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Menezes\uff0c1687-1766\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4f7f\u56e2\u7ecf\u6fb3\u95e8\u62b5\u8fbe\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u9ea6\u5fb7\u4e50\u4f7f\u56e2\u5de7\u5999\u63f4\u5f15\u4e861720\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f0a\u5179\u8fc8\u6d1b\u592b\u4f7f\u56e2\u7684\u524d\u4f8b\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4eb2\u81ea\u5448\u9012\u56fd\u4e66\u81f3\u96cd\u6b63\u5e1d\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u884c\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\u793c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u4f7f\u8282\u5bf9\u6e05\u5e1d\u884c\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f461793\u5e74\u62b5\u8fbe\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\uff0c\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u613f\u5728\u793c\u8282\u4e0a\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7ec8\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u4e4b\u5c40\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u6e05\u4ee3\u53e9\u5934\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u4e8b\u4e2d\u897f\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u8db3\u53ef\u6c57\u725b\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e0d\u5fc5\u591a\u8bb2\uff0c\u53ea\u63d0\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u5728\u6e05\u671d\u65b9\u9762\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u89d0\u89c1\u4e4b\u65f6\u884c\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\u5934\u793c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4e5f\u8981\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e09\u4e16\u7684\u753b\u50cf\u524d\u884c\u540c\u7b49\u4e4b\u793c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u548c1720\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f0a\u5179\u8fc8\u6d1b\u592b\u6240\u505a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u7687\u5e1d\u5f53\u5e74\u62cd\u677f\u51b3\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u9a6c\u56fd\u8d24\u795e\u7236\u4e5f\u8bf4\u7684\u786e\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u8dea\u62dc\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u4eb2\u7b14\u56fd\u4e66\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e7e\u9686\u4e94\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081793\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5f7c\u65f6\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u65e9\u5df2\u5e73\u5b9a\u4e86\u51c6\u56de\u5404\u90e8\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u5929\u5c71\u5357\u5317\uff0c\u6614\u65e5\u897f\u57df\u663e\u8d6b\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u751a\u81f3\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u4e5f\u90fd\u4eb2\u81ea\u5230\u70ed\u6cb3\u6216\u5317\u4eac\u89d0\u89c1\u7687\u5e1d\u5e76\u884c\u8dea\u62dc\u5927\u793c\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6253\u7b97\u4ee5\u201c\u5341\u5168\u8001\u4eba\u201d\u540d\u5782\u540e\u4e16\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u5dc5\u5cf0\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5f53\u6b64\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u7740\u8fdc\u5728\u91cd\u6d0b\u7684\u533a\u533a\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u738b\u884c\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\u5927\u793c\uff0c\u4e0d\u557b\u662f\u5929\u65b9\u591c\u8c2d\u3002\u548c\u4f0a\u5179\u8fc8\u6d1b\u592b\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e00\u7edf\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/e64109d04d7ab411\" \/><\/div>\n<p>1793\u5e749\u670814\u65e5\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u5728\u70ed\u6cb3\u907f\u6691\u5c71\u5e84\u5927\u4e07\u6811\u56ed\u5185\u5355\u819d\u53e9\u89c1\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u63d0\u51fa\u5355\u819d\u8dea\u62dc\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u6b64\u7cfb\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8001\u5bb6\u5bf9\u82f1\u738b\u6240\u884c\u4e4b\u5927\u793c\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u5141\u8bb8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u7684\u968f\u884c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e54\u6cbb\u2022\u65af\u5f53\u4e1c\uff08George Staunton\uff0c1737-1801\uff0912\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e54\u6cbb\u2022\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u2022\u65af\u5f53\u4e1c\uff08George Thomas Staunton 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Alexandrovich Golovkin\uff0c1762-1846\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4f7f\u56e2\u53d1\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1806\u5e741\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e86\u5e93\u4f26\uff08\u4eca\u4e4c\u5170\u5df4\u6258\uff09\u3002\u6e05\u671d\u4e8e1761\u5e74\uff08\u4e7e\u9686\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u5e93\u4f26\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u529e\u4e8b\u5927\u81e3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\u62b5\u8fbe\u5e93\u4f26\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u5f97\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\u660e\u786e\u62d2\u7edd\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u884c\u53e9\u5934\u793c\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u82f1\u56fd\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u53e9\u5934\uff0c\u8db3\u89c1\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u4f7f\u884c\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u7406\u89e3\u5bf9\u534e\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6e05\u5ef7\u901a\u8fc7\u5e93\u4f26\u5927\u81e3\u8d50\u5bb4\u4fc4\u4f7f\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u4ea6\u8981\u6c42\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\u671d\u7740\u4ee3\u8868\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c4f\u98ce\u548c\u4e00\u5f20\u94fa\u7740\u660e\u9ec4\u8272\u5e03\u7684\u684c\u5b50\u53e9\u5934\uff0c\u4f46\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\u518d\u6b21\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8be5\u5bb4\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u8d50\u6210\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5c31\u793c\u9001\u4fc4\u4f7f\u4e00\u884c\u51fa\u5883\u8fd4\u56fd\u4e86\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\u7684\u5bb6\u4e16\u6050\u6015\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\u7684\u66fe\u7956\u5676\u83f2\u62c9\u2022\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947\u2022\u6208\u7f57\u592b\u91d1\uff08Gavrila Ivanovich Golovkin\uff0c1660-1734\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u7ea2\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8e1707\u5e74\u664b\u5347\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4f2f\u7235\uff0c1710\u5e74\u5c01\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u6c99\u7687\u4fc4\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u4f2f\u7235\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u628a\u6301\u6c99\u7687\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u5b64\u50b2\u4e0d\u9a6f\u3002\u5176\u66fe\u5b59\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\u7684\u718f\u9676\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u53e9\u62dc\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u793c\u4eea\u8868\u793a\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u624d\u771f\u662f\u5484\u5484\u602a\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u76841816\u5e74\uff08\u5609\u5e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7ee7\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u4f7f\u56e2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6d3e\u9063\u5a01\u5ec9\u2022\u963f\u7f8e\u58eb\u5fb7\uff08William Amherst\uff0c1773-1857\uff09\u5e26\u9886\u4f7f\u56e2\u524d\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u518d\u505a\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f7f\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u7687\u5e1d\u53e9\u5934\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u963f\u7f8e\u58eb\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u548c\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4ed6\u8eab\u4efd\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u884c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\u793c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5bf9\u5609\u5e86\u7687\u5e1d\u884c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u793c\u3002\u6e05\u5ef7\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u80af\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u5609\u5e86\u5e1d\u4e5f\u5f88\u751f\u6c14\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u963f\u7f8e\u58eb\u5fb7\u4e00\u884c\u867d\u7136\u8fdb\u4eac\u4e86\uff0c\u5374\u6700\u7ec8\u672a\u80fd\u89d0\u89c1\u5929\u989c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u7f8e\u58eb\u5fb7\u4f7f\u884c\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d74\u534e\u4f7f\u8282\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u662f\u548c\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u530d\u5310\u4e8e\u7687\u5e1d\u811a\u4e0b\u3002\u66fe\u57281793\u5e74\u4ee512\u5c81\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u8ddf\u968f\u9a6c\u560e\u5c14\u5c3c\u4e00\u8d77\u89d0\u89c1\u4e86\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u5e76\u83b7\u8d4f\u8377\u5305\u7b49\u7269\u7684\u5c0f\u65af\u5f53\u4e1c\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4f5c\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u57281816\u5e74\u5145\u4efb\u4e86\u963f\u7f8e\u58eb\u5fb7\u4f7f\u56e2\u7684\u526f\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u80fd\u591f\u8bfb\u61c2\u4e2d\u6587\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u62b1\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u597d\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u6587\u660e\u5c42\u7ea7\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u786e\u5904\u4e8e\u5e95\u5c42\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u51fa\u8eab\u5bcc\u8d35\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u4f4e\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/4445010a37e9599c\" \/><\/div>\n<p>1793\u5e74\u5355\u819d\u8dea\u89c1\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5c0f\u65af\u5f53\u4e1c\uff08George Thomas Staunton\uff09\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5c0f\u65af\u5f53\u4e1c\u8d5e\u6210\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u534e\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u89e3\u51b3\u8d38\u6613\u7ea0\u7eb7\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u793c\u4eea\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u7687\u5e1d\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4f4d\u7687\u5e1d\u521a\u521a\u5175\u8d25\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u5173\u62bc\u4e8e\u897f\u975e\u7684\u5723\u8d6b\u52d2\u62ff\u5c9b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\uff081769-1821\uff09\u3002\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><em>\u5927\u4f7f\u4eec\uff08ambassadors\uff09\u65e2\u4e0d\u4e0e\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\uff1b\u541b\u4e3b\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u5927\u4f7f\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u9519\u8bef\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u5c01\u5efa\u4e60\u4fd7\uff08feudal customs\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e60\u4fd7\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u662f\u6d3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u4f7f\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u5949\u884c\u6548\u5fe0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u4f7f\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u5c0a\u8363\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u6709\u6743\u8981\u6c42\u4f7f\u8282\u53e9\u5934\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u6267\u8ff7\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\uff08Court of St James&#8217;s\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u53bb\u8861\u91cf\u5317\u4eac\u5bab\u5ef7\u7684\u793c\u4eea\uff1b\u5176\u5b9e\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u539f\u5219\u65e9\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ea4\u6d89\u548c\u793c\u4eea\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u4f7f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u5728\u51fa\u4f7f\u56fd\u5f53\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u548c\u4ed6\u540c\u7b49\u5b98\u8854\u7684\u8981\u5458\u4eec\u540c\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53bb\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u514b\u670d\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u8bad\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u4f7f\u4eec\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u53e9\u5934\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u6309\u7167\u672c\u56fd\u738b\u516c\u5927\u81e3\u4eec\u5e94\u884c\u7684\u793c\u8282\u884c\u793c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u98ce\u4fd7\uff0c\u4f60\u65b9\u53ef\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\u66f4\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u5916\u56fd\u4e4b\u5185\u5bf9\u5176\u56fd\u541b\u606d\u884c\u4eea\u8282\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5408\u9002\u548c\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u62d2\u7edd\u53e9\u5934\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u8ba1\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u540e\u679c\u7684\u8bdd<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u89c1\uff0c\u5047\u82e5\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6ca1\u6709\u5175\u8d25\u800c\u662f\u7ee7\u7eed\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u53bb\u5e76\u6d3e\u9063\u4f7f\u8282\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u4f7f\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5927\u6e05\u7687\u5e1d\u4e09\u8dea\u4e5d\u53e9\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6e05\u671d\u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5931\u8d25\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e1842\u5e74\u540c\u82f1\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u55e3\u540e\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u5916\u6761\u7ea6\u8fd8\u5e76\u672a\u6d89\u53ca\u6b27\u7f8e\u516c\u4f7f\u5165\u4eac\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e76\u672a\u5bf9\u89d0\u89c1\u5927\u6e05\u7687\u5e1d\u793c\u4eea\u9020\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5bf9\u53e9\u5934\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1859\u5e745\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4ee5\u65b0\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5168\u6743\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4e58\u5750\u84b8\u6c7d\u5de1\u9632\u8230\u5b9d\u54c8\u5766\u53f7\uff08Powhatan\uff09\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u5176\u4f7f\u547d\u662f\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u4ea4\u63621858\u5e74\u7684\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u9012\u4ea4\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u7684\u4eb2\u7b14\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u94a6\u5dee\u5927\u81e3\u6842\u826f\u548c\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3\u65e9\u5df2\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b49\u5019\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u4e00\u8d77\u5546\u8c08\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4e09\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u7740\u6025\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u4f4d\u94a6\u5dee\u5374\u4e0d\u6e29\u4e0d\u706b\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4f7f\u56e2\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u79d8\u4e66\u536b\u4e09\u754f\uff08Samuel Wells Williams\uff0c1812-1884\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6309\u671f\u6362\u7ea6\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4f1a\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u51c6\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u517c\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u65e9\u57281848\u5e74\u5c31\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u603b\u8bba\u300b\uff08The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Education, Social Life, Arts, Religion, &amp;c., of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants\uff09\uff0c\u4e43\u5f53\u65f6\u5f88\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u8bfb\u8005\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u3002\u4e2d\u65b9\u5f53\u65f6\u53eb\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u201c\u536b\u5ec9\u58eb\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f7f\u56e2\u7684\u201c\u526f\u4f7f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/377cd97718d4c9ca\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u536b\u4e09\u754f1848\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u603b\u8bba\u300b\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u98ce\u60c5\u7684\u63d2\u56fe\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u968f\u4ece\u3001\u5c0f\u8d29\u3001\u884c\u8005\u548c\u5987\u5973\uff1b\u724c\u574a\u4e0a\u4e66\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u603b\u8bba\u201d\u56db\u5b57\uff0c\u5185\u914d\u82f1\u6587\u6807\u9898The Middle Kingdom\u3002\u724c\u574a\u5de6\u53f3\u4e3a\u6979\u8054\u4e00\u5e45\uff0c\u4e0a\u8054\u4e66\u201c\u4ec1\u8005\u7231\u4eba\u7531\u4eb2\u53ca\u758e\u201d\uff0c\u4e0b\u8054\u4e66\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u4e4b\u4eba\u6709\u5723\u8005\u4e5f\u201d\uff0c\u5747\u7cfb\u5b54\u5b5f\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e24\u53e5\u653e\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4ea6\u6709\u6df1\u610f\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e00\u884c\u5f88\u5feb\u5317\u62b5\u5929\u6d25\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e7\u67088\u65e5\u5728\u5317\u5858\u4f1a\u89c1\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763\u6052\u798f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e03\u653f\u4f7f\u6587\u715c\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6765\u610f\u3002\u4f1a\u6664\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5f88\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u4e8b\u540e\u6052\u798f\u548c\u6587\u715c\u4e0a\u594f\u54b8\u4e30\u7687\u5e1d\u8bf4\u201c\u7c73\u914b\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u201d\u7b49\u4eba\u201c\u8bcd\u610f\u9887\u4e3a\u606d\u987a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u756a\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u7531\u5317\u5858\u767b\u9646\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u9664\u4e66\u5199\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b57\u768410\u4eba\u5458\u5f79\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f7f\u56e2\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc720\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6570\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6e05\u671d\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e00\u4e9b\u671d\u8d21\u5916\u85e9\u7684\u8fdb\u4eac\u4f7f\u56e2\u9650\u989d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5f88\u5feb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e8620\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4f7f\u56e2\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u75c5\u4e0d\u80fd\u524d\u5f80\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6700\u540e\u52a8\u8eab\u8fdb\u4eac\u7684\u4e00\u517119\u4eba\uff0c\u52a010\u540d\u4e66\u5458\uff0c\u5171\u8ba129\u4eba\u3002\u572819\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5168\u6743\u516c\u4f7f\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u519b\u5b98\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4eba\u4e3a\u536b\u4e09\u754f\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u534f\u7406\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4eba\u662f\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\uff0c\u5373William A. P. Martin\uff081827-1916\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/66a5123b4210e979\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f7f\u56e2\u8fdb\u4eac\u9014\u4e2d\u3002\u9009\u81ea\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\uff1a\u300a\u82b1\u7532\u8bb0\u5fc6\u300b(A Cycle of Cathay\uff0cNew York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1896)\uff0c\u7b2c203\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\uff08Presbyterian church\uff09\u7684\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u4e8e1850\u5e74\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4e8e1858\u5e74\u534f\u52a9\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u5217\u536b\u5ec9\u540c\u5317\u4eac\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u53c8\u968f\u540c\u65b0\u4efb\u516c\u4f7f\u5165\u4eac\u6362\u7ea6\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u65e5\u540e\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u51fa\u4efb\u4e86\u4eac\u5e08\u540c\u6587\u9986\u603b\u6559\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eac\u5e08\u5927\u5b66\u5802\u897f\u5b66\u603b\u6559\u4e60\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e43\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\u9887\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u672c\u6b21\u4f7f\u884c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u62c5\u4efb\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6e05\u671d\u4ece\u5927\u81e3\u5230\u7687\u5e1d\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u4eac\u6362\u7ea6\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u653e\u5fc3\uff0c\u603b\u89c9\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u820d\u5f03\u82f1\u6cd5\u4fc4\u7b49\u56fd\u5355\u72ec\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u6b8a\u4e3a\u8be1\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u65b9\u8981\u4ee3\u4fc4\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u634e\u7ed9\u4fc4\u56fd\u9a7b\u4eac\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u5317\u4eac\u671d\u5ef7\u6000\u7591\u7f8e\u4fc4\u4e8c\u5937\u610f\u6b32\u4e32\u8054\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u4eac\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u541b\u81e3\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e5f\u5927\u8d39\u5468\u7ae0\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u56de\u3002\u6052\u798f\u548c\u6587\u715c\u5411\u54b8\u4e30\u5e1d\u63d0\u8bae\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5165\u4eac\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e00\u6761\u662f\u4ece\u5317\u5858\u9646\u8def\u8d70\u5230\u5929\u6d25\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u6c34\u8def\u62b5\u8fbe\u901a\u5dde\u540e\u5165\u4eac\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u662f\u7531\u5317\u5858\u9646\u8def\u884c\u81f3\u9999\u6cb3\uff0c\u81ea\u9999\u6cb3\u7531\u6c34\u8def\u62b5\u8fbe\u901a\u5dde\u540e\u5165\u4eac\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5929\u6d25\u4eba\u70df\u7a20\u5bc6\uff0c\u5937\u4eba\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u8bdd\u6050\u6015\u60ca\u6270\u5f53\u5730\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5982\u8d70\u9999\u6cb3\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u201c\u7c73\u5937\u201d\u62d2\u7edd\u6b64\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u90a3\u518d\u8d70\u5929\u6d25\u4e0d\u8fdf\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u9632\u5b88\u5929\u6d25\u7684\u50e7\u683c\u6797\u6c81\u4e5f\u4e0a\u594f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7c73\u5937\u610f\u56fe\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5929\u6d25\u57ce\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u7687\u5e1d\u56de\u590d\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u6761\uff0c\u65ad\u4e0d\u53ef\u52d2\u4ee4\u5176\u53ea\u8d70\u9999\u6cb3\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u5bf9\u65b9\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4e5f\u662f\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u521a\u521a\u548c\u82f1\u6cd5\u5728\u5927\u6cbd\u53e3\u5916\u53d1\u751f\u6218\u4e8b\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6052\u798f\u3001\u6587\u715c\u548c\u50e7\u683c\u6797\u6c81\u5546\u91cf\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u8ba9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5148\u4ece\u5317\u5858\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9646\u8def\u884c\u8d70\u81f3\u519b\u7cae\u57ce\uff0c\u7531\u519b\u7cae\u57ce\u5230\u5317\u4ed3\u4e0a\u8239\uff0c\u6c34\u8def\u76f4\u62b5\u901a\u5dde\u540e\u5165\u4eac\u3002\u5317\u4ed3\u8ddd\u79bb\u5929\u6d25\u57ce\u4e8c\u5341\u91cc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u884c\u8d70\u4e86\u5929\u6d25\u5730\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u96be\u7aa5\u5929\u6d25\u865a\u5b9e\u3002\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e00\u884c\u679c\u7136\u662f\u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u65b9\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\u8fdb\u4eac\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u5317\u5858\u9a91\u9a6c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u519b\u7cae\u57ce\uff0c\u5230\u5317\u4ed3\u540e\u4e58\u5750\u4e24\u8258\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u8239\u5317\u4e0a\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u901a\u5dde\uff0c\u4e8e7\u670828\u65e5\u8fdb\u5165\u5317\u4eac\u5e76\u5165\u4f4f\u65e9\u5c31\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\u597d\u7684\u9986\u820d\u3002\u4e2d\u65b9\u65e9\u5c31\u8d23\u4ee4\u8d1f\u8d23\u62a4\u9001\u7684\u6e05\u6cb3\u9053\u5d07\u539a\u7b49\u4eba\u548c\u6cbf\u9014\u6587\u6b66\u5404\u5b98\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4e00\u8def\u4e0a\u8981\u201c\u4e0d\u52a8\u58f0\u8272\uff0c\u5bc6\u52a0\u9632\u8303\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6000\u7591\u6212\u5907\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n<div><img 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src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/ca28a6e62e69a160\" \/><\/div>\n<p>2011\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u4e8c\u4e16\u5728\u767d\u91d1\u6c49\u5bab\u52a0\u5c01\u82f1\u56fd\u6f14\u5458\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u2022\u798f\u8d5b\u65af\uff08Bruce Forsyth, 1928-2017\uff09\u7537\u7235\u3002\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u5355\u819d\u8dea\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u51f3\u57ab\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u7cfb\u82f1\u738b\u5ba4\u73b0\u5728\u52a0\u5c01\u7235\u4f4d\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u8dea\u793c\u60c5\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u4ea4\u8c08\u7684\u94a6\u5dee\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u770b\uff0c\u4e5f\u7b97\u662f\u66fe\u7ecf\u51fa\u56fd\u516c\u5e72\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u4ed6\u65e9\u5c31\u4e8e\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u53731845\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u51fa\u4f7f\u671d\u9c9c\u518c\u5c01\u738b\u5983\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u5916\u4e4e\u662f\u5e38\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u793c\u4eea\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u81ea\u81e3\u670d\u5927\u6e05\u4ee5\u6765\u884c\u4e8b\u4e00\u8d2f\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u4e8b\u5927\u4e4b\u793c\u65e0\u7a0d\u6020\u6162\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3\u4e5f\u5b9e\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u89c1\u5230\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u7f8e\u53cc\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5dee\u522b\u6781\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793c\u4eea\u4ea4\u8c08\u9677\u5165\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u6842\u826f\u7b49\u63d0\u8bae\u8bf4\uff0c\u9762\u89c1\u7687\u5e1d\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u524d\u9762\u653e\u7f6e\u4e00\u5f20\u56f4\u7740\u5e03\u5e18\u5b50\u7684\u684c\u5b50\uff0c\u8ba9\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8981\u8dea\u62dc\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u89d0\u89c1\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u505a\u51fa\u6b32\u8dea\u4e4b\u52bf\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e24\u540d\u5bab\u5ef7\u4f8d\u4ece\u8fde\u5fd9\u4e0a\u524d\u633d\u4f4f\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u7684\u80f3\u818a\u5e76\u8bf4\u201c\u4e0d\u8981\u8dea\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u8dea\u201d\u3002\u6842\u826f\u7b49\u6b32\u4ee5\u6b64\u6298\u4e2d\u529e\u6cd5\u6765\u505a\u8c03\u548c\uff0c\u4f46\u54b8\u4e30\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u540c\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e8b\u540e\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5b81\u613f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec[\u6307\u5bab\u5ef7\u4f8d\u4ece]\u662f\u8981\u6309\u7740\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4e0b\u8dea\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u8dea\u3002\u201d\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u4e5f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u542c\u8bf4\u7687\u5e1d\u4e3a\u6b64\u975e\u5e38\u751f\u6c14\uff0c\u4f46\u4f9d\u65e7\u5141\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u5230\u5317\u5858\u6362\u7ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u89d0\u89c1\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6cd5\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u628a\u56fd\u4e66\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u82b1\u6c99\u7eb3\u548c\u6842\u826f\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee3\u9012\u7ed9\u54b8\u4e30\u7687\u5e1d\u30028\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e00\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u79bb\u4eac\u56de\u8fd4\u5929\u6d25\u3002\u56de\u5230\u5317\u5858\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u52a9\u7406\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53f6\u97ea\u826f\uff08William Aitchison, 1826-1859\uff09\u75c5\u60c5\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u88ab\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u5317\u5858\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u505c\u6cca\u5730\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u4e66\u91cc\uff0c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u53f6\u97ea\u826f\u63d0\u524d\u5199\u597d\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u4f24\u611f\u7684\u633d\u8bd7\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><em>\u52ff\u8ba9\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5408\u4e0a\u6211\u505c\u6b62\u7684\u773c\uff0c<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u6216\u9644\u8033\u503e\u542c\u6211\u6700\u540e\u7684\u9f3b\u606f\uff1b<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u6559\u5802\u540e\u9662\u5e76\u975e\u6211\u7684\u5b89\u606f\u4e4b\u6240\uff1b<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u52ff\u8ba9\u5723\u5c18\u843d\u6211\u80f8\u524d\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u52ff\u8ba9\u6211\u4e5f\u5728\u524d\u4eba\u957f\u7720\u4e4b\u5730\u6c89\u7761\uff1b<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u6211\u6240\u631a\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u513f\u52ff\u8981\u5728\u6211\u7684\u4e0a\u65b9\u62bd\u6ce3\uff01<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u52ff\u8981\u5893\u7891\u6807\u660e\u6b64\u5904\uff0c<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u5373\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u8eaf\u8981\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u571f\u5757\u4e0b\u9762\u8150\u673d\u4e4b\u5730<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>16\u65e5\uff0c\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e00\u884c\u5728\u5317\u5858\u4e0e\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763\u6052\u798f\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6362\u7ea6\uff0c\u5176\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u547d\u7b97\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u6052\u798f\u5728\u7ed9\u54b8\u4e30\u5e1d\u7684\u594f\u6298\u91cc\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u5317\u5858\u6362\u7ea6\u4e43\u662f\u201c\u7687\u4e0a\u5723\u5fb7\u5982\u5929\uff0c\u66f2\u52a0\u4f53\u6064\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6362\u7ea6\u4ee5\u540e\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5219\u201c\u611f\u6234\u7687\u4ec1\uff0c\u6b23\u6b22\u65e0\u65e2\u201d\uff1b\u5176\u5b9e\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u79cd\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u7686\u7cfb\u8ba8\u7687\u5e1d\u6b22\u5fc3\u7684\u5957\u8bdd\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6362\u7ea6\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u4e24\u56fd\u6062\u590d\u548c\u597d\uff0c\u6052\u798f\u7b49\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u628a\u4e4b\u524d\u5728\u540c\u82f1\u6cd5\u4ea4\u6218\u65f6\u5019\u4fd8\u864f\u7684\u4e24\u540d\u6218\u4fd8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u848b\u5341\u5761\u201d\u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u848b\u5341\u5761\u5b9e\u662fJohn Powers\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u4ed6\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u5317\u5858\u5374\u6539\u53e3\u8bf4\u4ed6\u662f\u751f\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u3002\u534e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u7b49\u4eba\u8d39\u4e86\u597d\u5927\u7684\u529b\u6c14\uff0c\u5411\u6052\u798f\u7b49\u8bb2\u660e\u4e86\u848b\u5341\u5761\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u7cfb\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e26\u56de\u6218\u4fd8\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u848b\u5341\u5761\u771f\u7684\u662f\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u6052\u798f\u7b49\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u8ba9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5e26\u8d70\u848b\u5341\u5761\u3002\u7f8e\u65b9\u8bb0\u8f7d\u8bf4\u848b\u5341\u5761\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7f8e\u65b9\u628a\u4ed6\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u201c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7701\u201d\uff0c\u5373Province of Canada\uff1b\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u662f1867\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u5efa\u800c\u6210\u7684\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6362\u7ea6\u4e24\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u4ee5\u540e\u76841859\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u7687\u5bb6\u4e9a\u6d32\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u5ba3\u8bfb\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u8fdb\u4eac\u8bb0\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4ed6\u8fdb\u4eac\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u517c\u53ca\u4e00\u8def\u4e0a\u6240\u89c1\u7684\u5317\u5858\u3001\u901a\u5dde\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u98ce\u571f\u6c11\u60c5\u3002\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u8868\u793a\u6574\u4e2a\u8d74\u4eac\u524d\u540e\u90fd\u662f\u6e05\u671d\u65b9\u9762\u70ed\u60c5\u63a5\u5f85\u7684\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u5bf9\u5f85\u5916\u85e9\u671d\u8d21\u7684\u5178\u578b\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u9644\u4e0a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u9c8d\u72c4\u57c3\uff08Par G. 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