5a\u96be\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c1855\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u4e2d\u4ec5\u67092%\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\uff0c1875\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u957f\u52304%\u30103\u3011\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u534e\u88d4\u5c31\u5c11\u4e4b\u53c8\u5c11\u3002\u57281870\u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u534e\u4eba\u4eba\u53e3\u662f63,254\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u672c\u571f\u7684\u534e\u88d4\u513f\u7ae5\u4ec5\u6709518\u540d\u30104\u3011 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srcset=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-2.jpg 696w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-2-247x300.jpg 247w\" alt=\"\" width=\"573\" height=\"695\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f20\u7167\u7247\u662f\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb71894 \u5e74\u4ece\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u79bb\u5f00\u7f8e\u56fd\u65f6\u6240\u62cd\u3002\u4ed6\u5b89\u9759\u3001\u5e73\u548c\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u00a0 National 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sanguinis<\/em>\uff0c\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff09\u4e24\u9879\u4f20\u7edf\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u301012\u3011\u3002\u201c\u571f\u5730\u6743\u201d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u5efa\u7acb\u57281844 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u5224\u4f8b\uff08Lynch v Clarke\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u6848\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u5916\u56fd\u8fc7\u5ba2\u7236\u6bcd\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u301013\u3011\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u88d4\u5974\u96b6\u301012\u3011\u30021857\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5fb7\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u8bc9\u6851\u798f\u5fb7\u6848\uff08Dred Scott v Sandford\uff09\u4e2d\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u3001\u524d\u5974\u96b6\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u5b59\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u301014\u3011\u3002\u5185\u6218\u5c06\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5e9f\u9664\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e861866\u5e74\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c1868\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u6216\u5f52\u5316\u5e76\u53d7\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96 (subject to the jurisdiction thereof)\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5747\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u301015\u3011\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc \u201c\u53d7\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u201d\u65e8\u5728\u6392\u9664\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u654c\u65b9\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5168\u90fd\u6548\u5fe0\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u5dde\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u672a\u4ea4\u7a0e\u7684\u539f\u6765\u7f8e\u6d32\u571f\u5730\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a \u76f4\u52301924\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u6848\u624d\u8d4b\u4e88\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u534e\u88d4\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u7b97\u4e3a\u8fc7\u5ba2\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5728\u8003\u8651\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\u4e5f\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u534e\u5546\u9646\u6da6\u537f (Look Tin Sing)1884\u5e74\u8fd4\u7f8e\u65f6\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u5165\u5883\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u6848\u5b50\u544a\u5230\u4e86\u52a0\u5dde\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u80dc\u8bc9\u301016\u3011\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u5b50\u548c\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u6848\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6253\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5f15\u8d77\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-614\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-3.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-3.png 431w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-3-199x300.png 199w\" alt=\"\" width=\"568\" height=\"855\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u4e09\uff0c\u9646\u6da6\u537f (\u5de6)\u4e8e1870\u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u51fa\u751f\u30029\u5c81\u65f6\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c14\u5c81\u8fd4\u7f8e\u65f6\u88ab\u62d2\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u80dc\u8bc9\uff0c\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u67ef\u6797\u65af\uff08George Collins\uff09\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bf4\u670d\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u5c06\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u6848\u5b50\u63d0\u4ea4\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u67ef\u6797\u65af\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e1895\u5e745\u6708\/ 6\u6708\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08American Law Review\uff09\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Field\uff09\u6cd5\u5b98\u5bf9\u9646\u6da6\u537f\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u5e76\u8c34\u8d23\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u67ef\u6797\u65af\u8bf4\u670d\u4e86\u5f8b\u5e08\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u798f\u7279\uff08Henry Foote\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6848\u4f8b\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6848\u63d0\u4ea4\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u301010\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6848\u4e00\u77f3\u6fc0\u8d77\u5343\u5c42\u6d6a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u9009\u6c11\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd \u201c\u53d7\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u201d\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u65b9\uff08\u5f8b\u5e08Holmes Conrad\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u89c2\u70b9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u7406\u76f4\u6c14\u58ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3010<strong>17<\/strong><strong>\u3011<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li>\u534e\u4eba\u7236\u6bcd\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u81e3\u6c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b69\u5b50\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u81e3\u6c11,\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u201c\u63a5\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u201d\u3002\uff08George Collins and Holmes Conrad, Brief on Behalf of the Appellant.\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u534e\u5de5\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ed6\u4eec\u592a\u53e6\u7c7b\uff0c\u72ec\u81ea\u624e\u5806\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5371\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u826f\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\uff08Holmes Conrad, Reply Brief for the United States. Quoting Justice Gray, 149 US 747, p 717.\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c \u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u8fa9\u65b9\u5f8b\u5e08(William Evarts, Joseph Hubley Ashton\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u5728\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u5730\u5f80\u8fd4\u3002\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u662f<strong>\u3010<\/strong><strong>17<\/strong><strong>\u3011\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li>\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u4e00\u76f4\u670d\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u6837\u4ea4\u7a0e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f97\u5230\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u548c\u5bf9\u5f85\uff08Thomas Riordan, Respondent\u2019s Brief\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u660e\u786e\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u5e76\u53d7\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5747\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u6392\u9664\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u548c\u81ea\u8d1f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u767d\u4eba\u3001\u975e\u88d4\uff0c\u800c\u6392\u9664\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u540e\u88d4\uff08J. Hubley Ashton, Brief for the Appelle\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1896\u5e742\u67088\u65e5\u300a\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053, \u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u3001\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u7ffb\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u65b9\u5f0f\u786e\u4fdd\u5165\u7c4d\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u201d\u53d7\u5230\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7533\u8bf7\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u201d \u301017\u3011\u2014\u2014San Francisco Call, Feb. 8, 1896\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-615\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"641\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u56db\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u6863\u6848\u3002National Archives: Immigration and Naturalization Service, San Francisco District Office<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-616\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"573\" height=\"265\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u4e94\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u5728\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bc1\u5b9e\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u3002National Archives: Immigration and Naturalization Service, San Francisco District Office<\/p>\n<p>\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u5c06\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0e\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5927\u5bb6\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u300a\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd \u201c\u53d7\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u201d\u662f\u6307\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1b\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51c6\u8bb8\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u30021898\u5e743\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bc9\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6848\u4e2d\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u8d3a\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\uff08Horace Gray\uff09\u4ee3\u88686-2\u7684\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5ba3\u544a\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u83b7\u80dc\u30101\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-617\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"573\" height=\"388\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u516d\uff0c 1894\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u00a0 Reproduced in Yarbrough, Tinsley E.\u00a0<em>Judicial Enigma: The First Justice Harlan<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-618\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-7.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-7.jpg 388w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-7-233x300.jpg 233w\" alt=\"\" width=\"558\" height=\"719\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u4e03\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u970d\u52d2\u65af\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\uff08Horace Gray\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u5728\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6848\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u610f\u89c1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-619\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-8-650x1024.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-8-650x1024.jpg 650w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-8-190x300.jpg 190w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-8-768x1210.jpg 768w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-8.jpg 800w\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"901\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u516b\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6885\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u5bcc\u52d2\uff08Melville Fuller\uff09\u5728\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6848\u4e2d\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u5f02\u8bae\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u7eaa\u4e8b\u62a5\u300b\u4e8e1898\u5e743\u670830\u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u793e\u8bba\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6848\u88c1\u51b3\u7684\u5fe7\u8651\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8bf4\uff0c\u8be5\u88c1\u51b3\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6bd4\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u60f3\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u6295\u7968\u6743\u3002\u793e\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u2026\u2026\u4fee\u6539\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7edd\u5bf9\u9650\u5236\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u3002\u201d \u301018\u3011<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-620\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-9.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-9.png 538w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-9-224x300.png 224w\" alt=\"\" width=\"569\" height=\"761\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u4e5d\uff0c\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u201d \u2014\u2014\u300a\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u7eaa\u4e8b\u62a5\u300b\uff0c1898-03-30\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5bf9\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e00\u76f4\u4e89\u8bba\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u3002\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u53f2\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\uff0c\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u6216\u7236\u6bcd\u8eab\u4efd\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u65bd\u884c\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u5b50\u5973\u81ea\u52a8\u6388\u4e88\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u53c8\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd\u662f\u5426\u9002\u7528\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u5148\u4f8b\u4e5f\u6301\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u301019\u3011\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u201c\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7528\u571f\u5730\u4e4b\u627f\u634d\u536b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u7528\u8840\u8109\u4e4b\u627f\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u8d62\u5f97\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6848\u4ef6\u540e\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u5c45\u4f4f\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u30021901\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u5f97\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u57c3\u5c14\u5e15\u7d22\uff08El Paso\uff09\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u518d\u6b21\u5c06\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u5173\u8fdb\u76d1\u72f1\uff0c\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6848\u5b50\u7684\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u4ea4\u4e86$300 \u4fdd\u91ca\u91d1\u540e\u514d\u9664\u4e86\u6263\u62bc\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u53c8\u82b1\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd1\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u53c8\u8bc1\u660e\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u662f\u6709\u6743\u7559\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u30021902\u5e742\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e13\u5458\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u8c6a\uff08Walter D. Howe\uff09\u518d\u6b21\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u7559\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u30104\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\u540e7\u5e74\u6ca1\u6562\u518d\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u57281924\u5e74\u81f31926\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\uff08\u8840\u7edf\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u8fd8\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f81\u53ec\u5165\u4f0d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u8239\u961f\u4efb\u804c\u957f\u8fbe25\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u30108\u3011<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-621\" src=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-10.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-10.png 391w, https:\/\/usdandelion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-10-196x300.png 196w\" alt=\"\" width=\"464\" height=\"711\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u5341\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u56db\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u7684\u7b7e\u5b57\u3002 Wong Yoke Fun (\u9ec4\u6bd3\u7115); Wong Yook Sue (\u9ec4\u90c1\u8d50); Wong Yook Thue (\u9ec4\u6c83\u4fee); and Wong Yook Jim (\u9ec4\u6c83\u6cbe). National Archives and Records Administration\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u5728\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u5e26\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u82e6\u6da9\u79fb\u6c11\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u66fc\u8fbe\u00b7\u5f17\u7f57\u65af\u7279\uff08Amanda Frost\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u534e\u76db\u987f\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5979\u7684\u65b0\u4e66\u300a\u4f60\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff1a\u4ece\u5fb7\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u5230\u68a6\u60f3\u8005\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u300b\u63ed\u9732\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u6863\u6848\u9986\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u301020\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2019\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5f17\u7f57\u65af\u7279\u6559\u6388\u63a5\u5230\u4e00\u5c01\u4ece\u4e00\u4f4d\u6863\u6848\u4fdd\u7ba1\u5458\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff0c\u90ae\u4ef6\u4e0a\u9762\u5199\u6ee1\u4e86\u611f\u53f9\u53f7\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u50fb\u9759\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u5904\u7406\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u89c1\u8fc7\u600e\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u95f4\u6ca7\u6851\uff0c\u5374\u80fd\u53d1\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8b\u60c5\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u8e4a\u8df7\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u901a\u8fc7\u4eb2\u5c5e\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u79fb\u6c11\u6863\u6848\u91cc\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u201c\u9ec4\u90c1\u8cdc\u201d\uff08Wong Yook Sue\uff09\u7684\u6863\u6848\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e86\u3002\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9ec4\uff08Ernest J. Wong\uff0c Wong Hang Juen\uff09\u7684\u6863\u6848\u3002\u6863\u6848\u9996\u9875\u4e0d\u662f\u8f6e\u8239\u62b5\u7f8e\u7684\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u6000\u7591\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u8be2\u95ee\u7b14\u5f55\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9ec4\u7684\u81ea\u767d\u4e66\u301020\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9ec4\u662f\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u8054\u5408\u5e7f\u573a\u5fb7\u96f7\u514b\u9152\u5e97\uff08Drake Hotel\uff09\u7684\u53a8\u5e08\u30021960\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7528\u4e86\u6b3a\u8bc8\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u8c0e\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u201c\u9ec4\u90c1\u8d50\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u9012\u4ea4\u6c38\u4e45\u5c45\u6c11\uff08\u7eff\u5361\uff09\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u81ea\u767d\u4e66\u201d\u30104\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u767d\u4e66\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e0a\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u65f6\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u2018\u9ec4\u90c1\u8d50\u2019 \uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11 \u2026\u2026\u6211\u4e0e\u6211\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7236\u4eb2\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6beb\u65e0\u8840\u4eb2\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u201d\u30104\u3011\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u65e9\u5df2\u4e8e1932\u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u517b\u8001\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u6545\u91cc\uff0c\u57cb\u846c\u4e8e\u7956\u575f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u6709\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u957f\u5b50\u9ec4\u6bd3\u7115\u7591\u4f3c\u79fb\u6c11\u6b3a\u8bc8\uff0c\u6ca1\u80fd\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u79f0\u548c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u5374\u6210\u529f\u79fb\u6c11\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u513f\u5b50\u4eec\u201d\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6fc0\u52b1\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1910\u5e7410\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u957f\u5b50\u9ec4\u6bd3\u7115\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u5230\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\uff0c\u6ca1\u5165\u5883\u5c31\u88ab\u62d8\u7559\u5728\u5929\u4f7f\u79fb\u6c11\u5c9b\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u5728\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u5ba1\u8baf\u5ba4\u91cc\u8fde\u7eed\u51e0\u5929\u5206\u522b\u8be2\u95ee\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7236\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u6838\u5b9e\u53e3\u4f9b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u548c\u9ec4\u6bd3\u7115\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\u6709\u201c\u91cd\u5927\u201d\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c1910\u5e74\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u7531\u4e09\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u88c1\u5b9a\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u4eb2\u751f\u7236\u5b50\uff0c\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u6709\u6b3a\u8bc8\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u957f\u5b50\u9ec4\u6bd3\u7115\u53ea\u5f97\u4e8e1911\u5e741\u67089\u65e5\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u9ec4\u6bd3\u7115\u5728\u8001\u5bb6\u517b\u5bb6\u7167\u987e\u5f1f\u5f1f10\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f1f\u5f1f\u540e\u6765\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u4e5f\u662f\u544a\u8001\u8fd8\u4e61\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u548c\u9ec3\u6bd3\u7115\u5728\u5bb6\u4e61\u56e2\u805a\u30104\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\u76841924\u5e74\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u201c\u9ec4\u90c1\u8d50\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u62d8\u7559\u3001\u5ba1\u95ee\u3001\u9063\u8fd4\u88c1\u51b3\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u9ec4\u90c1\u8d50\u201d\u62d2\u7edd\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u9063\u8fd4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u63a8\u7ffb\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u8d62\u5f97\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u7559\u5728\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u301020\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u76841925\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u9ec4\u90c1\u8d50\u201d\u79fb\u6c11\u6210\u529f\u9f13\u821e\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u9ec4\u6c83\u4fee\u6a2a\u6e21\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5165\u7f8e\u3002\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u768411\u5c81\uff0c\u53ea\u67091.1\u7c73\u9ad8\uff084\u82f1\u5c3a2\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u7684\u5e7a\u5b50\u9ec4\u6c83\u6cbe\u6210\u529f\u5165\u7f8e\u30104, 20\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9ec4\u5728\u4f9b\u8bcd\u4e2d\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u58f0\u79f0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u201d\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u9ec4\u6c83\u6cbe\u662f\u4eb2\u751f\u513f\u5b50\u3002\u201d\u30104\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9ec4\uff08Ernest Wong\uff09\u7684\u81ea\u767d\uff0c\u540e\u4eba\u5c31\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u5728\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u571f\u5730\u4e4b\u627f\uff09\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u8fd0\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u8840\u8109\u4e4b\u627f\uff09\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u5e2e\u5176\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u58ee\u4e3d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u753b\u5377\u4e2d\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u7740\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e24\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u548c\u534e\u4eba\u5766\u767d\u4ea4\u4ee3\u8fd0\u52a8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u662f\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u6b3a\u9a97\u7684\u4e13\u6709\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79c1\u4e0b\u91cc\u7b7e\u5b9a\u4e00\u5f20\u534f\u8bae\u5e76\u4ed8\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u5165\u5883\u8bb8\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u9ec4\u91d1\u5fb7\u8d62\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u4e4b\u627f\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u540e\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u4eba\u53e3\u66b4\u6da8\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u751f\u6548\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u96be\u5ea6\u5927\u5927\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f2a\u9020\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u865a\u5047\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u53d6\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u30021906\u5e74\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5730\u9707\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u706b\uff0c\u5c06\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u70e7\u5f97\u5e72\u5e72\u51c0\u51c0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u636e\u53ef\u8003\u4e86\u30021901\u5e74\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u672c\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u5168\u90e8\u5c5e\u5b9e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u572825\u5e74\u524d\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6bcf\u4f4d\u534e\u4eba\u5987\u5973\u5e94\u81f3\u5c11\u6709500\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u201d\u00a0 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\uff08Everett F. Drumright\uff09\u5411\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u957f\u8fbe89\u9875\u7684\u767d\u76ae\u4e66\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5165\u5883\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u7f8e\u7c4d\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5047\u5192\u516c\u6c11\u513f\u5b50\u8eab\u4efd\u201c\u5408\u6cd5\u201d\u5165\u5883\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u8be5\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d3e\u9063\u95f4\u8c0d\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5e84\u83b1\u5fb7\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c1955\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u5fb7\u52a0\u00b7\u80e1\u4f5b\u5411\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u505a\u8fa8\u8bc1\u9648\u8ff0\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u8d64\u8272\u5206\u5b50\u7981\u4ee4\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u79fb\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5165\u5883\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5360\u5f88\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ed9\u7ea2\u8272\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u673a\u6784\u5b89\u63d2\u95f4\u8c0d\u4ee5\u53ef\u4e58\u4e4b\u673a\u3002\u201d 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