{"id":52645,"date":"2025-09-11T16:35:42","date_gmt":"2025-09-11T08:35:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=52645"},"modified":"2025-09-11T17:11:46","modified_gmt":"2025-09-11T09:11:46","slug":"%e4%b8%ad%e7%be%8e%e6%b5%ae%e6%a2%a6%e5%bd%95%ef%b8%b1%e9%95%82%e6%96%90%e8%bf%aa%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%9b%bd%e6%83%85%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=52645","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6d6e\u68a6\u5f55\ufe31\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u544a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\u4f5c\u8005: \u738b\u5143\u5d07\u00a0 \u00a0\u6765\u6e90: \u6f8e\u6e43\u65b0\u95fb \u2219 \u6f8e\u6e43\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

\u3010\u6309\u8bed\u3011<\/p>\n

1871\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7ed9\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u957f\u957f\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5236\u5b9a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u63d0\u4f9b\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e4b\u95f4\u589e\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u79ef\u6dc0\u4e0b\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4eca\u5929\u6253\u5f00\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7684\u6545\u7eb8\u5806\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5e76\u4e0d\u9065\u8fdc\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e3a\u6807\u6746\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u8def\u4e0a\u5954\u8dd1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6216\u8bb8\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u522b\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/u><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u7687\u6743\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b<\/p>\n

1871\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u540c\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5bd2\u98ce\u8086\u8650\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9542\u6590\u8fea\uff08Frederick Ferdinand Low\uff0c1828-1894\uff09\u5728\u6bd7\u90bb\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u7684\u4e1c\u6c5f\u7c73\u5df7\u7684\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u5185\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u53d1\u7ed9\u4e86\u8fdc\u5728\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u2022\u83f2\u4ec0\uff08Hamilton Fish\uff0c1869-1877\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u62df\u5b9a\u5bf9\u534e\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u65f6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u662f1869\u5e74\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\uff0c\u4e8e1870\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u8d70\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4efb\uff0c\u201c\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u201d\u662f\u6e05\u671d\u5916\u4ea4\u673a\u6784\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u79f0\u547c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u9542\u6c0f\u66fe\u5728 1862-1863\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u4f1a\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\uff0c1863-1867\u5e74\u51fa\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e5d\u4efb\u52a0\u5dde\u5dde\u957f\uff0c\u5728\u5b98\u573a\u7684\u6478\u722c\u6eda\u6253\u4e2d\u5386\u7ec3\u51fa\u4e86\u654f\u9510\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u5bdf\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4efb\u4e0a\u5199\u8fd9\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u7ea6\u300a\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u521a\u597d27\u5e74\uff0c\u79bb\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u5165\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac\u5219\u4e0d\u6ee19\u5e74\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5df2\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u62b5\u8fbe\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u8702\u62e5\u5165\u534e\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u575b\u9ad8\u5c42\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4ecd\u65e7\u662f\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u30021870\u5e74\u590f\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u653b\u51fb\u6cd5\u82f1\u7f8e\u7b49\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u4f59\u6ce2\u6b64\u65f6\u5c1a\u672a\u6563\u5c3d\uff0c\u4e2d\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u56e0\u6b64\u6559\u6848\u4ecd\u5728\u4f4e\u8c37\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5f53\u6b64\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c40\u52bf\u4ea6\u5c5e\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\u3002\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9542\u6590\u8fea\uff08Frederick Ferdinand Low\uff0c1828-1894\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6d69\u5982\u70df\u6d77\u7684\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5916\u4ea4\u6587\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7684\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u5e76\u4e0d\u8d77\u773c\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u56f4\u7ed5\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u4e2d\u4e5f\u89c1\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u8e2a\u5f71\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u57cb\u6ca1\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1f\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u7684\u9996\u4efd\u957f\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u591a\u5143\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6211\u4eec<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u591a\u5143\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u751f\u957f\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6562\u8f7b\u8a00\u201c\u61c2\u4e86\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

1920\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u987e\u9889\u521a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u5c42\u7d2f\u5730\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u53f2\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a\u5e74\u4ee3\u6108\u5f80\u540e\uff0c\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u53e4\u53f2\u671f\u6108\u957f\u800c\u4e14\u53e4\u53f2\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\u6108\u653e\u5927\u3002\u987e\u6c0f\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u7591\u53e4\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u540e\u6765\u201c\u53e4\u53f2\u8fa8\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u5f00\u5c71\u9f3b\u7956\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u76841909\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4e1c\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u767d\u9e1f\u5e93\u5409\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u201c\u5c27\u821c\u79b9\u62b9\u6740\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c27\u821c\u79b9\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u4e66\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u987e\u9889\u521a\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5219\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u79b9\u662f\u6761\u866b\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u9707\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u5173\u5c27\u821c\u79b9\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u6bd420\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u90a3\u6279\u5b66\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u53c8\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd8\u662f\u8d70\u5728\u987e\u9889\u521a\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5c42\u7d2f\u800c\u653e\u5927\u7684\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u4e4b\u8def\u4e0a\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e0a\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8d44\u6599\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u624d\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u660e\u6e05\u65f6\u4ee3\u52a8\u8f84\u6c57\u725b\u5145\u680b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u5f88\u591a\u7fd4\u5b9e\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e86\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u591a\u5be1\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u7a7f\u900f\u5c42\u7d2f\u5730\u6784\u6210\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u5386\u53f2\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6070\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8bfb\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u5c42\u7d2f\u5730\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6e05\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\uff0c\u4f46\u548c\u987e\u6c0f\u6240\u8a00\u7684\u53e4\u53f2\u89c2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6e05\u4ee3\u7279\u522b\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u8ff0\u5927\u62b5\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5957\u8def\u201d\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7247\u9762\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u6279\u8bc4\u751a\u6216\u8d2c\u4f4e\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5168\u9762\u5377\u5165\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u53ca\u53c8\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7247\u9762\u7406\u89e3\u52a0\u901f\u5730\u53e0\u52a0\uff0c\u5c42\u7d2f\u5730\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65f6\u4ee3\u6108\u9760\u8fd1\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6108\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u2014\u2014\u6e05\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u622a\u7136\u4e8c\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u201c\u843d\u540e\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4eca\u624d\u662f\u201c\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u201d\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6545\u5f80\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u4e0e\u4eca\u65e5\u53d1\u751f\u73b0\u5b9e\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u8054\u7ed3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5fc3\u5730\u56de\u5934\u8ba4\u53ef\u90a3\u5355\u4e00\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u544a\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5b9e\u60c5\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4ee5\u6279\u8bc4\u6e05\u671d\u201c\u843d\u540e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u505c\u6ede\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u3002\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u8bdd\u8bed\u53ca\u6807\u51c6\u53bb\u8003\u5bdf\u3001\u6846\u5b9a\u4e43\u81f3\u8bc4\u5224\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u96be\u514d\u4f1a\u626d\u66f2\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5728\u504f\u5dee\u4e4b\u4e0a\u518d\u52a0\u4e00\u5c42\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u4ece\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8003\u5bdf\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u60c5\u666f\u5e26\u5165\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u540c\u60c5\u4e4b\u7406\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u6df1\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5c1a\u5728\u8bfb\u4e66\u7684\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u6587\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bfb\u5230\u9542\u6c0f\u8fd9\u4efd\u957f\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee4\u4eba\u773c\u524d\u4e00\u4eae\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8c08\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u4e3a\u5b66\u754c\u6240\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u6570\u548c\u672f\u8bed150\u5e74\u6765\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e00\u95e8\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u9605\u8bfb\u6750\u6599\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u5f88\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6bd4\u7167\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u4e0d\u505c\u8be2\u95ee\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u51b5\u62a5\u544a\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u8da3\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5f53\u65e5\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u89c1\u6240\u601d\u7684\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u4ecd\u65f6\u4e0d\u65f6\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u9542\u6c0f\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53ca\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u5c0f\u6807\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u544a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u603b\u8bba\u548c\u884c\u653f\u60c5\u51b5<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u590d\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u9884\u89c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7cbe\u786e\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4ed8\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u53bb\u505a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u670950\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u201c\u771f\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709100\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bc1\u660e\u201c\u771f\u76f8\u662f\u5047\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u6240\u8a00\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6709\u610f\u65e0\u610f\u5730\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u6210\u4e3a\u65f6\u9ae6\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u5f20\u53e3\u5c31\u6765\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5982\u4f55\u5982\u4f55\u201d\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5982\u4f55\u201d\uff0c\u6b8a\u4e0d\u77e5\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u573a\u666f\u548c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u662f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u5730\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u503e\u5411\u4e00\u79cd\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08absolute despotism\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u5730\u770b\uff0c\u53c8\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08democracy\uff09\u6e17\u900f\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u6784\u67b6\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e3a\u6c11\u610f\u6240\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e13\u5236\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u65b9\u538b\u5012\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u7687\u5e1d\u4eab\u53d7\u4f9d\u7167\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5148\u4f8b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u5982\u679c\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u9c9c\u6709\u6210\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6df7\u5408\u201d\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5728\u4e0a\u7684\u7687\u6743\u5176\u5b9e\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u5c31\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u671d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u9605\u8bfb\u9ec4\u4ec1\u5b87\u7684\u300a\u4e07\u5386\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b54\u98de\u5229\u7684\u300a\u53eb\u9b42\uff1a1768\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5996\u672f\u5927\u6050\u614c\u300b\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u662f\u660a\u5929\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6839\u57fa\uff1b\u4ed6\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u7684\u9886\u4e3b\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u5207\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u6625\u8015\u79cb\u6536\u3001\u98de\u9ec4\u817e\u8fbe\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff1b\u6240\u670916\u5c81\u523060\u5c81\u7684\u7537\u6027\u968f\u65f6\u542c\u4ed6\u8c03\u9063\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6548\u547d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u662f\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u7687\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\u8bc6\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u56db\u4e07\u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u4e3e\u4e16\u65e0\u53cc\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u4e0e\u613f\u8fdd\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u865a\u5f31\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u4e86\u89e3\u6c49\u671d\u8463\u4ef2\u8212\u4ee5\u964d\u5929\u6388\u541b\u6743\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u5373\u201c\u5929\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u6240\u8a00\u5373\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u666e\u5929\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u738b\u571f\uff1b\u7387\u571f\u4e4b\u6ee8\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u738b\u81e3\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5199\u4f5c\u62a5\u544a\u76841871\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u521a\u521a\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u3001\u637b\u519b\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u5317\u56de\u53d8\u7684\u5267\u70c8\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u5143\u6c14\u5927\u4f24\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u7763\u629a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7a7a\u524d\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u9542\u6c0f\u6709\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u5341\u5206\u865a\u5f31\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\u5341\u516b\u884c\u7701\uff0c\u8bbe\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5b98\u5458\u5747\u7531\u7687\u5e1d\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u5728\u4e8e\u534f\u52a9\u4e2d\u592e\u5bf9\u5730\u65b9\u884c\u4f7f\u884c\u653f\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7701\u4efd\u4ece\u5404\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u90fd\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\uff08independent tributary states\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u7701\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7cfb\u4efb\u547d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u611f\u53d7\u4e0d\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5a01\u4e25\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u63a8\u5d07\u201c\u5dde\u6743\u201d\uff08State rights\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u557b\u68a6\u60f3\u7167\u8fdb\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u4e2d\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u7701\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4ece\u660e\u671d\u5341\u4e94\u5e03\u653f\u4f7f\u53f8\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5185\u5730\u5341\u516b\u884c\u7701\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u62ec\u6e05\u671d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c06\u519b\u6216\u5927\u81e3\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u3001\u5185\u5916\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u65b0\u7586\u548c\u897f\u85cf\u7b49\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u5728\u9542\u6c0f\u5199\u62a5\u544a\u76841871\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u7586\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e\u8fd8\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u72ec\u5efa\u7701\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u81f3\u5c11\u81ea\u5eb7\u7199\u671d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7701\u4efd\u5217\u8868\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6b6218\u4e2a\uff0c\u201c\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u201d\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u6587\u4e66\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u9542\u6c0f\u628a\u884c\u7701\u89c6\u4e3a\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e00\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e8c\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5bf9\u5404\u7701\u5185\u8d21\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5404\u7701\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u8981\u8fdb\u8d21\u671d\u5ef7\uff09\u6709\u6240\u63a5\u89e6\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5e73\u606f\u6ca1\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u665a\u6e05\u7763\u629a\u6743\u529b\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u81a8\u80c0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u5bf9\u5730\u65b9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u76f8\u5bf9\u660e\u663e\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1900\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u6821\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7537\u5b69\u513f\u624b\u7ed8\u7684\u201c\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u7701\u201d\u56fe\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u85cf\uff0c50*50\u5398\u7c73\uff0c\u5f69\u8272\uff0c\u7f16\u53f72002626767\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u56fe\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u6e05\u671d\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f<\/p>\n

\u7701\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u8f96\u533a\u5185\u5927\u6743\u7edf\u63fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u653e\u5730\u5951\u3001\u5f81\u6536\u5730\u79df\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u7a0e\u7387\u53ca\u5f81\u7a0e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u7a0e\u6b3e\u7684\u5f81\u6536\u2014\u2014\u5b9e\u9645\u7a0e\u989d\u6bd4\u4e2d\u592e\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5e74\u7a0e\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u591a\u51fa\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7528\u4e8e\u8865\u8d34\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u82b1\u9500\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7279\u522b\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u9014\u5f84\u5f81\u7a0e\u6765\u8865\u8d34\u6025\u7528\u3002\u7701\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u8d1f\u6709\u7ef4\u6301\u5404\u81ea\u8f96\u533a\u5185\u548c\u5e73\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u51fb\u9000\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4b\u654c\u548c\u9547\u538b\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f97\u62c9\u8d77\u519b\u961f\u5e76\u517b\u6d3b\u5176\u8425\u4f0d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e76\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6210\u89c4\u53ef\u4f9d\u5faa\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u5206\u5185\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e71\u5b50\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5f80\u5f80\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u9769\u804c\u6216\u964d\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b9e\u884c\u201c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u201d\u4e4b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u9042\u4ece\u4e09\u6743\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u5bdf\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5f81\u7a0e\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u7cfb\u54b8\u4e30\u540c\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\u671d\u5ef7\u4e3a\u4e86\u56db\u5904\u9547\u538b\u5404\u5730\u8d77\u4e49\u800c\u653e\u624b\u8ba9\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5f81\u7a0e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1853\u5e74\u6c5f\u82cf\u8bd5\u70b9\u5f81\u6536\u7a0e\u7387\u4e3a\u4e00\u5398\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u7a0e\u201c\u5398\u91d1\u201d\uff0c\u5398\u91d1\u540e\u6765\u53d8\u6210\u665a\u6e05\u8d22\u7a0e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u76f4\u52301931\u5e74\u624d\u88ab\u6c11\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u7ec8\u5e9f\u6b62\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u60e9\u5904\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u521a\u521a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5929\u6d25\u6559\u6848\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u5317\u4eac\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5904\u7f6e\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u73a9\u5ffd\u804c\u5b88\u548c\u821e\u5f0a\u6789\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u90a3\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u9547\u538b\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u53c2\u7167\u524d\u4f8b\uff0c\u6d41\u532a\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u62db\u5b89\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u5b98\u534a\u804c\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u94f6\u5b50\uff0c\u89e3\u6563\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u3002\u5047\u5982\u5fc5\u987b\u52a8\u7528\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u90a3\u4e00\u5957\u4e86\uff0c\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u6d88\u706d\u5e72\u51c0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u6d3b\u53e3\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u540e\u60a3\u201d\u3002\u9547\u538b\u53db\u4e71\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e34\u8fd1\u7701\u4efd\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u94b1\u51fa\u4eba\u534f\u52a9\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u5404\u7701\u9700\u8981\u72ec\u81ea\u7ef4\u62a4\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5730\u65b9\u8981\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u8350\u3001\u4efb\u547d\u4e0b\u8f96\u5c5e\u5b98\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a8\u8350\u9700\u8981\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6781\u5c11\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc1\u5ef6\u4e0d\u6279\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u63a8\u8350\u4e5f\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u573a\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\u672c\u4eba\u4eb2\u81ea\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u5b98\u573a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4eba\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6784\u6210\u9014\u5f84\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u5c40\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5341\u5206\u501a\u91cd\u5730\u65b9\u7763\u629a\u4e3e\u8350\u8d24\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u53c8\u8fde\u6210\u4e00\u7247\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u5f20\u5f20\u5b98\u7f51\uff0c\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u7684\u201c\u6e58\u519b\u201d\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u66fe\u7684\u95e8\u5f92\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u7684\u201c\u6dee\u519b\u201d\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u63d0\u643a\u7684\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u201c\u5317\u6d0b\u201d\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u4e5d\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u65e5\uff081885\u5e7410\u670830\u65e5\uff09\u6e05\u5ef7\u6279\u51c6\u5317\u6d0b\u5927\u81e3\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e3a\u9a7b\u624e\u671d\u9c9c\u529e\u7406\u4ea4\u6d89\u901a\u5546\u4e8b\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u7684\u594f\u6298\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e00\u76f4\u53d7\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u8282\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u674e\u6c0f\u95e8\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u53d1\u5bb6\u53f2\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u4ece\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u7684\u6e58\u519b\u5230\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u7684\u6dee\u519b\u518d\u5230\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u5317\u6d0b\u519b\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u524d\u6d6a\u4fdd\u4e3e\u540e\u6d6a\uff0c\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff1a\u7693\u9996\u7a77\u7ecf\u4e0e\u5b66\u4ee5\u81f4\u7528\u7684\u77db\u76fe<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b98\u804c\u53ea\u7531\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u806a\u660e\u4eba\u6765\u5145\u4efb\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u90fd\u5f97\u53c2\u52a0\u6559\u80b2\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u83b7\u5f97\u529f\u540d\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u5f53\u5b98\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u628a\u4e66\u8bfb\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u51fa\u8eab\u518d\u5351\u5fae\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u9ad8\u5b98\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u4e25\u683c\u800c\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u96be\u80fd\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u73b0\u4eca\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9ad8\u5b98\u90fd\u51fa\u8eab\u4f4e\u5fae\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u660e\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u4f53\u5236\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6cbf\u88ad\u4e86\u8fd11100\u5e74\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u5185\u6218\u548c\u671d\u4ee3\u66f4\u8fed\u800c\u5c79\u7acb\u4e0d\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u7ba1\u7406\u539f\u5219\u90fd\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5d4c\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u808c\u7406\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e3a\u5176\u4eba\u6c11\u6240\u9075\u4ece\u3002\u671d\u5ef7\u653f\u7b56\u53ca\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u5343\u53d8\u4e07\u5316\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u539f\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u968f\u4e4b\u6539\u53d8\u548c\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u5957\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6b64\u7cfb\u8c08\u8bba\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5957\u5236\u5ea6\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e8e1905\u5e74\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u201c\u5b66\u800c\u4f18\u5219\u4ed5\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u4e3e\u7684\u4ee5\u4fdd\u4e3e\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8e0f\u5165\u4ed5\u9014\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u867d\u65e9\u5e74\u5c31\u4e61\u8bd5\u4e2d\u4e3e\uff0c\u5374\u4e09\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bd5\u4e0d\u4e2d\uff08\u5373\u8003\u4e869\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u5e55\u5e9c\u8e0f\u8fdb\u5b98\u573a\u3002\u800c\u968f\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u897f\u5f81\u5e73\u5b9a\u65b0\u7586\u7684\u5218\u9526\u5802\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u519b\u529f\u51fa\u4efb\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u65b0\u7586\u7701\u7684\u9996\u4efb\u5de1\u629a\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081895\u5e74\uff09\u4e59\u672a\u79d1\u4f1a\u8bd5\u5149\u7eea\u7687\u5e1d\u94a6\u70b9\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7532\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\uff08\u72b6\u5143\uff09\u56db\u5ddd\u4eba\u9a86\u6210\u9aa7\uff081865-1926\uff09\u7684\u6bbf\u8bd5\u5377\u4e4b\u5f00\u7bc7<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u786e\u4fdd\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5236\u8ba2\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u9632\u8303\u821e\u5f0a\u3002\u6211\u786e\u4fe1\u8fd9\u5957\u4f53\u5236\u4ecd\u5728\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6709\u540d\u65e0\u5b9e\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u5356\u5b98\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5145\u5b9e\u56fd\u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u5356\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u201c\u5b98\u8854\u201d\uff08rank\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b98\u4f4d\uff08office\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u5b98\u8854\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u90a3\u79cd\u8363\u8a89\u664b\u5347\u8854\uff08brevet rank\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8363\u8a89\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4eab\u53d7\u85aa\u4ff8\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6350\u4e86\u5b98\u8854\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u505a\u5b98\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u5f97\u5230\u671d\u5ef7\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6e05\u671d\u671d\u5ef7\u975e\u5e38\u770b\u91cd\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u4e0e\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u3002\u8ddd\u79bb\u9542\u6c0f\u62a5\u544a12\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u54b8\u4e30\u516b\u5e74\uff081858\uff09\uff0c\u987a\u5929\u66fe\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u8d77\u4e61\u8bd5\u79d1\u573a\u821e\u5f0a\u6848\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u8003\u5b98\u662f\u6587\u6e0a\u9601\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u3001\u4e00\u54c1\u5927\u5458\u67cf\u8470\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u6536\u53d7\u8003\u751f\u8d3f\u8d42\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u88ab\u5904\u65a9\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u9707\u52a8\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u8db3\u89c1\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u62a1\u624d\u5927\u5178\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u9542\u6c0f\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5356\u5b98\u9b3b\u7235\u4e4b\u98ce\uff0c\u6350\u7eb3\u4e43\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u671d\u5f0a\u653f\uff0c\u660e\u6e05\u4ecd\u5f88\u76db\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u96cd\u6b63\u671d\u540d\u81e3\u674e\u536b\u5c31\u662f\u6350\u7eb3\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\u65f6\u8282\uff0c\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u5e93\u4e8f\u7a7a\uff0c\u6350\u7eb3\u66f4\u662f\u6cdb\u6ee5\u5df2\u6781\uff0c\u5b98\u7235\u3001\u5b9e\u7f3a\u5b98\u4f4d\u90fd\u5728\u4e70\u5356\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5957\u8003\u8bd5\u4f53\u5236\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u5728\u4e8e\u8bfb\u4e66\u65e0\u7528\uff0c\u4e66\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u59a8\u8bd5\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u53ea\u6559\u6388\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u65e7\u7ea6\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u5927\u8003\u53ea\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e09\u95e8\u5782\u6b7b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5e76\u7cbe\u786e\u5f15\u8ff0\u300a\u6469\u897f\u4e94\u7ecf\u300b\u300a\u8bd7\u7bc7\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7bb4\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u90a3\u4f1a\u662f\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\uff1f\uff01\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5938\u5f20\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u8270\u8f9b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6d88\u8017\u4e86\u5b66\u5b50\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65f6\u5149\uff0c\u5230\u5934\u6765\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u671d\u5ef7\u7adf\u7136\u6beb\u65e0\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u6bb5\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u79d1\u4e3e\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u8bfb\u4e66\u76ee\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u51e0\u672c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u4e0e\u6d0b\u6cfe\u6d5c\u82f1\u8bed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u4e66\u4e2d\u81ea\u6709\u9ec4\u91d1\u5c4b\uff1a\u505a\u5b98\u4e4b\u68a6\u3001\u79d1\u4e3e\u664b\u8eab\u548c\u5b98\u6c11\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u5e1d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7f3a\u9677\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u539f\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u58eb\u5b50\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u505a\u5b98\u800c\u8bfb\u4e66\uff0c\u5b98\u4f4d\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u529f\u540d\u5229\u7984\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u7537\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u6000\u63e3\u8fd9\u5f53\u5b98\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e2d\u6323\u624e\u597d\u591a\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e09\u5e74\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u6b21\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c99%\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u843d\u699c\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u6210\u529f\u4e2d\u8bd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e94\u516d\u5341\u5c81\u751a\u81f3\u53e4\u7a00\uff0c\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u8111\u529b\u548c\u4f53\u529b\u51e0\u8fd1\u8017\u5c3d\u3002\u5c31\u6211\u6240\u89c1\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u53d6\u5f97\u67d0\u9879\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u800c\u8bfb\u4e66\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6559\u80b2\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u5411\u4e0a\u6500\u722c\u7684\u529f\u540d\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u540d\u843d\u5b59\u5c71\u7684\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e09\u5e74\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7ea61%\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u9ad8\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u91d1\u699c\u9898\u540d\u2014\u2014\u7531\u4e8e\u53ea\u6709\u6210\u529f\u901a\u8fc7\u7701\u4e00\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bd5\u7684\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u624d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u53c2\u52a0\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u8003\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u662f\u53ca\u5176\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6e05\u4ee3\u79d1\u4e3e\u5206\u4e3a\u53bf\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u7ae5\u8bd5\u3001\u7701\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u4e61\u8bd5\u548c\u5728\u4eac\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4f1a\u8bd5\u4e0e\u6bbf\u8bd5\u3002\u4e61\u8bd5\u3001\u4f1a\u8bd5\u4e0e\u6bbf\u8bd5\u5747\u662f\u4e09\u5e74\u4e00\u5f00\u79d1\uff0c\u8003\u4e2d\u8005\u5206\u522b\u5347\u4e3a\u4e3e\u4eba\u3001\u8d21\u751f\u548c\u8fdb\u58eb\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5b66\u4f4d\u201d\u5373\u8fdb\u58eb\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e66\u4e2d\u81ea\u6709\u9ec4\u91d1\u5c4b\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u81ea\u6709\u989c\u5982\u7389\u201d\uff0c\u5386\u4ee3\u70ed\u8877\u79d1\u4e3e\u76f4\u5230\u767d\u5934\u4e4b\u4eba\u6bd4\u6bd4\u7686\u662f\u3002\u300a\u804a\u658b\u5fd7\u5f02\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u84b2\u677e\u9f84\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\u3002\u84b2\u6c0f\u4e61\u8bd5\u5c61\u8bd5\u4e0d\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5eb7\u7199\u8f9b\u536f\u5e74\uff081711\u5e74\uff0971\u5c81\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u9009\u62d4\u4e3a\u5c81\u8d21\u751f\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u540e\u5c31\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u201c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u201d\u6d2a\u79c0\u5168\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u63ed\u7aff\u800c\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u8ddf\u4ed6\u79d1\u4e3e\u5c61\u8bd5\u4e0d\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6b27\u7f8e\u65b0\u5b66\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d8c\u5165\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf\u7684\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u6108\u53d1\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u57281905\u5e74\u88ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5317\u4eac\u8d21\u9662\u4e00\u89d2\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5eb7\u683c\uff08E. H. Conger\uff09\u7684\u592b\u4eba \u8428\u62c9\u2022\u5eb7\u683c\uff08Sarah Pike Conger\uff091899\u5e74\u62cd\u6444\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ca1\u80fd\u6700\u7ec8\u91d1\u699c\u9898\u540d\u7684\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u5c42\uff08middle class\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u58eb\u7ec5\u201d\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u5c42\u4eba\u58eb\u51fa\u8c0b\u5212\u7b56\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u534f\u52a9\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u5c45\u4e2d\u8c03\u505c\u3002\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u6709\u6587\u5316\u3001\u901a\u4e16\u6545\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u8bb8\u591a\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u53bb\u538b\u8feb\u4e0b\u5c42\u6c11\u4f17\u3002<\/p>\n

\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\uff08public opinion\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8206\u8bba\u5bf9\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u6709\u7740\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u5f53\u767e\u59d3\u82e6\u4e8e\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u76d8\u5265\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6c11\u8bf7\u547d\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u6253\u6d88\u90a3\u4e9b\u5236\u9020\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u5ff5\u5934\u548c\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u58eb\u7ec5\u4eec\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u6210\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5f53\u5b98\u7684\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7f54\u987e\u6c11\u610f\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u4f5c\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u582a\u79f0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u70b9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u2014\u2014\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecb\u4e8e\u5b98\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8d77\u5230\u6c9f\u901a\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u5c42\u201d\u3001\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6765\u89e3\u6790\u58eb\u7ec5\u4eec\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u57fa\u5c42\u6c11\u610f\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u8840\u7f18\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\u5904\u4e8e\u6743\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u8981\u5411\u672c\u65cf\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u6295\u9760\u5bf9\u65b9\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u529f\u540d\u4e4b\u8def\u5982\u6b64\u8270\u8f9b\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u91d1\u699c\u9898\u540d\u505a\u4e86\u5b98\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u60f3\u628a\u5148\u524d\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u8fde\u672c\u5e26\u5229\u90fd\u635e\u56de\u6765\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u6240\u89c1\u6240\u95fb\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b98\u5458\u53ef\u8c13\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5927\u591a\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6709\u7687\u5e1d\u7ba1\u5236\u3001\u4e0b\u6709\u767e\u59d3\u63a3\u8098\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8d2a\u8d43\u6789\u6cd5\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6b3a\u4e0a\u7f54\u4e0b\u6210\u4e3a\u60ef\u5e38\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u5411\u671d\u5ef7\u4e3e\u62a5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u53bb\u963b\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u7535\u62a5\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u90ae\u9012\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u662f\u7f13\u6162\u3001\u65e0\u5b9a\u6cd5\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u4e3e\u62a5\u4fe1\u62b5\u8fbe\u4eac\u57ce\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u85c9\u7740\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fa9\u89e3\u9012\u9001\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u51e0\u4e4e\u5f88\u96be\u4f20\u51fa\u5f53\u5730\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u9a9a\u4e71\u548c\u66b4\u52a8\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u4f38\u51a4\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u8150\u8d25\u7cfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u987d\u75be\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e09\u5e74\u6e05\u77e5\u5e9c\uff0c\u5341\u4e07\u96ea\u82b1\u94f6\u201d\u3002\u5b98\u5458\u8150\u8d25\u9020\u6210\u6c11\u6028\uff0c\u6c11\u6028\u65e0\u6cd5\u7533\u5f20\uff0c\u5219\u6613\u5f15\u53d1\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u548c\u7535\u62a5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9a7f\u9012\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4f46\u6d89\u53ca\u6c11\u751f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u90ae\u9012\u4f53\u7cfb\u8981\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u624d\u5728\u5185\u5730\u7701\u4efd\u57fa\u672c\u5efa\u6210\uff08\u89c1\u4e0b\u56fe\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5b98\u6c11\u77db\u76fe\u6fc0\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u5c45\u4e2d\u7684\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u53c8\u65e0\u529b\u7f13\u89e3\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u6761\u5408\u7406\u3001\u5408\u6cd5\u800c\u53c8\u6210\u719f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u4e0a\u8bbf\u201d\u6e20\u9053\u7684<\/em>\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1904\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u90ae\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u56fe\uff1b\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u7f72\u7f16\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u5341\u5e74\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u6d77\u5173\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u7f72\u5370\u5237\uff0c1906\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e13\u5236\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u6b3a\u4e0a\u7f54\u4e0b\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u4e0d\u4e49\u4e4b\u8d22\uff0c\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u4e3a\u8eb2\u907f\u76d8\u5265\u4e5f\u865a\u4e0e\u59d4\u86c7\uff0c\u6492\u8c0e\u6210\u4e3a\u98ce\u6c14\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8bf4\u53e5\u516c\u9053\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8bda\u4fe1\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u505a\u751f\u610f\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u662f\u8bb2\u4fe1\u8a89\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u540c\u884c\u90fd\u66f4\u8bda\u5b9e\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u8363\u8a89\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8bda\u4fe1\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u8bf1\u60d1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9760\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e49\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u63a7\u5236\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u8d2a\u5a6a\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u65b9\u6b63\u5ec9\u6d01\u7684\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u591a\u4e48\u6587\u660e\u5f00\u5316\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u4ecd\u7136\u5949\u884c\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5176\u884c\u653f\u4ecd\u7136\u4f9d\u8d56\u4f20\u7edf\u800c\u975e\u754c\u5b9a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u5176\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c34\u51c6\u4fdd\u6709\u591a\u5927\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6362\u4f4d\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u975e\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f18\u8d8a\u6216\u662f\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u6837\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u505a\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5f88\u4e0d\u5999\uff0c\u8fdb\u6b65\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u60ca\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5d29\u6e83\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u884c\u5176\u662f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65e0\u7591\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7ef4\u7cfb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\uff1b\u800c\u7687\u5e1d\u65e2\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u8896\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d4b\u4e88\u7687\u6743\u53ca\u5723\u65e8\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5a01\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6346\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u5bf9\u98de\u9ec4\u817e\u8fbe\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fbe\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e34\u671b\u7684\u5165\u4ed5\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6b65\u5165\u4ed5\u9014\uff0c\u5347\u5b98\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f53\u5b98\u7684\u6781\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u73b0\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u67b6\u6784\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6743\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u5f53\u5b98\u7684\u5219\u6000\u7740\u5e0c\u671b\u7ee7\u7eed\u8003\u5b66\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u6765\u8fd0\u8f6c\u91d1\u699c\u9898\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u8fd9\u65e2\u662f\u7ef4\u7cfb\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u963b\u788d\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5341\u5206\u5b71\u5f31\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5b83\u5c1a\u672a\u57ae\u53f0\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u8bb6\u3002\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u63a5\u89e6\u5f97\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u201c\u4ed5\u9014\u201d\u4e0a\u627e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u201c\u5b66\u800c\u4f18\u5219\u4ed5\u201d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u7ef4\u7cfb\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u3002\u8fd9\u56fa\u7136\u662f\u7247\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53ea\u6709\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u548c\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u9542\u6c0f\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u53ca\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5374\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6d0b\u6cfe\u6d5c\u82f1\u8bed<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u5927\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9760\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5fcd\u8010\u53bb\u514b\u670d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b9e\u5728\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u90fd\u8981\u8017\u8d39\u591a\u5e74\u53bb\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u53bb\u5b66\u4e86\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bfb\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u8010\u5fc3\u82e6\u8bfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u4eba\u6562\u8bf4\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bfb\u8bf4\u4e2d\u6587\u4e86\uff1b\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u628a\u90ae\u4ef6\u6216\u662f\u516c\u6587\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u628a\u610f\u601d\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f97\u9760\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u5e08\u548c\u5199\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6781\u5c11\u3002\u5c31\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ece1871\u5e74\u52301901\u5e74\u768420\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6587\u4e66\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u540d\u53eb\u505aCheshire\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5b98\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5458\u5de5\u4ece\u65c1\u534f\u52a9\u3002\u76f4\u52301902\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u624d\u5728\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5eb7\u683c\uff08E. H. Conger\uff09\u7684\u6781\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u4e0b\uff0c\u9009\u62d4\u4e8610\u540d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u751f\u524d\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u65e5\u540e\u5728\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u85c9\u6b64\u9605\u8bfb\u5916\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5f00\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d39\u52b2\u53bb\u5b66\u4e60\u5916\u8bed\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u505a\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u4e86\uff1a\u5728\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5916\u8bed\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u8bb2\u8bfe\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8be5\u600e\u6837\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5462\uff1f\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u6295\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u597d\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9519\uff1a\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e66\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u672a\u6765\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u4e24\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\u6e05\u5ef7\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5f15\u8fdb\u897f\u5b66\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\u5174\u529e\u201c\u6d0b\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6ca1\u4eba\u61c2\u5f97\u82f1\u6587\u548c\u6cd5\u6587\u30021862\u5e74\u4eac\u5e08\u540c\u6587\u9986\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u5f00\u8bbe\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u6cd5\u6587\u3001\u5fb7\u6587\u3001\u4fc4\u6587\u7b49\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u5e76\u6559\u6388\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u7b49\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u683c\u5c40\u5f00\u59cb\u6839\u672c\u6539\u89c2\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\uff08William A. P. Martin\uff09\u4e8e1869\u5e74\u5347\u4efb\u540c\u6587\u9986\u603b\u6559\u4e60\uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u6821\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u30021892\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u66fe\u63a8\u8350\u540c\u6587\u9986\u7684\u5f20\u5fb7\u5f5d\u548c\u6c88\u94ce\u4e8c\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u5149\u7eea\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u6559\u5e08\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\uff08William A. P. Martin\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81ea\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u81ea\u4f20\u300a\u82b1\u7532\u8bb0\u5fc6\u300b\uff08A Cycle of Cathay\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1a1896\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c292-293\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u7167\u7247\u4e0b\u81ea\u63d0\uff1aFirst President of the Tungwen College\u540c\u6587\u9986\u9996\u4efb\u6559\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u9886\u9986\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u91cc\u9762\u57fa\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u3002\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u5b66\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u516c\u53f8\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80af\u96c7\u4f63\u4f1a\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u62c5\u5fc3\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5e02\u4ef7\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u62a5\u544a\u6cc4\u9732\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e70\u5356\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2d\u95f4\u5546\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e70\u529e\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5916\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u4e70\u529e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u884c\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6d0b\u6cfe\u6d5c\u82f1\u8bed\u201d\uff08\u201cpidgin English\u201d\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u4ece\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u9012\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u6c9f\u901a\u4e70\u5356\uff0c\u8fbe\u6210\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u4f46\u6d0b\u6cfe\u6d5c\u82f1\u8bed\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u8bed\u8a00\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u53e3\u5cb8\u57ce\u5e02\u53ca\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u5916\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\u5e76\u65e0\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5927\u5927\u59a8\u788d\u4eba\u4eec\u53bb\u628a\u63e1\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e24\u540d\u5e74\u8f7b\u96c7\u5458\u6b63\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u5b66\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u610f\u4f19\u4f34\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5c06\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u5bf9\u4e70\u529e\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e4b\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\uff08\u5373\u201c\u743c\u8bb0\u6d0b\u884c\u201d\uff0cMessrs. Augustine Heard & Co.\uff09\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u624d\u662f\u514b\u670d\u8bed\u8a00\u969c\u788d\u7684\u6b63\u9053\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u597d\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u624d\u4f1a\u8d77\u6765\u6548\u4eff\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5728\u5438\u6c34\u70df\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e70\u529e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u85cf\uff0c\u7f16\u53f72011660145\u3002<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u8870\u673d\u4e0e\u6551\u8d4e<\/div>\n
\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff1a\u4ece\u4e7e\u9686\u5230\u9e26\u7247<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u6b63\u5728\u8870\u843d\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u8870\u673d\u4fef\u4ef0\u7686\u662f\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4ece\u4f55\u65f6\u8d77\u8870\u843d\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u9000\u6b65\u4e00\u76f4\u4ea4\u66ff\u7740\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4e0e\u7687\u671d\u7684\u7cbe\u9510\u8fdb\u53d6\u6216\u662f\u653e\u8361\u6325\u970d\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u4e0e\u7687\u5e1d\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u3001\u8bda\u4fe1\u548c\u624d\u667a\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u516d\u5341\u5e74\uff081736\u5e74-1796\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5927\u5174\u571f\u6728\uff0c\u4e0a\u5230\u884c\u5bab\u522b\u82d1\u4e0b\u81f3\u5bfa\u5e99\u7891\u9675\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u7a0b\u904d\u5e03\u5168\u56fd\uff0c\u6325\u91d1\u5982\u571f\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u9020\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u5e93\u4e8f\u7a7a\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u4f4d\u7687\u5e1d\u90fd\u65e0\u529b\u586b\u8865\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u8d2b\u5982\u6d17\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u76ca\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u63ed\u7aff\u800c\u8d77\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6162\u6027\u75c5\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u91cc\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u5e1d\u56fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u917f\u6210\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u90a3\u573a\u4ece1850\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u52301865\u5e74\u7684\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u635f\u6bc1\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u5e26\u3002\u53db\u4e71\u4e0e\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7740\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u96be\u4ee5\u6570\u8ba1\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u628a\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u63a8\u5411\u532e\u4e4f\u548c\u9965\u8352\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u770b\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u95f4\u56e0\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u9965\u8352\u635f\u5931\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4f4e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u524d\u3002\u8870\u843d\u548c\u9000\u6b65\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u8870\u843d\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u574a\u95f4\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u9542\u6c0f\u5199\u62a5\u544a\u76841870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u8870\u843d\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e7e\u9686\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u540e\u534a\u6bb5\u57fa\u672c\u91cd\u5408\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5728\u4e0e\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u4fc4\u8bf8\u56fd\u505c\u6218\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u540e\u8005\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u9547\u538b\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u6700\u7ec8\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u636e\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u9020\u6210\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4e24\u5343\u4e07\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u635f\u5931\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u53e3\u8d44\u6599\u5728\u6218\u4e71\u4e2d\u88ab\u711a\u6bc1\uff0c\u4f24\u4ea1\u4eba\u53e3\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6216\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u4e24\u5343\u4e07\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u786e\u5207\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u524d\u540e\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u7565\u4f30\u7b97\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u9e26\u7247\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3002\u9e26\u7247\u9500\u70c1\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u638f\u7a7a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff0c\u636e\u6743\u5a01\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c1800\u5e74\u5916\u56fd\u9500\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc74000\u7bb1\uff0c\u6bcf\u7bb1133\u78c5\uff0c\u52301869\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u7ea685000\u7bb1\u2014\u2014\u5176\u4e2d\u7ea653000\u7bb1\u4ece\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u4ed8\u4e86\u5173\u7a0e\uff1b\u5176\u4f5932000\u7bb1\u6d77\u5173\u5b98\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4ece\u9999\u6e2f\u8d70\u79c1\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u4ea7\u7684\u9e26\u7247\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e861869\u5e74\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4f30\u8ba1\u672c\u571f\u79cd\u690d\u70bc\u5236\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u5df2\u8fbe75000\u7bb1\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5916\u56fd\u8d29\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u70df\u571f\u6d88\u8d39\u591a\u8fbe16\u4e07\u7bb1\uff0c\u7ea62100\u4e07\u78c5\/10500\u5428\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\u8d29\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u4ef7\u503c\u7ea66800\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u53e3\u8336\u53f6\u548c\u4e1d\u7ef8\u768475%\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u9053\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f24\u75db\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5916\u8d38\u9020\u798f\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u5219\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u8bc4\u6ce8\u3002\u5438\u98df\u9e26\u7247\u7684\u6076\u4e60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e76\u6b63\u5728\u541e\u566c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8840\u6c57\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u6467\u6bc1\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u7eb3\u7a0e\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u9020\u6210\u8d22\u653f\u7684\u8d64\u8d2b\u3002\u800c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u9e26\u7247\u9500\u70c1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u7cbe\u6c14\u795e\uff0c\u6559\u4ed6\u4eec\u660f\u660f\u5669\u5669\uff0c\u65e0\u529b\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u5c31\u6b64\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u8d25\u548c\u6bc1\u706d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e13\u680f\u91cc<\/em>\u8c08\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u9542\u6c0f\u5728\u62a5\u544a\u91cc\u6307\u8ba4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u9e26\u7247\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u548c\u70bc\u5236\uff0c\u57281869\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u9e26\u7247\u7684\u5e74\u9500\u552e\u91cf\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u5dee\u522b\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c1869\u5e74\u5927\u9646\u5404\u53e3\u5cb8\u8fdb\u53e3\u9e26\u724753413\u62c5\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u8fdb\u53e386065\u62c5\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1139478\u62c5\uff0c\u603b\u503c\u6d77\u5173\u94f66195\u4e07\u96f6403\u4e24\uff1b\u4ec5\u4ece\u9999\u6e2f\u4e00\u5730\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u6240\u8bf4\u768485000\u7bb1\u7684\u8fdb\u53e3\u603b\u91cf\u3002\u6309\u7167\u6e05\u4ee3\u6d77\u5173\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u5341\u5e74\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6570\u636e\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f61\u62c5\uff08picul\uff09\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6100\u65a4\uff0c\u540860.453\u516c\u65a4\u6216133.33\u78c5\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u6240\u8c131\u7bb1\uff08chest\uff09\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u5355\u4f4d1\u62c5\u6216100\u65a4\u3002\u7167\u6b64\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c1869\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u9e26\u7247\u603b\u91cf\u5927\u81f4\u57288431\u5428\u52309672\u5428\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u8fdb\u53bb\u7684\u672c\u571f\u70bc\u5236\u53ca\u8d70\u79c1\u9e26\u7247\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u603b\u989d\u5e94\u8be5\u8d85\u8fc71\u4e07\u5428\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u62ff\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7edf\u8ba1\u76846195\u4e07\u4f59\u6d77\u5173\u94f6\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6982\u5ff5\u5462\uff1f1884\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u59d4\u6258\u5fb7\u56fd\u5efa\u9020\u5b8c\u6210\u4e24\u8258\u94c1\u7532\u8230\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u5b9a\u8fdc\u53f7\u201d\u82b1\u8d39141\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u201c\u81f4\u8fdc\u53f7\u201d142.4\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u8fd0\u8d39\u548c\u6742\u9879\u5f00\u652f\u7ea656\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u4e24\u8230\u6210\u672c\u5408\u8ba1339.4\u4e07\u4e24\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ec51869\u5e74\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5149\u662f\u62bd\u8fdb\u53e3\u5927\u70df\u5c31\u62bd\u6389\u4e8618\u8258\u94c1\u7532\u8230\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u8ddd\u201c\u5b9a\u8fdc\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81f4\u8fdc\u201d\u4e24\u8230\u5728\u7532\u5348\u6d77\u6218\u4e2d\u906d\u53d7\u706d\u9876\u4e4b\u707e\u8fd8\u6709\u8db3\u8db325\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u6253\u8d25\u5317\u6d0b\u8230\u961f\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u660e\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u521a\u521a\u5efa\u7acb1\u5e74\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u65e9\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u6bb5\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u201c\u62bd\u201d\u5e72\u4e86\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ece\u6b64\u4e00\u8e76\u4e0d\u632f\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u7ffb\u76d8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

1858\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u63d2\u56fe\u4f26\u6566\u65b0\u95fb\u300b\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5438\u98df\u9e26\u7247\u5bb6\u7834\u4eba\u4ea1\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u768411\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u77ed\u6682\u95f4\u6b47\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u4e2d\u82f1\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b7e\u8ba21858\u5e746\u670826\u65e5\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u589e\u7a0e\u5219\u300b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c5\u6b3e\u5185\u89c4\u5b9a\u9e26\u7247\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u8fdb\u53e3\uff0c\u6bcf\u767e\u65a4\u6536\u7a0e30\u4e24\uff0c\u8fdb\u53e3\u540e\u5373\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5f81\u7a0e\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b3e\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u672c\u5185\u5c06\u201c\u9e26\u7247\u201d\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u6d0b\u836f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u82f1\u6587\u672c\u5185\u4ecd\u662fopium\uff08\u9e26\u7247\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u5982\u4f55\u62ef\u6551\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u8def\u5f84\u53ca\u56f0\u5c40<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u5207\u80fd\u5426\u633d\u56de\uff0c\u600e\u6837\u633d\u56de\uff1f\u662f\u79fb\u98ce\u6613\u4fd7\uff0c\u4fee\u6b63\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6076\u4e60\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u53ca\u81f4\u5bcc\u9014\u5f84\u6765\u5f25\u8865\u9e26\u7247\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4e8f\u7a7a\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u884c\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bf9\u534e\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u8003\u8651\u7684\u3002\u8981\u79fb\u98ce\u6613\u4fd7\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u624d\u80fd\u6291\u5236\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u9e26\u7247\u7684\u6c89\u6eba\u548c\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u8981\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u5219\u8981\u4ece\u6559\u5316\u7edf\u6cbb\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5f00\u53d1\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u77ff\u85cf\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f15\u5bfc\u6c11\u4f17\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u4ee3\u52b3\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u7115\u53d1\u751f\u673a\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eff\u7167\u6b27\u7f8e\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u4f46\u57281870\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u613f\u666f\u5e76\u4e0d\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u542f\u8499\u5219\u9700\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u4ee3\u8868\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u8868\u5fc5\u987b\u8db3\u591f\u7cbe\u608d\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u5728\u5f00\u5316\u671d\u5ef7\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u589e\u8fdb\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u2014\u2014\u60df\u6709\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u8c15\u65e8\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u624d\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e0d\u88ab\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u5f53\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u901a\u8fc7\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u6309\u7167\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u613f\u671b\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u9020\u4e00\u9760\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u4e8c\u9760\u897f\u65b9\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u80a1\u529b\u91cf\u5747\u4e0e1870\u5e74\u7684\u5929\u6d25\u6559\u6848\u4f11\u621a\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u653b\u51fb\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9a7b\u5929\u6d25\u9886\u4e8b\u4e30\u5927\u4e1a\u88ab\u6253\u6b7b\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u591a\u540d\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u4f24\u4ea1\uff0c\u5217\u5f3a\u519b\u8230\u96c6\u7ed3\u5929\u6d25\u5916\u6d0b\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8d54\u6b3e\u3001\u9053\u6b49\uff0c\u67e5\u529e\u76f8\u517345\u4eba\u3002\u6218\u4e8b\u867d\u6682\u65f6\u5f97\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u4f46\u5217\u5f3a\u5bf9\u534e\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5916\u6765\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u7684\u62b5\u89e6\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee4\u8fd9\u79cd\u548c\u5e73\u6447\u6447\u6b32\u5760\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u867d\u6709\u548c\u5e73\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u53c8\u8bf4\u4e0d\u62b1\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u201d\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u3001\u5374\u672a\u5fc5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6b66\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6d41\u884c\u624b\u6bb5\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u591a\u6570\u9a7b\u534e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8981\u201c\u6253\u5f00\u201d\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5feb\u901f\u4e14\u6709\u6548\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u751f\u610f\u4eba\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\uff1b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f20\u64ad\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u8f83\u4e4b\u6f2b\u957f\u8d39\u529b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8bf4\u6559\uff0c\u6b66\u529b\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53eb\u4eba\u7688\u4f9d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u771f\u8bda\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u6218\u4e89\u4e5f\u6709\u5584\u6076\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u4e3a\u9020\u798f\u82cd\u751f\u800c\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u4ec1\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201c\u5730\u548c\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u5145\u6ee1\u7684\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4f4f\u5728\u5176\u95f4\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u5c5e\u8036\u548c\u534e\u201d\uff08\u7b14\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u2022\u8bd7\u7bc7\u300b24:1\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u795e\u5728\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\uff0c\u80cc\u8d1f\u6559\u5316\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u4e2d\u91cd\u751f\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u4f7f\u547d\u8fdb\u5c55\u5f97\u8d8a\u5feb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u8d8a\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u6253\u7834\u611a\u6627\u3001\u81ea\u8d1f\u548c\u8ff7\u4fe1\u7684\u8ff7\u969c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e3b\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b66\u529b\u5f81\u670d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u540d\u6b63\u8a00\u987a\u7684\u8865\u5145\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u6279\u9a73\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u5e9f\u7b14\u58a8\u53bb\u91cd\u590d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u5bf9\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u6307\u51fa\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0e\u5176\u89c2\u5bdf\u6709\u6240\u51fa\u5165\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56fa\u7136\u662f\u968f\u7740\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u575a\u8239\u5229\u70ae\u91cd\u8fd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u9542\u6c0f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u9f13\u5439\u5bf9\u534e\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u50cf\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u90a3\u6837\u6295\u8eab\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u536b\u751f\u7b49\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u6b66\u529b\u62db\u81f4\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u800c\u4ec7\u6068\u5c06\u7834\u574f\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\u548c\u5e73\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u4eba\u58eb\u5e74\u590d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u8270\u8f9b\u4ed8\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u6709\u6c34\u5230\u6e20\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6b66\u529b\u8bba\u8005\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7136\u2014\u2014\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u662f\u6b66\u529b\u626b\u6e05\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff1b\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u6b66\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u6253\u7834\u4ed6\u4eec\u524d\u8fdb\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u611a\u6627\u548c\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u85e9\u7bf1\u3002\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u629b\u5f00\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u957f\u8fdc\u5730\u770b\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fc3\u6210\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u662f\u5426\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6b66\u529b\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5341\u5206\u8fdf\u7591\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4fe1\u5fc3\u6216\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u7528\u5c3d\u5168\u529b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5916\u90a6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4ecd\u7136\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u592e\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u6539\u9769\u6577\u884d\u8fdf\u7591\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6761\u7ea6\u6743\u5229\u591a\u6709\u8fdd\u80cc\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u9636\u5c42\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u534e\u989d\u5916\u7684\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5f62\u6210\u538b\u529b\u3002\u4e2d\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdf\u65e9\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u65ad\u88c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u6765\u6536\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u5916\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u5165\u6728\u4e09\u5206\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u6076\u5316\u2014\u2014\u5916\u56fd\u94f6\u884c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u7a0e\u4e3a\u62c5\u4fdd\u7684\u5bf9\u534e\u8d37\u6b3e\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u81f3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u9488\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u4e5f\u9891\u7e41\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u5217\u5f3a\u6380\u8d77\u5728\u534e\u74dc\u5206\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u72c2\u6f6e\uff0c\u5eb7\u6881\u4e00\u6d3e\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u6e29\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\u63a8\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u620a\u620c\u53d8\u6cd5\u5219\u4e0d\u8fc7\u767e\u65e5\u5373\u544a\u592d\u6298\u3002\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u5929\u707e\u4eba\u7978\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u6297\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u603b\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u201c\u6276\u6e05\u706d\u6d0b\u201d\u4e00\u65f6\u6c79\u6d8c\u6f8e\u6e43\uff0c\u516b\u56fd\u968f\u5373\u7ec4\u6210\u8054\u519b\u51fa\u5175\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u5360\u9886\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ee5\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e27\u6743\u8fb1\u56fd\u4e4b\u300a\u8f9b\u4e11\u8bae\u548c\u6761\u6b3e\u300b\u5e76\u5904\u51b3\u548c\u8d2c\u8c2a\u4e00\u5e72\u5b98\u5458\u60b2\u60e8\u6536\u573a\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6863\u6848\u9986\u9986\u85cf\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5458\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u9986\u85cf\u7f16\u53f7530870\u3002\u8fd9\u540d\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5458\u524d\u9762\u653e\u7740\u85e4\u6761\u76fe\u724c\uff0c\u5de6\u624b\u6301\u4e00\u957f\u77db\uff0c\u53f3\u624b\u4e3e\u4e00\u4ee4\u65d7\uff0c\u4e0a\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u94a6\u547d\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7cae\u53f0\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u65e5\u5e38\u770b\u7ba1\u4eac\u5e08\u7cae\u4ed3\u7684\u5b88\u536b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u4e2d\u56fd<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u90e8\u5206\u2022\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u65e5\u76ca\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e2d\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u672a\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fd8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u7f13\u89e3\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4f1a\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u6269\u5927\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u7528\u5176\u6781\u3002\u8fd8\u597d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u5916\u548c\u5e73\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6447\u6447\u6b32\u5760\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6587\u660e\u51b2\u7a81\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u2014\u2014\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u660e\u76f8\u9047\u65f6\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002\u5317\u7f8e\u5927\u9646\u4e0a\u9488\u5bf9\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u75db\u5fc3\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u591a\u6570\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u72af\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u624d\u667a\u548c\u6587\u660e\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6216\u9ed1\u4eba\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u4e1c\u90e8\u7fa4\u5c9b\u7f6e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6bd4\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5f02\u6559\u4eba\u79cd\u4f18\u79c0\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6c34\u51c6\u8fd8\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u624d\u80fd\u90fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f18\u8d8a\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u4e4f\u5584\u8db3\u9648\uff0c\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u767e\u65e0\u4e00\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5177\u5907\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u5404\u79cd\u9ad8\u6df1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5c31\u76ee\u524d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u5546\u8d38\u9886\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u52e4\u4fed\u8010\u52b3\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u6700\u4f4e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6e29\u9971\uff0c\u5b89\u5206\u5b88\u5df1\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u60df\u5b9a\u4e8e\u4e00\u5c0a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8033\u76ee\u95ed\u585e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u683c\u5916\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u6216\u53d8\u9769\u6ee1\u8179\u72d0\u7591\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6ca1\u89c1\u8fc7\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u662f\u201c\u975e\u6211\u65cf\u7c7b\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6b8b\u66b4\u3001\u51f6\u608d\u3001\u8d2a\u5a6a\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fbe\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

1900\u5e74\u7f8e\u519b\u7b2c6\u9a91\u5175\u5e08\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u4fd8\u864f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5458\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u85cf\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u9986\u85cf\u68c0\u7d22\u7f16\u53f7 2004670921\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e2\u5458\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u8ba1\u52a0\u5165\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u4e2d\u5916\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u770b\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002\u591a\u6570\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6587\u660e\u548c\u611a\u6627\u7684\u6210\u5206\u4ece\u4e0d\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4f4e\u7b49\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6587\u660e\u201d\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f4e\u7b49\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6743\u76ca\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u8ddf\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5bf9\u5f85\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u4f4d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6743\u5229\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u201d\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u8038\u52a8\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u7adf\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5634\u4e0a\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f46\u884c\u52a8\u65e0\u65f6\u65e0\u523b\u4e0d\u5728\u5ba3\u544a\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6743\u5229\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u5bf9\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u81f3\u4e0a\u201d\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7b49\u7ea7\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6392\u5916\u60c5\u7eea\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u9ed1\u4eba\u4e0d\u4eab\u53d7\u767d\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u51fa\u81ea\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7f57\u6770\u2022\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u2022\u6258\u5c3c\uff08Roger Brooke Taney\uff09\u30021857\u5e743\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u201c\u5fb7\u96f7\u5fb7\u2022\u65af\u79d1\u7279v.\u6851\u798f\u5fb7\u6848\u201d\u505a\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u5317\u65b9\u56de\u5230\u84c4\u5974\u5dde\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u201c\u4e0d\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6258\u5c3c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u4ec5\u88c1\u5224\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u8eab\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ef6\u4f38\u5224\u51b3\u9ed1\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u3002\u9542\u6c0f\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u6301\u6b64\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5927\u6709\u4eba\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u6ea2\u51fa\u81f3\u5176\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba11861\u5e74\u81f31865\u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u9ed1\u5974\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9488\u5bf9\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u548c\u6b67\u89c6\u5374\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u6839\u672c\u6539\u89c2\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u201c\u88ab\u97ad\u6253\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\u201d\u30021863\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u53eb\u505a\u6208\u767b\uff08Gordon\uff09\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\u4ece\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5b89\u5a1c\u5dde\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u9003\u8dd1\u5230\u4e86\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8be5\u5dde\u9996\u5e9c\u5df4\u541e\u9c81\u65e5\uff08Baton Rouge\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u519b\u519b\u8425\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u7531\u5317\u65b9\u968f\u519b\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u7167\u7247\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u6208\u767b\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u8650\u5f85\uff0c\u4e00\u7ecf\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u6210\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u6750\u6599\u3002\u6208\u767b\u5219\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u88ab\u97ad\u6253\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\u201d\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5317\u65b9\u519b\u961f\u5bf9\u5357\u65b9\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n

\u773c\u4e0b\u5e1d\u56fd\u671d\u5ef7\u7fb8\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u6761\u7ea6\u5217\u5f3a\u7a0d\u52a0\u8054\u624b\u5c31\u80fd\u63a8\u7ffb\u5b83\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u8054\u624b\u4e5f\u884c\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e4b\u540e\u5462\uff1f\u8c01\u6765\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\uff1f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u9644\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u60f3\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e72\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u60f3\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u7ea6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80af\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u89ca\u89ce\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u6982\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u522b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u3002\u672a\u6765\u5c1a\u5728\u672a\u77e5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u6765\u6cbb\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u9542\u6c0f\u5bf9\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u582a\u4e00\u51fb\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53ef\u8c13\u6d1e\u82e5\u89c2\u706b\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u76841900\u5e74\uff0c\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u679c\u7136\u653b\u5165\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u6148\u79a7\u592a\u540e\u548c\u5149\u7eea\u7687\u5e1d\u72fc\u72c8\u9003\u81f3\u897f\u5b89\u3002\u8f9b\u4e11\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u867d\u7136\u518d\u56fe\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u529b\u9893\u4e27\uff0c\u4e3e\u6b65\u7ef4\u8270\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u5373\u544a\u8986\u706d\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u9542\u6c0f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5217\u5f3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c34\u51c6\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u2014\u20141898\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u6cd5\u4fc4\u65e5\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u72c2\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u95e8\u6237\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u5404\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u5f00\u653e\u95e8\u6237\u3002\u8fd9\u5012\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u591a\u9ad8\u5c1a\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5b83\u521a\u521a\u4ece\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u90a3\u91cc\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u4e8b\u53d8\u4e2d\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u51fa\u5175\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u9542\u6c0f\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u201d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u4e8e1860\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7f57\u2022\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5217\u5b81\u6240\u63d0\u5021\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u5851\u9020\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u51e0\u5927\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1900\u5e74\u7f8e\u519b\u653b\u5360\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u4e1c\u4fbf\u95e8\u3002\u8fd9\u5e45\u753b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u519b\u7b2c 14\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fde\u961f\u88ab\u4e1c\u4fbf\u95e8\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u57ce\u5899\u548c\u7bad\u697c\u4e0a\u7684\u706b\u529b\u538b\u5236\u4f4f\u4e86\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfb\u627e\u613f\u610f\u767b\u4e0a\u57ce\u5899\u7684\u6562\u6b7b\u961f\u5458\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u897f\u70b9\u519b\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u5e74\u4ec521\u5c81\u7684\u53f7\u624b\u51ef\u6587\u2022\u63d0\u56fe\u65af\uff08Calvin Pearl Titus\uff09\u4e0a\u524d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u6765\u8bd5\u8bd5\uff0c\u957f\u5b98\uff01\u201d\u4ed6\u8e29\u7740\u57ce\u5899\u4e0a\u7684\u6d1e\u6500\u722c\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u4e3e\u8d77\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u65d7\uff0c\u6fc0\u52b1\u4ed6\u7684\u8fde\u961f\u767b\u4e0a\u4e86\u57ce\u5899\u3002\u63d0\u56fe\u65af\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u56fd\u4f1a\u8363\u8a89\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002\u4ed6\u90a3\u53e5\u8bdd\u201c\u6211\u6765\u8bd5\u8bd5\uff0c\u957f\u5b98\uff01\u201d\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c5\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u7684\u683c\u8a00\u3002\u8fd9\u5e45\u753b\u56fa\u7136\u662f\u8bb4\u6b4c\u7f8e\u519b\u7684\u82f1\u52c7\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u662f\u7f8e\u519b\u4fb5\u7565\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u660e\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u662f\u5728\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u672a\u7ecf\u5b98\u573a\u7684\u8150\u8680\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u6d3b\u7edc\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u5c31\u80fd\u5927\u5c55\u5b8f\u56fe\u3002\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6276\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u7fb8\u5f31\u7684\u73b0\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u5bf9\u534e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5e94\u6709\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5217\u5f3a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u798f\u7949\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u60dc\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u73b0\u4efb\u5927\u5458\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b98\u5458\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u4ee3\u8868\u6253\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bd4\u5e1d\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u90fd\u66f4\u4e86\u89e3\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u61c2\u5f97\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4ea4\u597d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u8fd8\u662f\u592a\u7f13\u6162\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6162\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u7edd\u671b\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bbe\u8eab\u5904\u5730\u5730\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u5484\u5484\u903c\u4eba\u3001\u7d22\u9700\u6709\u5ea6\u6216\u65e0\u5ea6\u7684\u5217\u5f3a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u611a\u6627\u65e0\u77e5\u5374\u83ab\u540d\u81ea\u8d1f\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\uff08\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u5c06\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u90fd\u4e00\u7b14\u62b9\u6740\uff09\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8010\u5fc3\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9694\u5cb8\u89c2\u706b\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u65e0\u4ece\u77e5\u6653\u5e1d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u7684\u7a98\u8feb\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u591a\u6709\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u6307\u6458\u548c\u538b\u8feb\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u65e2\u8981\u79c9\u6301\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u8010\u5fc3\u548c\u514b\u5236\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u613f\u6216\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c65\u884c\u6761\u7ea6\u4e49\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u5217\u5f3a\u8981\u575a\u5b9a\u7ef4\u62a4\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u4e3a\u5176\u5728\u534e\u516c\u6c11\u6216\u81e3\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u59cb\u7ec8\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u5916\u5546\u8d38\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5f80\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e00\u5473\u5a01\u80c1\u7528\u5f3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u505a\u5230\u4e92\u60e0\u4e92\u5229\u2014\u2014\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\u63a8\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u8fd9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u5047\u5982\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u8feb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3e\u8db3\u65e0\u63aa\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u5176\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u9605\u5386\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u6700\u5feb\u9002\u5e94\u5267\u53d8\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u5bf9\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u534e\u653f\u7b56\u505a\u51fa\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u7740\uff0c\u51fa\u624b\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c1900\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u5175\u5317\u4eac\u89e3\u6551\u88ab\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u56e2\u6c11\u56f4\u653b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f7f\u9986\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9542\u6c0f\u59cb\u7ec8\u503e\u5411\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u7ed9\u4e88\u53d7\u8fc7\u897f\u65b9\u201c\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8010\u5fc3\u3002<\/em>\u3011<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\uff0c\u6444\u4e8e1900\u5e749\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u85cf\uff0c\u9986\u85cf\u7f16\u53f72019634462\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u53bb\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u505a\u7559\u5b66\u9762\u7b7e\u3002\u7b7e\u8bc1\u5b98\u95ee\u6211\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53bb\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6211\u5ffd\u7136\u60f3\u8d77\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u9042\u56de\u7b54\u9053\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5e26\u6765\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u7b7e\u8bc1\u5b98\u70b9\u70b9\u5934\uff0c\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7b7e\u8bc1\u5b98\u672a\u5fc5\u77e5\u9053\u9542\u6590\u8fea\uff0c\u5728\u7fa4\u661f\u95ea\u8000\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u575b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u7b97\u8000\u773c\u3002\u7136\u5219\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u773c\u775b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u7aa5\u89c11870\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7687\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u597d\u8ba9\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u5b66\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u65e0\u91cd\u53e0\u2014\u2014\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u631f\u6b66\u529b\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u7d22\u8981\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u201c\u6539\u9769\u201d\uff1b\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7fb8\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u5f3a\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u538b\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3e\u6b65\u7ef4\u8270\uff0c\u6447\u6447\u6b32\u5760\u3002\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9542\u6c0f\u62a5\u4ee5\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u56db\u5e74\u540e\u76841874\u5e74\u5e95\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5404\u56fd\u901a\u5546\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u6765\u5f80\u81ea\u5982\uff0c\u9e87\u96c6\u4eac\u5e08\u53ca\u5404\u7701\u8179\u5730\uff0c\u9633\u6258\u548c\u597d\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u9634\u6000\u541e\u566c\u4e4b\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e00\u56fd\u751f\u4e8b\uff0c\u6570\u56fd\u6784\u717d\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e3a\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u672a\u6709\u4e4b\u53d8\u5c40\uff01\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b64\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u843d\u540e\u5c31\u8981\u6328\u6253\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6328\u6253\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u843d\u540e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u60df\u5176\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u5e38\u7ebf\u6027\u5316\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u201c\u8fdb\u6b65\u201d\uff0c\u53bb\u8ddf\u4e0d\u582a\u7684\u8fc7\u5f80\u4e00\u5200\u4e24\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u8ba4\u771f\u8bfb\u8fc7\u9542\u6c0f\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u91cc\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f9d\u7136\u591a\u6709\u91cd\u53e0\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u79cd\u672c\u571f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u78b0\u649e\u3001\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u4e61\u571f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6495\u88c2\u611f\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e4b\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u771f\u5207\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u4e3a\u771f\u5207\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u843d\u540evs\u8fdb\u6b65\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u53f2\u89c2\u6240\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u3002\u6211\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u7a7f\u8d8a\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u8bba\u597d\u6076\u4e0e\u5426\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6e05\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4eba\u7eb3\u5170\u6027\u5fb7\u66fe\u57281682\u5e74\u966a\u540c\u5eb7\u7199\u7687\u5e1d\u4e1c\u5de1\u5173\u5916\uff0c\u591c\u5bbf\u767d\u72fc\u6cb3\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u505a\u300a\u5982\u68a6\u4ee4\u300b\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u4e07\u5e10\u7a79\u5e90\u4eba\u9189\uff0c\u661f\u5f71\u6447\u6447\u6b32\u5760\uff0c\u5f52\u68a6\u9694\u72fc\u6cb3\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u6cb3\u58f0\u6405\u788e\u3002\u8fd8\u7761\uff0c\u8fd8\u7761\uff0c\u89e3\u9053\u9192\u6765\u65e0\u5473\u3002\u201d\u5018\u82e5\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u547d\u8fd0\u4ee3\u5165\u8fd9\u9996\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u5c11\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bfb\u5b8c\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u544a\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u5fc3\u60c5\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u8005: \u738b\u5143\u5d07\u00a0 \u00a0\u6765\u6e90: \u6f8e\u6e43\u65b0\u95fb \u2219 \u6f8e\u6e43\u7814\u7a76\u6240 \u3010\u6309\u8bed\u3011 1871\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u9542\u6590\u8fea\u7ed9\u56fd\u52a1\u537f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10],"tags":[17472,17473,17471],"views":213,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52645"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=52645"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52645\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":57799,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52645\/revisions\/57799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=52645"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=52645"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=52645"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}